First draft (preface and almost half of chapter 1).
commit
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SRC = universe-from-nothing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY = bibliography
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ALLSRC = $(shell find . -name "*.ms")
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# -P => move ponctuation after reference
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# -S => label and bracket-label options
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# -e => accumulate (use a reference section)
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# -p bib => bibliography file
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REFER_OPTS = -PS -e -p $(BIBLIOGRAPHY)
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# -k => iconv conversion (did it ever worked?)
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# -ms => ms macro
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# -Tpdf => output device is PDF
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# ghighlight brings `source-highlight` to troff
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GHIGHLIGHT = ghighlight $(GHIGHLIGHT_OPTS)
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VIEWER = zathura $(VIEWER_OPTS)
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# GH_INTRO: instructions before each source code provided by source-highlight
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# GH_OUTRO: ------------ after ---- ------ ---- -------- -- ----------------
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# GH_INTRO/GH_OUTRO: values are separated by ';'
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GH_INTRO := .b1;.nr DI 0;.DS I;.fam C
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GH_OUTRO := .fam;.DE;.b2
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export GH_INTRO
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export GH_OUTRO
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# SHOPTS: cmd line parameter given to source-highlight
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SHOPTS = --outlang-def=./.source-highlight_groff-output-definition
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export SHOPTS
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$(SRC).pdf:
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cat $(SRC).ms | $(SOELIM) | $(EQN) | $(GHIGHLIGHT) | $(PIC) | $(REFER) | $(PRECONV) | $(GROFF) > $@
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include Makefile.custom
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RAM=/tmp
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# DOC: hstut rc
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DOC ?= universefromnothing
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upload:
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scp $(RAM)/$(SRC).pdf tacos:/var/www/htdocs/t.karchnu.fr/doc/
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||||
run_universefromnothing:
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cat $(SRC).ms | $(SOELIM) | $(EQN) | $(GHIGHLIGHT) | $(PIC) | $(REFER) | $(PRECONV) | $(GROFF) > $(RAM)/$(SRC).pdf
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serve:
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find . -name "*.ms" | entr gmake -B run_$(DOC)
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|||
%K a-universe-from-nothing
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||||
%A Lawrence Krauss
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||||
%T a Universe from Nothing
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||||
%D 2012
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||||
%I Simon & Schuster
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||||
|
||||
%K learnhaskell
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# \o = following symbols are overlapping in the same space
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||||
# \[ah] = caron accent
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||||
%A Miran Lipova\o'c\[ah]'a
|
||||
%T Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!
|
||||
%D 2011
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||||
%I No Starch Press
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||||
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.\" .RP = report document
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.\" .RP
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..
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.de TBD
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To be defined or to finish.
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\h'5p'
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..
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.\" MS Accents
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.\".AM
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.so macros.ms
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.so universe-from-nothing/header.ms
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.2C
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.so universe-from-nothing/preface.ms
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||||
.so universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms
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.so universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms
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|||
.SH
|
||||
Annex: events
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "16XX" ,
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "1784" ,
|
||||
first observation of Cepheid variable star.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "1908-1912" ,
|
||||
Henrietta Swan Leavitt discovers a relation between Cepheid variable stars' brightness and period of their variation.
|
||||
And this leads to knowing the distance between these stars: we now can make wild approximations on astonomic distances between us and stars.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "1916, general theory of relativity" ,
|
||||
a decade-long struggle to create a new theory of gravity by Albert Einstein.
|
||||
.br
|
||||
This work is also about space and time, and explains not only how objects move in the universe, but also how the universe itself might evolve.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "1925" ,
|
||||
Hubble publishes his study on spiral
|
||||
.I nebulae ,
|
||||
where he identified Cepheid variable stars in them (including the
|
||||
.I nebulae
|
||||
we currently know as Andromeda).
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "1925, Mount Wilson 100-inch Hooker telescope" ,
|
||||
the world's largest at the time.
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
We now make ten times bigger telescopes and hundred times bigger in area.
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "1927" :
|
||||
Lemaître shows that the Einstein's equations suggest an expanding universe.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "1930" :
|
||||
Lemaître proposes an universe beginning in a small point he called
|
||||
.I "Primeval Atom" .
|
||||
.ENDBULLET
|
||||
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Annex: vocabulary
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "perihelion" :
|
||||
point of an orbit where the object (ex: a planet) is the closest from another object (ex: a star).
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "aphelion" :
|
||||
opposite of perihelion, point of an orbit where the object is the farthest from another object.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "precession" :
|
||||
change in an angle over time.
|
||||
This can be the angle of the ellipse formed by the orbital journey of a planet (apsidal precession).
|
||||
Or this can be the movement of the rotational axis of an astronomical body, whereby the axis slowly traces out a cone (axial precession).
|
||||
Finally, the precession can be a change in the
|
||||
.I plane
|
||||
of the orbital course (nodal precession), which can be caused by a third gravitational object.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "nebulae" :
|
||||
.I "fuzzy thing"
|
||||
(or cloud) in latin.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "Cepheid variable star" :
|
||||
star whose brightness varies over some regular period.
|
||||
.ENDBULLET
|
||||
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Annex: people involved (and mentionned in the book)
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "Albert Einstein" :
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "Georges Lemaître" :
|
||||
physicist and preist, first to suggest that the universe was expanding in 1927.
|
||||
.br
|
||||
He started as an engineer, then was a decorated artilleryman in WW1, switched to mathematics, and priesthood in early 1920s.
|
||||
Then moved to cosmology and first studied with Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington before moving on to Harvard and receiving a second PhD in physics from MIT.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "Arthur Stanley Eddington" :
|
||||
astronomer.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "Henrietta Swan Leavitt" :
|
||||
Harvard College Observatory "computer".
|
||||
Discovered the relation between Cepheid variable stars' brightness and period of vacation.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "Edwin Hubble" :
|
||||
former lawyer, became astronomer.
|
||||
Made the first observation of the expansion of the universe.
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "Harlow Shapley" :
|
||||
discovered the Sun wasn't at the center of the Milky Way, and that our galaxy was much larger than we previously thought.
|
||||
.ENDBULLET
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
|||
.NH
|
||||
a cosmic mystery story: beginnings
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.ft CW
|
||||
Contrary to the book, I'll describe things chronogically in the summary.
|
||||
.ft
|
||||
|
||||
1784: first observation of Cepheid variable star, which are stars whose brightness varies over some regular period.
|
||||
|
||||
1908-1912: Henrietta Swan Leavitt discovers a relation between Cepheid variable stars' brightness and period of their variation.
|
||||
And this leads to knowing the distance between these stars: we now can make wild approximations on astonomic distances between us and these stars.
|
||||
|
||||
.ft CW
|
||||
.ps 8
|
||||
.vs 9p
|
||||
If one could determine the distance to a single Cepheid of a known period, then measuring the brightness of other Cepheids of the same period would allow one to determine the distance to these other stars.
|
||||
.vs
|
||||
.ps
|
||||
.ft
|
||||
|
||||
Determining the distance between us and stars always has been a challenge in astronomy.
|
||||
The observed brightness of stars goes down inversely with the square of the distance to the star.
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
The light spreads out uniformly over a sphere whose area increases as the square of the distance.
|
||||
Thus since the light is spread out over a bigger sphere, the intensity of the light observed at any point decreases inversely with the area of the sphere.
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
|
||||
1916, general theory of relativity: a decade-long struggle to create a new theory of gravity by Albert Einstein.
|
||||
This work is also about space and time, and explains not only how objects move in the universe, but also how the universe itself might evolve.
|
||||
|
||||
1923-1924, with the period-luminosity relation and the measurement of Cepheid variable stars, Hubble determines that the distance with some Cepheids was too great to be inside our Milky Way.
|
||||
The universe contains
|
||||
.I "at least"
|
||||
another galaxy.
|
||||
He identifies a first galaxy (NGC 6822) in 1925, then the Triangulum galaxy (M33) in 1926, and Andromeda (M31) in 1929.
|
||||
|
||||
1925: Hubble publishes his study on spiral
|
||||
.I nebulae ,
|
||||
where he identified Cepheid variable stars in them (including the
|
||||
.I nebulae
|
||||
we currently know as Andromeda).
|
||||
|
||||
1925: Mount Wilson 100-inch Hooker telescope.
|
||||
|
||||
A. Einstein publishes his work on the
|
||||
.I "general theory of relativity"
|
||||
in 1916 but this doesn't match with observation and what we
|
||||
.I thought
|
||||
the universe was at the time.
|
||||
The scientific community still imagined the universe to be static, eternal and composed of a single galaxy (our Milky Way) surrounded by a vast, dark, infinite empty space.
|
||||
This idea was consistent with the observations.
|
||||
On the contrary, the theories of Newton and Einstein were both inconsistent with the observations since gravitation was thought to be an attractive force: objects should then always collapse into each other.
|
||||
|
||||
.EQ
|
||||
delim $$
|
||||
.EN
|
||||
However, his theory is able to predict the orbit of Mercury slightly better than before with Newton's theory of gravity.
|
||||
The new theory fixes a small difference between observation and theoretical results.
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
The planet doesn't come back to its initial position after an ellipse around the sun.
|
||||
There is a slight precession of the perihelion of Mercury: 43 arc seconds (only $1 over 100$ of a degree) per century.
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
.EQ
|
||||
delim off
|
||||
.EN
|
||||
|
||||
The first person to suggest the universe was expanding was Georges Lemaître in 1927, while solving the Einstein's equations for general relativity (which leads to this conclusion).
|
||||
Then in 1930 he proposed that the universe began in a very small point called
|
||||
.I "Primeval Atom" .
|
||||
This wasn't accepted by the scientific community right away: actual observations were provided by Edwin Hubble.
|
||||
|
||||
Current state of knowledge: expansion of the universe started 13.72 billion years ago.
|
||||
Our galaxy is one of the about 400 billion other galaxies in the observable universe.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
|||
.TL
|
||||
a Universe from Nothing
|
||||
.AU
|
||||
Lawrence Krauss
|
||||
.AU
|
||||
.ft CW
|
||||
summarised by
|
||||
.ft
|
||||
Philippe Pittoli
|
||||
.\" .AI
|
||||
.\" University
|
||||
.AB no
|
||||
.\" .LP
|
||||
.\" .DS B
|
||||
This book summaries what we know about the universe, how it began and how we managed to learn this.
|
||||
|
||||
This document is a summary of the book, ordered by chapters.
|
||||
.SHINE "You're welcome."
|
||||
|
||||
Check out for newer versions on my website:
|
||||
.ft CW
|
||||
.ps 8
|
||||
\h'15p' https://t.karchnu.fr/doc/universe-from-nothing.pdf
|
||||
.ps
|
||||
.ft
|
||||
.br
|
||||
And if you have questions:
|
||||
.ft CW
|
||||
\h'88p' karchnu@karchnu.fr
|
||||
.ft
|
||||
.\" .DE
|
||||
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
Lastly compiled the
|
||||
.SHINE \n(dy/\n(mo/2021 \" is \n(yr broken?
|
||||
(day/month/year, you know, like in any sane civilization).
|
||||
.br
|
||||
.UL Status :
|
||||
preface OK. Just starting.
|
||||
.AE
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
|||
.SH
|
||||
Preface
|
||||
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The preface is about what simplistic ideas we have of the creation of the universe, mostly religious ones.
|
||||
Religion argues for an infinite regression that could only be solved by some magic being that conveniently appears to be
|
||||
.I infinite
|
||||
and
|
||||
.I eternal
|
||||
so our universe don't have to.
|
||||
Theologians and religious people are a bit mocked for their many, many dishonest arguments to keep their beliefs.
|
||||
For example, the
|
||||
.I "Intelligent Design"
|
||||
concept, which not only requires to ignore a lot of what we actually
|
||||
.B do
|
||||
know about life on earth, but also serves as a magic all-in-one concept without any consistency to reject evolution.
|
||||
Invoking a god to explain
|
||||
.I how
|
||||
stuff appears is intellectually lazy and is at best irrelevant.
|
||||
|
||||
Science is our best effort to understand our universe, and it follows three key principles
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
The following definition really is simplistic and only covers the general idea behind science.
|
||||
Do not take it for an absolute definition.
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
:
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "follow the evidence"
|
||||
wherever it leads;
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "theories should be tried to prove wrong"
|
||||
as much as we try to prove them right;
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "experiment is the only truth" ,
|
||||
not beliefs nor mathematical elegance of a model.
|
||||
.ENDBULLET
|
||||
Science can make people uncomfortable since it changes how we view the world, and this happened quite a few times in history.
|
||||
With recent discoveries, one may even wonder if the
|
||||
.I "laws of nature"
|
||||
really are fundamentals.
|
||||
|
||||
Krauss introduces the concept that maybe the universe could come from nothing.
|
||||
And
|
||||
.I nothing
|
||||
is something rather odd, and we don't actually have experienced it so we can't make much assumptions on it.
|
||||
First we thought that
|
||||
.I nothing
|
||||
could be a simple
|
||||
.I "quantum vacuum"
|
||||
but now we know that a vacuum (a space without any material entity) isn't really nothing since there are still space and time applied to it.
|
||||
Even then, we know that space and time can spontaneously appear.
|
||||
Since the concept of
|
||||
.I nothing
|
||||
isn't by any mean trivial to understand, the book
|
||||
.[
|
||||
a-universe-from-nothing
|
||||
.]
|
||||
will explain it in details later.
|
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Reference in New Issue