From 98bc15a89ca757790a3547479166deb4443e496c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Karchnu Date: Mon, 27 Sep 2021 03:16:16 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] First draft (preface and almost half of chapter 1). --- Makefile | 54 +++++++ Makefile.custom | 11 ++ bibliography | 13 ++ macros.ms | 138 ++++++++++++++++++ universe-from-nothing.ms | 6 + universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms | 91 ++++++++++++ .../ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms | 73 +++++++++ universe-from-nothing/header.ms | 40 +++++ universe-from-nothing/preface.ms | 58 ++++++++ 9 files changed, 484 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Makefile create mode 100644 Makefile.custom create mode 100644 bibliography create mode 100644 macros.ms create mode 100644 universe-from-nothing.ms create mode 100644 universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms create mode 100644 universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms create mode 100644 universe-from-nothing/header.ms create mode 100644 universe-from-nothing/preface.ms diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1006295 --- /dev/null +++ b/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +SRC = universe-from-nothing +BIBLIOGRAPHY = bibliography +ALLSRC = $(shell find . -name "*.ms") + +# -P => move ponctuation after reference +# -S => label and bracket-label options +# -e => accumulate (use a reference section) +# -p bib => bibliography file +REFER_OPTS = -PS -e -p $(BIBLIOGRAPHY) +REFER = refer $(REFER_OPTS) + +# -k => iconv conversion (did it ever worked?) +# -ms => ms macro +# -Tpdf => output device is PDF +GROFF_OPTS = -ms -t -Tpdf +GROFF = groff $(GROFF_OPTS) + +EQN_OPTS = +EQN = eqn $(EQN_OPTS) + +PRECONV_OPTS = +PRECONV = preconv $(PRECONV_OPTS) + +# ghighlight brings `source-highlight` to troff +GHIGHLIGHT_OPTS = +GHIGHLIGHT = ghighlight $(GHIGHLIGHT_OPTS) + +VIEWER_OPTS = - +VIEWER = zathura $(VIEWER_OPTS) + +SOELIM_OPTS = +SOELIM = soelim $(SOELIM_OPTS) + +PIC_OPTS = +PIC = pic $(PIC_OPTS) + +# GH_INTRO: instructions before each source code provided by source-highlight +# GH_OUTRO: ------------ after ---- ------ ---- -------- -- ---------------- +# GH_INTRO/GH_OUTRO: values are separated by ';' + +GH_INTRO := .b1;.nr DI 0;.DS I;.fam C +GH_OUTRO := .fam;.DE;.b2 + +export GH_INTRO +export GH_OUTRO + +# SHOPTS: cmd line parameter given to source-highlight +SHOPTS = --outlang-def=./.source-highlight_groff-output-definition +export SHOPTS + +$(SRC).pdf: + cat $(SRC).ms | $(SOELIM) | $(EQN) | $(GHIGHLIGHT) | $(PIC) | $(REFER) | $(PRECONV) | $(GROFF) > $@ + +include Makefile.custom diff --git a/Makefile.custom b/Makefile.custom new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01da672 --- /dev/null +++ b/Makefile.custom @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +RAM=/tmp +# DOC: hstut rc +DOC ?= universefromnothing +upload: + scp $(RAM)/$(SRC).pdf tacos:/var/www/htdocs/t.karchnu.fr/doc/ + +run_universefromnothing: + cat $(SRC).ms | $(SOELIM) | $(EQN) | $(GHIGHLIGHT) | $(PIC) | $(REFER) | $(PRECONV) | $(GROFF) > $(RAM)/$(SRC).pdf + +serve: + find . -name "*.ms" | entr gmake -B run_$(DOC) diff --git a/bibliography b/bibliography new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fac476 --- /dev/null +++ b/bibliography @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +%K a-universe-from-nothing +%A Lawrence Krauss +%T a Universe from Nothing +%D 2012 +%I Simon & Schuster + +%K learnhaskell +# \o = following symbols are overlapping in the same space +# \[ah] = caron accent +%A Miran Lipova\o'c\[ah]'a +%T Learn You a Haskell for Great Good! +%D 2011 +%I No Starch Press diff --git a/macros.ms b/macros.ms new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06c0e84 --- /dev/null +++ b/macros.ms @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +.\" .RP = report document +.\" .RP +.nr PO 0.5i \" page offset default 1i +.nr LL 7.5i \" line length default 6i +.nr FM 0.5i \" page foot margin default 1i +.\" .nr FF 1 +.R1 +no-label-in-reference +accumulate +.R2 +.nr DI 0 +.nr FN 0 +.de FOOTNOTE1 +\*{[\\n(FN]\*} +.FS \" start footnote +.ll +.6i \" line length +\*{[\\n(FN]\*} +.. +.de FOOTNOTE2 +.ll \" line length +.FE \" end of footnote +.\" increment our footnote counter +.nr FN +1 +.. +.de BELLOWEXPLANATION1 +.sp 0.5 +.ps 7 \" point size (~= font size) +.vs 8p \" vertical spacing between lines +.. +.de BELLOWEXPLANATION2 + +.ps 9 +.vs 11p +.. +.de ENDBULLET +.in -2 \" indent +.. +.defcolor darkgreen rgb 0.1 0.5 0.2 +.defcolor darkblue rgb 0.3 0.3 0.7 +.defcolor darkred rgb 0.7 0.3 0.3 +.de CONSTRUCTOR +.gcolor darkred +.ps 8 +.ft CW +\\$1 +.ft R +.gcolor +.ps +.. +.de TYPE +.gcolor darkgreen +.ps 8 +.ft CW +\\$1 +.ft R +.gcolor +.ps +.. +.de MODULE +.gcolor darkblue +.ps 8 +.ft CW +\\$1 +.ft R +.gcolor +.ps +.. +.de SHINE +.gcolor darkblue +.ft B +\\$1 +.ft R +.gcolor +.. +.de MODULEX +.MODULE "\\$1," +.. +.de RESETFOOTNOTES +.nr FN 0 +.. +.de TBD +.ft B +To be defined or to finish. +.ft R +.. +\# Bullet points +.de BULLET +.IP \(bu 2 +.. +. +\# Begin code box +.de b1 +.B1 +.sp 0.2 +.ft CW +.. +. +\# End code box +.de b2 +.sp 0.5 +.B2 +.ft +.. +.de HORIZONTALLINE +\l'15' +.. +.de SMALLFONT +.ps 8 +.vs 9p +.. +.de NORMALFONT +.vs +.ps +.. +.de COMMAND1 +.b1 +.. +.de COMMAND2 +.b2 +.. +.de COMMANDNAME +.I "\\$1" +.. +.de FUNCTION +.I "\\$1" "\\$2" +.. +.de TYPECLASS +.I "\\$1" "\\$2" +.. +.de OPERATOR +.I "\\$1" "\\$2" +.. +.de QUESTION +.I "\\$1" "\\$2" +\h'5p' +.. +.\" MS Accents +.\".AM diff --git a/universe-from-nothing.ms b/universe-from-nothing.ms new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c06614 --- /dev/null +++ b/universe-from-nothing.ms @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +.so macros.ms +.so universe-from-nothing/header.ms +.2C +.so universe-from-nothing/preface.ms +.so universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms +.so universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms diff --git a/universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms b/universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5285abf --- /dev/null +++ b/universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +.SH +Annex: events +.LP +.BULLET +.UL "16XX" , +.BULLET +.UL "1784" , +first observation of Cepheid variable star. +.BULLET +.UL "1908-1912" , +Henrietta Swan Leavitt discovers a relation between Cepheid variable stars' brightness and period of their variation. +And this leads to knowing the distance between these stars: we now can make wild approximations on astonomic distances between us and stars. +.BULLET +.UL "1916, general theory of relativity" , +a decade-long struggle to create a new theory of gravity by Albert Einstein. +.br +This work is also about space and time, and explains not only how objects move in the universe, but also how the universe itself might evolve. +.BULLET +.UL "1925" , +Hubble publishes his study on spiral +.I nebulae , +where he identified Cepheid variable stars in them (including the +.I nebulae +we currently know as Andromeda). +.BULLET +.UL "1925, Mount Wilson 100-inch Hooker telescope" , +the world's largest at the time. +.FOOTNOTE1 +We now make ten times bigger telescopes and hundred times bigger in area. +.FOOTNOTE2 +.BULLET +.UL "1927" : +Lemaître shows that the Einstein's equations suggest an expanding universe. +.BULLET +.UL "1930" : +Lemaître proposes an universe beginning in a small point he called +.I "Primeval Atom" . +.ENDBULLET + +.SH +Annex: vocabulary +.LP +.BULLET +.UL "perihelion" : +point of an orbit where the object (ex: a planet) is the closest from another object (ex: a star). +.BULLET +.UL "aphelion" : +opposite of perihelion, point of an orbit where the object is the farthest from another object. +.BULLET +.UL "precession" : +change in an angle over time. +This can be the angle of the ellipse formed by the orbital journey of a planet (apsidal precession). +Or this can be the movement of the rotational axis of an astronomical body, whereby the axis slowly traces out a cone (axial precession). +Finally, the precession can be a change in the +.I plane +of the orbital course (nodal precession), which can be caused by a third gravitational object. +.BULLET +.UL "nebulae" : +.I "fuzzy thing" +(or cloud) in latin. +.BULLET +.UL "Cepheid variable star" : +star whose brightness varies over some regular period. +.ENDBULLET + +.SH +Annex: people involved (and mentionned in the book) +.LP +.BULLET +.UL "Albert Einstein" : +.BULLET +.UL "Georges Lemaître" : +physicist and preist, first to suggest that the universe was expanding in 1927. +.br +He started as an engineer, then was a decorated artilleryman in WW1, switched to mathematics, and priesthood in early 1920s. +Then moved to cosmology and first studied with Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington before moving on to Harvard and receiving a second PhD in physics from MIT. +.BULLET +.UL "Arthur Stanley Eddington" : +astronomer. +.BULLET +.UL "Henrietta Swan Leavitt" : +Harvard College Observatory "computer". +Discovered the relation between Cepheid variable stars' brightness and period of vacation. +.BULLET +.UL "Edwin Hubble" : +former lawyer, became astronomer. +Made the first observation of the expansion of the universe. +.BULLET +.UL "Harlow Shapley" : +discovered the Sun wasn't at the center of the Milky Way, and that our galaxy was much larger than we previously thought. +.ENDBULLET diff --git a/universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms b/universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms new file mode 100644 index 0000000..17b9fd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +.NH +a cosmic mystery story: beginnings +.PP +.ft CW +Contrary to the book, I'll describe things chronogically in the summary. +.ft + +1784: first observation of Cepheid variable star, which are stars whose brightness varies over some regular period. + +1908-1912: Henrietta Swan Leavitt discovers a relation between Cepheid variable stars' brightness and period of their variation. +And this leads to knowing the distance between these stars: we now can make wild approximations on astonomic distances between us and these stars. + +.ft CW +.ps 8 +.vs 9p +If one could determine the distance to a single Cepheid of a known period, then measuring the brightness of other Cepheids of the same period would allow one to determine the distance to these other stars. +.vs +.ps +.ft + +Determining the distance between us and stars always has been a challenge in astronomy. +The observed brightness of stars goes down inversely with the square of the distance to the star. +.FOOTNOTE1 +The light spreads out uniformly over a sphere whose area increases as the square of the distance. +Thus since the light is spread out over a bigger sphere, the intensity of the light observed at any point decreases inversely with the area of the sphere. +.FOOTNOTE2 + +1916, general theory of relativity: a decade-long struggle to create a new theory of gravity by Albert Einstein. +This work is also about space and time, and explains not only how objects move in the universe, but also how the universe itself might evolve. + +1923-1924, with the period-luminosity relation and the measurement of Cepheid variable stars, Hubble determines that the distance with some Cepheids was too great to be inside our Milky Way. +The universe contains +.I "at least" +another galaxy. +He identifies a first galaxy (NGC 6822) in 1925, then the Triangulum galaxy (M33) in 1926, and Andromeda (M31) in 1929. + +1925: Hubble publishes his study on spiral +.I nebulae , +where he identified Cepheid variable stars in them (including the +.I nebulae +we currently know as Andromeda). + +1925: Mount Wilson 100-inch Hooker telescope. + +A. Einstein publishes his work on the +.I "general theory of relativity" +in 1916 but this doesn't match with observation and what we +.I thought +the universe was at the time. +The scientific community still imagined the universe to be static, eternal and composed of a single galaxy (our Milky Way) surrounded by a vast, dark, infinite empty space. +This idea was consistent with the observations. +On the contrary, the theories of Newton and Einstein were both inconsistent with the observations since gravitation was thought to be an attractive force: objects should then always collapse into each other. + +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +However, his theory is able to predict the orbit of Mercury slightly better than before with Newton's theory of gravity. +The new theory fixes a small difference between observation and theoretical results. +.FOOTNOTE1 +The planet doesn't come back to its initial position after an ellipse around the sun. +There is a slight precession of the perihelion of Mercury: 43 arc seconds (only $1 over 100$ of a degree) per century. +.FOOTNOTE2 +.EQ +delim off +.EN + +The first person to suggest the universe was expanding was Georges Lemaître in 1927, while solving the Einstein's equations for general relativity (which leads to this conclusion). +Then in 1930 he proposed that the universe began in a very small point called +.I "Primeval Atom" . +This wasn't accepted by the scientific community right away: actual observations were provided by Edwin Hubble. + +Current state of knowledge: expansion of the universe started 13.72 billion years ago. +Our galaxy is one of the about 400 billion other galaxies in the observable universe. diff --git a/universe-from-nothing/header.ms b/universe-from-nothing/header.ms new file mode 100644 index 0000000..988623e --- /dev/null +++ b/universe-from-nothing/header.ms @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +.TL +a Universe from Nothing +.AU +Lawrence Krauss +.AU +.ft CW +summarised by +.ft +Philippe Pittoli +.\" .AI +.\" University +.AB no +.\" .LP +.\" .DS B +This book summaries what we know about the universe, how it began and how we managed to learn this. + +This document is a summary of the book, ordered by chapters. +.SHINE "You're welcome." + +Check out for newer versions on my website: +.ft CW +.ps 8 +\h'15p' https://t.karchnu.fr/doc/universe-from-nothing.pdf +.ps +.ft +.br +And if you have questions: +.ft CW +\h'88p' karchnu@karchnu.fr +.ft +.\" .DE + +.LP +Lastly compiled the +.SHINE \n(dy/\n(mo/2021 \" is \n(yr broken? +(day/month/year, you know, like in any sane civilization). +.br +.UL Status : +preface OK. Just starting. +.AE diff --git a/universe-from-nothing/preface.ms b/universe-from-nothing/preface.ms new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3ceccd --- /dev/null +++ b/universe-from-nothing/preface.ms @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +.SH +Preface + +.PP +The preface is about what simplistic ideas we have of the creation of the universe, mostly religious ones. +Religion argues for an infinite regression that could only be solved by some magic being that conveniently appears to be +.I infinite +and +.I eternal +so our universe don't have to. +Theologians and religious people are a bit mocked for their many, many dishonest arguments to keep their beliefs. +For example, the +.I "Intelligent Design" +concept, which not only requires to ignore a lot of what we actually +.B do +know about life on earth, but also serves as a magic all-in-one concept without any consistency to reject evolution. +Invoking a god to explain +.I how +stuff appears is intellectually lazy and is at best irrelevant. + +Science is our best effort to understand our universe, and it follows three key principles +.FOOTNOTE1 +The following definition really is simplistic and only covers the general idea behind science. +Do not take it for an absolute definition. +.FOOTNOTE2 +: +.BULLET +.UL "follow the evidence" +wherever it leads; +.BULLET +.UL "theories should be tried to prove wrong" +as much as we try to prove them right; +.BULLET +.UL "experiment is the only truth" , +not beliefs nor mathematical elegance of a model. +.ENDBULLET +Science can make people uncomfortable since it changes how we view the world, and this happened quite a few times in history. +With recent discoveries, one may even wonder if the +.I "laws of nature" +really are fundamentals. + +Krauss introduces the concept that maybe the universe could come from nothing. +And +.I nothing +is something rather odd, and we don't actually have experienced it so we can't make much assumptions on it. +First we thought that +.I nothing +could be a simple +.I "quantum vacuum" +but now we know that a vacuum (a space without any material entity) isn't really nothing since there are still space and time applied to it. +Even then, we know that space and time can spontaneously appear. +Since the concept of +.I nothing +isn't by any mean trivial to understand, the book +.[ +a-universe-from-nothing +.] +will explain it in details later.