commit 1f9fa00edf22d4ddf0820ed4dbaea0033c112f91 Author: Karchnu Date: Thu May 5 23:46:42 2022 +0200 Initial commit. diff --git a/54.pdf b/54.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33513a0 Binary files /dev/null and b/54.pdf differ diff --git a/Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West.html b/Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b33389b --- /dev/null +++ b/Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West.html @@ -0,0 +1,316 @@ + + +Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West + +

Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West

+ +Various people over the years have asked me how I draw the figures +for my books, such as +Introduction to Graph Theory, +Mathematical Thinking: Problem-Solving and +Proofs (with John D'Angelo), +and the forthcoming +Combinatorial Mathematics. +All these figures are drawn using gpic, the GNU (Free Software Foundation) +version of the program pic developed originally by AT&T. gpic is part of +the freely available groff document formatting system. + +

+The program pic was developed for drawing pictures in troff documents, +I believe in 1984. The original version of gpic was intended as a +preprocessor for groff. Sometime in the late 1990s, a command-line option +was added to gpic to allow it to serve as a preprocessor for TeX. +This allowed me to migrate my books from troff to TeX. + +

+Since mostly I want to draw graphs, I wrote macros that facilitate drawing and +labeling graphs of various sorts in a few lines of gpic input. +I provide the macro package as a text file with +essentially no documentation. On this page I give a brief summary of how to +use it, plus a few examples at the end. +More extensive reference +materials on pic and gpic themselves, including old user manuals, have been +gathered by Richard Stevens. + +

+My macro package is inelegant and could be made cleaner and more sophisticated. +However, it does enable me to draw the pictures I want to draw rather quickly +and with very little code. +

+Please send feedback on how this page can be improved to +west @ math . uiuc . edu. +Also, please let me know if you use these macros. + + +

Basics

+ +Locations and arguments
+gpic is coordinate-based. Locations are described as ordered pairs "(a,b)" +in the coordinate plane. Locations (or objects) can be named using colons, as +in "A:(a,b)". Names remain in effect until reassigned; in particular, they +persist into later pictures. To put multiple commands on a single line, end +each with a semicolon. +

+In order to facilitate placing vertices at grid points, I have defined +names for these locations. Available are "p00" through "p99" +and "p100" through "p155", where "pij" denotes "(i,j)", +and the other locations are from (10,0) through (15,5). Offset locations +are also available, using "op00" through "op99" +and "op100" through "op155". Here "opij" is defined +as "O+(i,j)" for the particular location named as "O", which can be viewed +as an "origin". A picture with several copies of the same structure can +be produced by using the same commands with a change in the specification of +"O". +

+Lines and arrows are drawn from location to location. gpic macros have a fixed +list of up to nine arguments, invoked as macro(arg1,arg2,...,argN). +Therefore, many of my macros come in sets indexed up to 9, depending +on how many points are being placed or connected by lines. +The syntax for macro definitions is +
+"define macroname #command1; command2; etc#" + + +

+ "spot", "spot2", . . ., "spot9"
+The arguments for these macros are locations in the plane. "spotN" +takes N such locations and puts bullets there as vertices. It also names those +locations in order, A, B, C, . . . Those names can be used as arguments +in later macros. This enables editing of pictures by moving vertices +around without retyping lots of locations. If more than nine vertices are +needed, than one can save the locations with other names, as in "A1:A;"; +each use of a "spotN" macro assigns names starting from "A". + +

+ "poly2", . . ., "poly20"
+"polyN(loc,rad)" places N equally spaced vertices around an invisible +circle with center "loc" and radius "rad", naming the locations beginning with +A at the top (as in spotN) and moving clockwise. This is done via a +small table of sines and cosines present in the macro package. +For odd N, only up to N=13 is provided. +When N is even, the (invisible) polygon sits on a horizontal base; +the version "polyNv" (and maybe also "polyNh" for N=12 +and N=16") puts a point at the top and bottom. + + +

+ "edge", "degr", "matc", "path", "cycl"
+"edge(A,B)" draws a line segment connecting two locations A and B. +
+"degrN" draws edges from its first argument to the other N arguments, +up to N=8. +
+"matcN" draws a matching of size N on its 2N arguments, for N\in{2,3,4}. +For example, "matc4(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H)" draws the edges AB, CD, EF, and GH. +
+"pathN" draws a path through the locations of its N arguments in order. +
+"cyclN" draws a cycle through the locations of its N arguments in order. +
+The gpic primitive for these macros is "line", as in "line from A to B to C +to D to E". + +

+ "call", "call2", "call3"
+These place text at a specified location. +In "call(A,"text $v_1$",ne);" the text inside quotation marks is +placed near location A, in the northeast direction away from A. +There are eight compass directions plus "c" for center. +Note that text is passed through unchanged, to be processed by TeX (or troff), +and it will be produced in the fonts used by the subsequent program. Thus +notation is placed within dollar signs. +To place text at locations A,B or A,B,C, use +"call2(A,B,"text1","text2",direc1,direc2);" or +"call3(A,B,C,"text1","text2","text3",direc1,direc2,direc3);". + +

+ "circ", "arch", "elli"
+"circ(A,rad)" draws a circle of radius "rad" centered at location A. +
+"arch(A,B,rad)" draws a circular arc of radius "rad" counterclockwise +from location A to location B. +
+"elli(A,ht,wid)" draws an ellips of height "ht" and width "wid" +centered at location A. +
+Circless and ellipse are objects with centers and directional corners. +The objects can be named, as in "C:circ(p00,2);" and then "C.ne" subsequently +refers to the northeast point on C. + +

+"spli3", . . ., "spli9"
+"spliN" draws a curved line (via splines) from +A to B to C, etc., those being its N arguments in order. +Only the first and last locations are actually touched by the curve. +Try it. + +

+ Arrow, Bold, Dashed, Dotted
+Generally speaking, many of the macros for edge, path, cycl, degr, matc, spli, +can be modified by prepending "a", "b", "f", "d", "t" to obtain lines that +are arrows (directed edges), bold (thicker), fat (much thicker), dashed, or +dotted, respectively. In combination, daedge, baedge, and +dapath are also available. +
+The size of arrowheads is constant, but the extent of coordinates in pictures +is not. As a result, arrowheads may appear too large or too small. To fix +this, use "sethead(param)" to multiply the scale of arrowheads by +"param". At the end of the picture, use "resethead" to restore the +original scale; otherwise the new size arrowheads will be used in succeeding +pictures. + + +

Invocation in TeX Documents

+ +Within a TeX document, the source for a gpic picture appears as follows: +
\gpic{ +
.PS x +
gpic commands +
.PE +
} + +

+The "\gpic" macro is defined within the macro package. The "x" is the +desired width of the picture in inches. When the file is run through the +gpic program before sending it to tex or latex, the portion from +.PS to .PE will be replaced with the "specials" that direct tex to draw the +lines and other elements of the picture. Under tex, the macro "\gpic" then +creates a centered box with the picture inside it. + +

+The command-line option "-t" instructs gpic to prepare its output for +TeX rather than for troff. To run the preprocessor and then tex, one therefore +uses something like the following script: +
gpic -t gpicmacros texsource > temp.tex +
tex temp +

+To get pdf output, the resulting dvi file should be hit with +
+dvips -Ppdf | ps2pdf + +

Further Macros and Comments

+ +Filled and Invisible
+"icirc(A,rad)" draws an invisible circle, which may be useful when +named in order to refer to directional locations. +
+"fcirc(A,rad,fill)" draws a circle of radius "rad" centered at location +A with the interior filled to density "fill", between 0 and 1. The use of +"fcirc" will overwrite anything that was previous put in the interior of the +circle. +
+"ficirc(A,rad,fill)" draw a filled interior without the boundary. +
+"felli, fielli" are the analogues for ellipses. + +

+"h1,...,h9", "v1,...,v9"
+Like "pij", these are shorthand for coordinate pairs, with +"hj" being (.j,0) and "vj" being (0,.j). +They can be used for making slight adjustments to locations for placing +text labels. + +

+"spoto(A)" puts an open circle (instead of a bullet) at location A. +
+"mark(A)" puts a square at location A (to distinguish a vertex). +
+"cliqN" draws a complete graph with vertices at its N arguments, +for N\in{4,5,6}. +
+"k23", "k33", "k34", "k44" draw complete bipartite graphs. + +

Examples

+Below is the gpic code using these macros to produce several of the +figures in Section 1.1 of Introduction to Graph Theory, +second edition. + +

+Petersen graph, page 13: +
+\gpic{ +
+.PS 3.8 +
+O:p00; poly5(O,2); cycl5(A,B,C,D,E); A1:A; B1:B; C1:C; D1:D; E1:E; +
+poly5(O,1); cycl5(A,C,E,B,D); matc3(A,A1,B,B1,C,C1); matc2(D,D1,E,E1); +
+call3(A1,B1+h1,C1+h1,"12","34","51",n,ne,se); call2(D1-h1,E1-h1,"23","45",sw,nw) +
+call3(A+h1,B-v1,C-h1,"35","52","24",e,s,sw); call2(D,E,"41","13",nw,n); +
+O:(5.5,0)+v1; poly3(op00,-.8); degr3(O,A,B,C); A1:A; B1:B; C1:C; spot(O); +
+poly6(op00,2); cycl6(A,B,C,D,E,F); path3(A,B1,D); path3(B,A1,E); path3(C,C1,F); +
+O:p110+v1; poly9(O,2); cycl9(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I); spot(O); degr3(O,A,D,G); +
+matc3(B,F,E,I,H,C); +
+.PE +
+} + +

+Decomposition of K₅ and K₄, page 11: +
+\gpic{ +
+.PS 2.6 +
+poly5((0,.85),1.15); bcycl5(A,B,C,D,E); cycl5(A,C,E,B,D); +
+spot4(p30,p50,p52,p32); path3(A,B,D); dpath3(B,C,A); bpath3(C,D,A); +
+.PE +
+} + +

K\"onigsberg Bridge Problem, page 2: +
+\gpic{ +
+.PS 4.0 +
+elli(p64,4,6); call3(p64,p96+h2,p92+h2,"$W$","$X$","$Z$",c,ne,se); +
+call3(p124+h2,p55-v3,p75-v3,"$Y$","1","2",e,nw,ne); +
+call3(p53+v1,p73+v1,p84-h2,"3","4","5",sw,se,e); +
+call3(p115+h2,p113+h2,p114,"6","7","$~$",s,n,w); +
+spli7((14,6.4),(12,5.4),(9.8,5.0),(9.2,4),(9.8,3.0),(12,2.6),(14,1.6)); +
+spli7((1.0,3.6),(2.6,3.4),(4,2),(6,1.4),(9.2,2.6),(12,2),(14,.8)); +
+spli7((1.0,4.4),(2.6,4.6),(4,6),(6,6.6),(9.2,5.4),(12,6),(14,7.2)); +
+matc2((8.7,4.1),(9.6,4.1),(8.7,3.9),(9.6,3.9)); +
+matc4((4.7,1.4),(5.0,2.4),(4.5,1.5),(4.8,2.5),(4.7,6.6),(5.0,5.6),(4.5,6.5),(4.8,5.5)); +
+matc4((7.3,1.4),(7.0,2.4),(7.5,1.5),(7.2,2.5),(7.3,6.6),(7.0,5.6),(7.5,6.5),(7.2,5.5)); +
+matc4((11.0,1.8),(11.5,3.1),(11.2,1.7),(11.7,3.0),(11.0,6.2),(11.5,4.9),(11.2,6.3),(11.7,5.0)); +
+O:(17,1); +
+spot4(op30,op03,op36,op63); degr3(D,A,B,C); dbledge(A,B,6.5); dbledge(B,C,6.5); +
+call3(C+v1,D,A-v1,"$x$","$y$","$z$",n,e,s); E1:.5< B,C>; E3:.5< A,B >; +
+E5:.5< B,D>; E6:.5< C,D>; E7:.5< D,A>; +
+call3(B-h2,E1-h3+v3,E1+h2-v2,"$w$","$e_1$","$e_2$",w,nw,se); +
+call3(E3-h2-v2,E3+h2+v2,E5,"$e_3$","$e_4$","$e_5$",sw,ne,n); +
+call3(E6,E7,E5,"$e_6$","$e_7$","$~$",ne,se,s); +
+.PE +
+} + +

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West_files/api.js b/Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West_files/api.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc403a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West_files/api.js @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +// JavaScript + +"use strict"; + + +var oGrammalecteAPI = { + // Thes script might be reloaded, donâ€™t use const or let. + + // functions callable from within pages + // to be sent to the content-cript via an event â€œGrammalecteCallâ€ + + sVersion: "1.0", + + generateNodeId: function (xNode) { + xNode.id = "grammalecte_generated_id_" + Date.now().toString(36) + "_" + this._random(0, 1000000).toString(10); + console.log("[Grammalecte API] generated id:", xNode.id); + return xNode.id; + }, + + _random: function (nMin, nMax) { + return Math.floor(Math.random() * (nMax - nMin + 1) + nMin); + }, + + openPanelForNode: function (vNode) { + // Parameter: a HTML node or the identifier of a HTML node + if (vNode instanceof HTMLElement) { + let sNodeId = vNode.id || this.generateNodeId(vNode); + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "openPanelForNode", sNodeId: sNodeId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else if (typeof(vNode) === "string" && document.getElementById(vNode)) { + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "openPanelForNode", sNodeId: vNode}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a HTML node with an identifier."); + } + }, + + openPanelForText: function (sText, vNode=null) { + // Parameter: text to analyze, and optionaly a node to send results to. + if (typeof(sText) === "string") { + let sNodeId = ""; + if (vNode instanceof HTMLElement) { + sNodeId = vNode.id || this.generateNodeId(vNode); + } + else if (typeof(vNode) === "string" && document.getElementById(vNode)) { + sNodeId = vNode; + } + else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] No node identifier. No event, no result will be sent.") + } + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "openPanelForText", sText: sText, sNodeId: sNodeId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a text."); + } + }, + + parseNode: function (vNode) { + /* Parameter: a HTML node (with a identifier) or the identifier of a HTML node. + The result will be sent as an event â€œGrammalecteResultâ€ to the node. + */ + if (vNode instanceof HTMLElement) { + let sNodeId = vNode.id || this.generateNodeId(vNode); + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "parseNode", sNodeId: sNodeId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else if (typeof(vNode) === "string" && document.getElementById(vNode)) { + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "parseNode", sNodeId: vNode}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a HTML node with an identifier."); + } + }, + + parseText: function (sText, vNode) { + // Parameter: text to analyze, and a node to send results to. + if (typeof(sText) === "string") { + if (vNode instanceof HTMLElement) { + let sNodeId = vNode.id || this.generateNodeId(vNode); + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "parseText", sText: sText, sNodeId: sNodeId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else if (typeof(vNode) === "string" && document.getElementById(vNode)) { + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "parseText", sText: sText, sNodeId: vNode}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a HTML node with an identifier."); + } + } else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a text."); + } + }, + + getSpellSuggestions: function (sWord, sDestination, sRequestId="") { + /* parameters: + - sWord (string) + - sDestination: HTML identifier (string) -> the result will be sent as an event â€œGrammalecteResultâ€ to destination node + - sRequestId: custom identifier for the request (string) [default = ""] + */ + if (typeof(sWord) === "string" && typeof(sDestination) === "string" && typeof(sRequestId) === "string") { + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "getSpellSuggestions", sWord: sWord, sDestination: sDestination, sRequestId: sRequestId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: one or several parameters arenâ€™t string."); + } + } +} + +/* + Tell to the webpage that the Grammalecte API is ready. +*/ +document.dispatchEvent(new Event('GrammalecteLoaded')); + diff --git a/Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables.html b/Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cbd6538 --- /dev/null +++ b/Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables.html @@ -0,0 +1,3406 @@ + + + +Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables + + + + +

+Introduction. +
+Input commands. +
+Usage. +
+Examples. +
+Acknowledgments. +
+References. +
+List of Tbl Command Characters and Words
+ +

+ +

+ +Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables
+ + +

+ +

+M. E. Lesk
+ +

+ +

+ABSTRACT
+ +

+Tbl is a document formatting preprocessor for troff +or nroff which makes even fairly complex tables easy to +specify and enter. It is available on the UNIX[[dagger]] [[footnote: +[[dagger]] UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. ]] system +and on Honeywell 6000 GCOS. Tables are made up of columns which +may be independently centered, right-adjusted, left-adjusted, +or aligned by decimal points. Headings may be placed over single +columns or groups of columns. A table entry may contain equations, +or may consist of several rows of text. Horizontal or vertical +lines may be drawn as desired in the table, and any table or element +may be enclosed in a box. For example:
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+1970 Federal Budget Transfers +
+(in billions of dollars) +
+State + +Taxes + +Money + +Net +
+collected + +spent +
+New York + +22.91 + +21.35 + +-1.56 +
+New Jersey + +8.33 + +6.96 + +-1.37 +
+Connecticut + +4.12 + +3.10 + +-1.02 +
+Maine + +0.74 + +0.67 + +-0.07 +
+California + +22.29 + +22.42 + ++0.13 +
+New Mexico + +0.70 + +1.49 + ++0.79 +
+Georgia + +3.30 + +4.28 + ++0.98 +
+Mississippi + +1.15 + +2.32 + ++1.17 +
+Texas + +9.33 + +11.13 + ++1.80 +
+ +
+
+

+Phototypesetting Documentation delim $$f1fP
+ +

+Introduction. +

+ +
+Tbl turns a simple description of a table into a troff +or nroff [1] program (list of commands) that prints the +table. Tbl may be used on the UNIX [2] system and on the +Honeywell 6000 GCOS system. It attempts to isolate a portion of +a job that it can successfully handle and leave the remainder +for other programs. Thus tbl may be used with the equation +formatting program eqn [3] or various layout macro packages +[4,5,6], but does not duplicate their functions.
+This memorandum is divided into two parts. First we give the rules +for preparing tbl input; then some examples are shown. +The description of rules is precise but technical, and the beginning +user may prefer to read the examples first, as they show some +common table arrangements. A section explaining how to invoke +tbl precedes the examples. To avoid repetition, henceforth +read troff as "troff or nroff."
+The input to tbl is text for a document, with tables preceded +by a ".TS" (table start) command and followed by a ".TE" +(table end) command. Tbl processes the tables, generating +troff formatting commands, and leaves the remainder of the +text unchanged. The ".TS" and ".TE" lines +are copied, too, so that troff page layout macros (such +as the memo formatting macros [4]) can use these lines to delimit +and place tables as they see fit. In particular, any arguments +on the ".TS" or ".TE" lines are copied but +otherwise ignored, and may be used by document layout macro commands.
+The format of the input is as follows:
+

   text
+   .TS
+   table
+   .TE
+   text
+   .TS
+   table
+   .TE
+   text
+   . . .
+

+where the format of each table is as follows:
+

   .TS
+   options ;
+   format .
+   data
+   .TE
+

+Each table is independent, and must contain formatting information +followed by the data to be entered in the table. The formatting +information, which describes the individual columns and rows of +the table, may be preceded by a few options that affect the entire +table. A detailed description of tables is given in the next section.
+ +

+Input commands. +

+ +
+As indicated above, a table contains, first, global options, then +a format section describing the layout of the table entries, and +then the data to be printed. The format and data are always required, +but not the options. The various parts of the table are entered +as follows:
+

+1) +: +OPTIONS. There may be a single line of options affecting the whole +table. If present, this line must follow the .TS line immediately +and must contain a list of option names separated by spaces, tabs, +or commas, and must be terminated by a semicolon. The allowable +options are:
+

+center +: +-- center the table (default is left-adjust);
+
+expand +: +-- make the table as wide as the current line length;
+
+box +: +-- enclose the table in a box;
+
+allbox +: +-- enclose each item in the table in a box;
+
+doublebox +: +-- enclose the table in two boxes;
+
+tab (x) +: +-- use x instead of tab to separate data items.
+
+linesize (n) +: +-- set lines or rules (e.g. from box) in n point +type;
+
+delim (xy) +: +-- recognize x and y as the eqn delimiters.
+

+ +: +The tbl program tries to keep boxed tables on one page +by issuing appropriate "need" (.ne) commands. +These requests are calculated from the number of lines in the +tables, and if there are spacing commands embedded in the input, +these requests may be inaccurate; use normal troff procedures, +such as keep-release macros, in that case. The user who must have +a multi-page boxed table should use macros designed for this purpose, +as explained below under 'Usage.'
+
+2) +: +FORMAT. The format section of the table specifies the layout of +the columns. Each line in this section corresponds to one line +of the table (except that the last line corresponds to all following +lines up to the next .T&, if any -- see below), and each line +contains a key-letter for each column of the table. It is good +practice to separate the key letters for each column by spaces +or tabs. Each key-letter is one of the following:
+

+L or l +: +to indicate a left-adjusted column entry;
+
+R or r +: +to indicate a right-adjusted column entry;
+
+C or c +: +to indicate a centered column entry;
+
+N or n +: +to indicate a numerical column entry, to be aligned with other +numerical entries so that the units digits of numbers line up;
+
+A or a +: +to indicate an alphabetic subcolumn; all corresponding entries +are aligned on the left, and positioned so that the widest is +centered within the column (see example on page 12);
+
+S ori s +: +to indicate a spanned heading, i.e. to indicate that the entry +from the previous column continues across this column (not allowed +for the first column, obviously); or
+
+^ +: +to indicate a vertically spanned heading, i.e. to indicate that +the entry from the previous row continues down through this row. +(Not allowed for the first row of the table, obviously).
+

+ +

+When numerical alignment is specified, a location for the decimal +point is sought. The rightmost dot (.) adjacent to a digit is +used as a decimal point; if there is no dot adjoining a digit, +the rightmost digit is used as a units digit; if no alignment +is indicated, the item is centered in the column. However, the +special non-printing character string \& may be used to override +unconditionally dots and digits, or to align alphabetic data; +this string lines up where a dot normally would, and then disappears +from the final output. In the example below, the items shown at +the left will be aligned (in a numerical column) as shown on the +right:
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+13 +	+13 +
+4.2 +	+4.2 +
+26.4.12 +	+26.4.12 +
+abc +	+abc +
+abc\& +	+abc +
+43\&3.22 +	+433.22 +
+749.12 +	+749.12 +

+ +
+
+

+ +

+Note: If numerical data are used in the same column with +wider L or r type table entries, the widest number +is centered relative to the wider L or r items (L +is used instead of l for readability; they have the same +meaning as key-letters). Alignment within the numerical items +is preserved. This is similar to the behavior of a type +data, as explained above. However, alphabetic subcolumns (requested +by the a key-letter) are always slightly indented relative +to L items; if necessary, the column width is increased +to force this. This is not true for n type entries.
+

+ +

+Warning: the n and a items should not be +used in the same column.
+

+ +

+For readability, the key-letters describing each column should +be separated by spaces. The end of the format section is indicated +by a period. The layout of the key-letters in the format section +resembles the layout of the actual data in the table. Thus a simple +format might appear as:
+c s s
+l n n .
+which specifies a table of three columns. The first line of the +table contains a heading centered across all three columns; each +remaining line contains a left-adjusted item in the first column +followed by two columns of numerical data. A sample table in this +format might be:
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Overall title +
+Item-a +	+34.22 +	+9.1 +
+Item-b +	+12.65 +	+.02 +
+Items: c,d,e +	+23 +	+5.8 +
+Total +	+69.87 +	+14.92 +

+
+
+There are some additional features of the key-letter system:
+

+Horizontal lines +: +-- A key-letter may be replaced by '_' (underscore) to indicate +a horizontal line in place of the corresponding column entry, +or by '=' to indicate a double horizontal line. If an adjacent +column contains a horizontal line, or if there are vertical lines +adjoining this column, this horizontal line is extended to meet +the nearby lines. If any data entry is provided for this column, +it is ignored and a warning message is printed.
+
+Vertical lines +: +-- A vertical bar may be placed between column key-letters. This +will cause a vertical line between the corresponding columns of +the table. A vertical bar to the left of the first key-letter +or to the right of the last one produces a line at the edge of +the table. If two vertical bars appear between key-letters, a +double vertical line is drawn.
+
+Space between columns +: +-- A number may follow the key-letter. This indicates the amount +of separation between this column and the next column. The number +normally specifies the separation in ens (one en is about +the width of the letter 'n').* * More precisely, an en is a number +of points (1 point = 1/72 inch) equal to half the current type +size. If the "expand" option is used, then these numbers +are multiplied by a constant such that the table is as wide as +the current line length. The default column separation number +is 3. If the separation is changed the worst case (largest space +requested) governs.
+
+Vertical spanning +: +-- Normally, vertically spanned items extending over several rows +of the table are centered in their vertical range. If a key-letter +is followed by t or T, any corresponding vertically +spanned item will begin at the top line of its range.
+
+Font changes +: +-- A key-letter may be followed by a string containing a font +name or number preceded by the letter f or F. This +indicates that the corresponding column should be in a different +font from the default font (usually Roman). All font names are +one or two letters; a one-letter font name should be separated +from whatever follows by a space or tab. The single letters B, +b, I, and i are shorter synonyms for fB +and fI. Font change commands given with the table entries +override these specifications.
+
+Point size changes +: +-- A key-letter may be followed by the letter p or P +and a number to indicate the point size of the corresponding table +entries. The number may be a signed digit, in which case it is +taken as an increment or decrement from the current point size. +If both a point size and a column separation value are given, +one or more blanks must separate them.
+
+Vertical spacing changes +: +-- A key-letter may be followed by the letter v or V +and a number to indicate the vertical line spacing to be used +within a multi-line corresponding table entry. The number may +be a signed digit, in which case it is taken as an increment or +decrement from the current vertical spacing. A column separation +value must be separated by blanks or some other specification +from a vertical spacing request. This request has no effect unless +the corresponding table entry is a text block (see below).
+
+Column width indication +: +-- A key-letter may be followed by the letter w or W +and a width value in parentheses. This width is used as a minimum +column width. If the largest element in the column is not as wide +as the width value given after the w, the largest element +is assumed to be that wide. If the largest element in the column +is wider than the specified value, its width is used. The width +is also used as a default line length for included text blocks. +Normal troff units can be used to scale the width value; +if none are used, the default is ens. If the width specification +is a unitless integer the parentheses may be omitted. If the width +value is changed in a column, the last one given controls.
+
+Equal width columns +: +-- A key-letter may be followed by the letter e or E +to indicate equal width columns. All columns whose key-letters +are followed by e or E are made the same width. +This permits the user to get a group of regularly spaced columns.
+
+Note: +: +The order of the above features is immaterial; they need not be +separated by spaces, except as indicated above to avoid ambiguities +involving point size and font changes. Thus a numerical column +entry in italic font and 12 point type with a minimum width of +2.5 inches and separated by 6 ens from the next column could be +specified as
+np12w(2.5i)fI 6
+
+Alternative notation +: +-- Instead of listing the format of successive lines of a table +on consecutive lines of the format section, successive line formats +may be given on the same line, separated by commas, so that the +format for the example above might have been written:
+c s s, l n n .
+
+Default +: +-- Column descriptors missing from the end of a format line are +assumed to be L. The longest line in the format section, +however, defines the number of columns in the table; extra columns +in the data are ignored silently.
+

+3) +: +DATA. The data for the table are typed after the format. Normally, +each table line is typed as one line of data. Very long input +lines can be broken: any line whose last character is \ is combined +with the following line (and the \ vanishes). The data for different +columns (the table entries) are separated by tabs, or by whatever +character has been specified in the option tabs option. +There are a few special cases:
+

+Troff commands within tables +: +-- An input line beginning with a '.' followed by anything but +a number is assumed to be a command to troff and is passed +through unchanged, retaining its position in the table. So, for +example, space within a table may be produced by ".sp" +commands in the data.
+
+Full width horizontal lines +: +-- An input line containing only the character $fat "_" +$ (underscore) or = (equal sign) is taken to be a single +or double line, respectively, extending the full width of the +table.
+
+Single column horizontal lines +: +-- An input table entry containing only the character $fat +"_" $ or = is taken to be a single or double +line extending the full width of the column. Such lines +are extended to meet horizontal or vertical lines adjoining this +column. To obtain these characters explicitly in a column, either +precede them by \& or follow them by a space before the usual +tab or newline.
+
+Short horizontal lines +: +-- An input table entry containing only the string $fat +"\_"$ is taken to be a single line as wide as the contents +of the column. It is not extended to meet adjoining lines.
+
+Vertically spanned items +: +-- An input table entry containing only the character string +\^ indicates that the table entry immediately above spans +downward over this row. It is equivalent to a table format key-letter +of '^'.
+
+Text blocks +: +-- In order to include a block of text as a table entry, precede +it by $fat roman "T{" $ and follow it by $fat roman +"T}" $. Thus the sequence
+ . . . $fat roman "T{"$
+ block of
+ text
+ $fat roman "T}"$ . . .
+is the way to enter, as a single entry in the table, something +that cannot conveniently be typed as a simple string between tabs. +Note that the $fat roman "T}" $ end delimiter must begin +a line; additional columns of data may follow after a tab on the +same line. See the example on page 11 for an illustration of included +text blocks in a table. If more than twenty or thirty text blocks +are used in a table, various limits in the troff program +are likely to be exceeded, producing diagnostics such as 'too +many string/macro names' or 'too many number registers.'
+
+ +: +Text blocks are pulled out from the table, processed separately +by troff, and replaced in the table as a solid block. +If no line length is specified in the block of text itself, +or in the table format, the default is to use $ L times C / (N+1) +$ where L is the current line length, C is the number +of table columns spanned by the text, and N is the total +number of columns in the table. The other parameters (point size, +font, etc.) used in setting the block of text are those +in effect at the beginning of the table (including the effect +of the ".TS" macro) and any table format specifications +of size, spacing and font, using the p, v and f +modifiers to the column key-letters. Commands within the text +block itself are also recognized, of course. However, troff +commands within the table data but not within the text block do +not affect that block.
+delim off
+f1fP
+
+Warnings: +: +-- Although any number of lines may be present in a table, only +the first 200 lines are used in calculating the widths of the +various columns. A multi-page table, of course, may be arranged +as several single-page tables if this proves to be a problem. +Other difficulties with formatting may arise because, in the calculation +of column widths all table entries are assumed to be in the font +and size being used when the ".TS" command was encountered, +except for font and size changes indicated (a) in the table format +section and (b) within the table data (as in the entry \s+3\fIdata\fP\s0). +Therefore, although arbitrary troff requests may be sprinkled +in a table, care must be taken to avoid confusing the width calculations; +use requests such as '.ps' with care.
+

+4) +

+ADDITIONAL COMMAND LINES. If the format of a table must be changed +after many similar lines, as with sub-headings or summarizations, +the ".T&" (table continue) command can be used to +change column parameters. The outline of such a table input is:
+

   .TS
+   options ;
+   format .
+   data
+   . . .
+   .T&
+   format .
+   data
+   .T&
+   format .
+   data
+   .TE
+

+as in the examples on pages 10 and 13. Using this procedure, each +table line can be close to its corresponding format line.
+Warning: it is not possible to change the number of columns, +the space between columns, the global options such as box, +or the selection of columns to be made equal width.
+

+ +

+Usage. +

+ +
+On UNIX, tbl can be run on a simple table with the command
+

   tbl input-file | troff
+

+but for more complicated use, where there are several input files, +and they contain equations and ms memorandum layout commands +as well as tables, the normal command would be
+

   tbl file-1 file-2 . . . | eqn | troff -ms
+

+and, of course, the usual options may be used on the troff +and eqn commands. The usage for nroff is similar +to that for troff, but only TELETYPE(r) Model 37 and Diablo-mechanism +(DASI or GSI) terminals can print boxed tables directly.
+For the convenience of users employing line printers without adequate +driving tables or post-filters, there is a special -TX +command line option to tbl which produces output that does +not have fractional line motions in it. The only other command +line options recognized by tbl are -ms and -mm +which are turned into commands to fetch the corresponding macro +files; usually it is more convenient to place these arguments +on the troff part of the command line, but they are accepted +by tbl as well.
+Note that when eqn and tbl are used together on +the same file tbl should be used first. If there are no +equations within tables, either order works, but it is usually +faster to run tbl first, since eqn normally produces +a larger expansion of the input than tbl. However, if there +are equations within tables (using the delim mechanism +in eqn), tbl must be first or the output will be +scrambled. Users must also beware of using equations in n-style +columns; this is nearly always wrong, since tbl attempts +to split numerical format items into two parts and this is not +possible with equations. The user can defend against this by giving +the delim(xx) table option; this prevents splitting of +numerical columns within the delimiters. For example, if the +eqn delimiters are $$, giving delim($$) a numerical +column such as "1245 $+- 16$" will be divided after +1245, not after 16.
+Tbl limits tables to twenty columns; however, use of more +than 16 numerical columns may fail because of limits in troff, +producing the 'too many number registers' message. Troff +number registers used by tbl must be avoided by the user +within tables; these include two-digit names from 31 to 99, and +names of the forms #x, x+, x |, ^x, +and x-, where x is any lower case letter. The names +##, #-, and #^ are also used in certain circumstances. To conserve +number register names, the n and a formats share +a register; hence the restriction above that they may not be used +in the same column.
+For aid in writing layout macros, tbl defines a number +register TW which is the table width; it is defined by the time +that the ".TE" macro is invoked and may be used in the +expansion of that macro. More importantly, to assist in laying +out multi-page boxed tables the macro T# is defined to produce +the bottom lines and side lines of a boxed table, and then invoked +at its end. By use of this macro in the page footer a multi-page +table can be boxed. In particular, the ms macros can be +used to print a multi-page boxed table with a repeated heading +by giving the argument H to the ".TS" macro. If the +table start macro is written
+.TS H
+a line of the form
+.TH
+must be given in the table after any table heading (or at the +start if none). Material up to the ".TH" is placed at +the top of each page of table; the remaining lines in the table +are placed on several pages as required. Note that this is +not a feature of tbl, but of the ms layout macros.
+ +

+Examples. +

+ +
+Here are some examples illustrating features of tbl. The +symbol [[circle]] in the input represents a tab character.
+Input:
+.TS
+box;
+c c c
+l l l.
+Language[[circle]]Authors[[circle]]Runs on
+
+Fortran[[circle]]Many[[circle]]Almost anything
+PL/1[[circle]]IBM[[circle]]360/370
+C[[circle]]BTL[[circle]]11/45,H6000,370
+BLISS[[circle]]Carnegie-Mellon[[circle]]PDP-10,11
+IDS[[circle]]Honeywell[[circle]]H6000
+Pascal[[circle]]Stanford[[circle]]370
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Language +	+Authors +	+Runs on +

+Fortran +	+Many +	+Almost anything +
+PL/1 +	+IBM +	+360/370 +
+C +	+BTL +	+11/45,H6000,370 +
+BLISS +	+Carnegie-Mellon +	+PDP-10,11 +
+IDS +	+Honeywell +	+H6000 +
+Pascal +	+Stanford +	+370 +

+
+Input:
+.TS
+allbox;
+c s s
+c c c
+n n n.
+AT&T Common Stock
+Year[[circle]]Price[[circle]]Dividend
+1971[[circle]]41-54[[circle]]$2.60
+2[[circle]]41-54[[circle]]2.70
+3[[circle]]46-55[[circle]]2.87
+4[[circle]]40-53[[circle]]3.24
+5[[circle]]45-52[[circle]]3.40
+6[[circle]]51-59[[circle]].95*
+.TE
+* (first quarter only)
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+AT&T Common Stock +
+Year +	+Price +	+Dividend +
+1971 +	+41-54 +	+$2.60 +
+2 +	+41-54 +	+2.70 +
+3 +	+46-55 +	+2.87 +
+4 +	+40-53 +	+3.24 +
+5 +	+45-52 +	+3.40 +
+6 +	+51-59 +	+.95* +

+
+* (first quarter only)
+Input:
+.TS
+box;
+c s s
+c | c | c
+l | l | n.
+Major New York Bridges
+=
+Bridge[[circle]]Designer[[circle]]Length
+_
+Brooklyn[[circle]]J. A. Roebling[[circle]]1595
+Manhattan[[circle]]G. Lindenthal[[circle]]1470
+Williamsburg[[circle]]L. L. Buck[[circle]]1600
+_
+Queensborough[[circle]]Palmer &[[circle]]1182
+[[circle]] Hornbostel
+_
+[[circle]][[circle]]1380
+Triborough[[circle]]O. H. Ammann[[circle]]_
+[[circle]][[circle]]383
+_
+Bronx Whitestone[[circle]]O. H. Ammann[[circle]]2300
+Throgs Neck[[circle]]O. H. Ammann[[circle]]1800
+_
+George Washington[[circle]]O. H. Ammann[[circle]]3500
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Major New York Bridges +

+Bridge +	+Designer +	+Length +

+Brooklyn +	+J. A. Roebling +	+1595 +
+Manhattan +	+G. Lindenthal +	+1470 +
+Williamsburg +	+L. L. Buck +	+1600 +

+Queensborough +	+Palmer & +	+1182 +
	+ Hornbostel +

		+1380 +
+Triborough +	+O. H. Ammann +	+--- +
		+383 +

+Bronx Whitestone +	+O. H. Ammann +	+2300 +
+Throgs Neck +	+O. H. Ammann +	+1800 +

+George Washington +	+O. H. Ammann +	+3500 +

+
+Input:
+.TS
+c c
+np-2 | n | .
+[[circle]]Stack
+[[circle]]_
+1[[circle]]46
+[[circle]]_
+2[[circle]]23
+[[circle]]_
+3[[circle]]15
+[[circle]]_
+4[[circle]]6.5
+[[circle]]_
+5[[circle]]2.1
+[[circle]]_
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

	+Stack +
	+--- +
+1 +	+46 +
	+--- +
+2 +	+23 +
	+--- +
+3 +	+15 +
	+--- +
+4 +	+6.5 +
	+--- +
+5 +	+2.1 +
	+--- +

+
+Input:
+.TS
+box;
+L L L
+L L _
+L L | LB
+L L _
+L L L.
+january[[circle]]february[[circle]]march
+april[[circle]]may
+june[[circle]]july[[circle]]Months
+august[[circle]]september
+october[[circle]]november[[circle]]december
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+january +	+february +	+march +
+april +	+may +	+--- +
+june +	+july +	+Months + +
+august +	+september +	+--- +
+october +	+november +	+december +

+
+Input:
+.TS
+box;
+cfB s s s.
+Composition of Foods
+_
+.T&
+c | c s s
+c | c s s
+c | c | c | c.
+Food[[circle]]Percent by Weight
+\^[[circle]]_
+\^[[circle]]Protein[[circle]]Fat[[circle]]Carbo-
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]hydrate
+_
+.T&
+l | n | n | n.
+Apples[[circle]].4[[circle]].5[[circle]]13.0
+Halibut[[circle]]18.4[[circle]]5.2[[circle]]. . .
+Lima beans[[circle]]7.5[[circle]].8[[circle]]22.0
+Milk[[circle]]3.3[[circle]]4.0[[circle]]5.0
+Mushrooms[[circle]]3.5[[circle]].4[[circle]]6.0
+Rye bread[[circle]]9.0[[circle]].6[[circle]]52.7
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Composition of Foods + +

+Food +	+Percent by Weight +
	+--- +	+--- +	+--- +
	+Protein +	+Fat +	+Carbo- +
	+Protein +	+Fat +	+hydrate +

+Apples +	+.4 +	+.5 +	+13.0 +
+Halibut +	+18.4 +	+5.2 +	+... +
+Lima beans +	+7.5 +	+.8 +	+22.0 +
+Milk +	+3.3 +	+4.0 +	+5.0 +
+Mushrooms +	+3.5 +	+.4 +	+6.0 +
+Rye bread +	+9.0 +	+.6 +	+52.7 +

+
+Input:
+.TS
+allbox;
+cfI s s
+c cw(1i) cw(1i)
+lp9 lp9 lp9.
+New York Area Rocks
+Era[[circle]]Formation[[circle]]Age (years)
+Precambrian[[circle]]Reading Prong[[circle]]>1 billion
+Paleozoic[[circle]]Manhattan Prong[[circle]]400 million
+Mesozoic[[circle]]T{
+.na
+Newark Basin, incl.
+Stockton, Lockatong, and Brunswick
+formations; also Watchungs
+and Palisades.
+T}[[circle]]200 million
+Cenozoic[[circle]]Coastal Plain[[circle]]T{
+On Long Island 30,000 years;
+Cretaceous sediments redeposited
+by recent glaciation.
+.ad
+T}
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+New York Area Rocks +
+Era +	+Formation +	+Age (years) +
+Precambrian +	+Reading Prong +	+>1 billion +
+Paleozoic +	+Manhattan Prong +	+400 million +
+Mesozoic +	+Newark Basin, incl. Stockton, Lockatong, and Brunswick formations; +also Watchungs and Palisades. +	+200 million +
+Cenozoic +	+Coastal Plain +	+On Long Island 30,000 years; Cretaceous sediments redeposited +by recent glaciation. +

+
+
+Input:
+.EQ
+delim $$
+.EN
+. . .
+.TS
+doublebox;
+c c
+l l.
+Name[[circle]]Definition
+.sp
+.vs +2p
+Gamma[[circle]]$GAMMA (z) = int sub 0 sup inf t sup {z-1} e sup -t dt$
+Sine[[circle]]$sin (x) = 1 over 2i ( e sup ix - e sup -ix )$
+Error[[circle]]$ roman erf (z) = 2 over sqrt pi int sub 0 sup z e sup {-t sup 2} dt$
+Bessel[[circle]]$ J sub 0 (z) = 1 over pi int sub 0 sup pi cos ( z sin theta ) d theta $
+Zeta[[circle]]$ zeta (s) = sum from k=1 to inf k sup -s ~~( Re~s > 1)$
+.vs -2p
+.TE
+delim $$
+f1fP
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Name +	+Definition +
+Gamma +	+$GAMMA (z) = int sub 0 sup inf t sup {z-1} e sup -t dt$ +
+Sine +	+$sin (x) = 1 over 2i ( e sup ix - e sup -ix )$ +
+Error +	+$ roman erf (z) = 2 over sqrt pi int sub 0 sup z e sup {-t sup 2} dt$ +
+Bessel +	+$ J sub 0 (z) = 1 over pi int sub 0 sup pi cos ( z sin theta ) d theta $ +
+Zeta +	+$ zeta (s) = sum from k=1 to inf k sup -s ~~( Re~s > 1)$ +

+
+Input:
+.TS
+box, tab(:);
+cb s s s s
+cp-2 s s s s
+c || c | c | c | c
+c || c | c | c | c
+r2 || n2 | n2 | n2 | n.
+Readability of Text
+Line Width and Leading for 10-Point Type
+=
+Line:Set:1-Point:2-Point:4-Point
+Width:Solid:Leading:Leading:Leading
+_
+9 Pica:\-9.3:\-6.0:\-5.3:\-7.1
+14 Pica:\-4.5:\-0.6:\-0.3:\-1.7
+19 Pica:\-5.0:\-5.1: 0.0:\-2.0
+31 Pica:\-3.7:\-3.8:\-2.4:\-3.6
+43 Pica:\-9.1:\-9.0:\-5.9:\-8.8
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Readability of Text + +
+Line Width and Leading for 10-Point Type +

+Line +	+Set +	+1-Point +	+2-Point +	+4-Point +
+Width +	+Solid +	+Leading +	+Leading +	+Leading +

+9 Pica +	+-9.3 +	+-6.0 +	+-5.3 +	+-7.1 +
+14 Pica +	+-4.5 +	+-0.6 +	+-0.3 +	+-1.7 +
+19 Pica +	+-5.0 +	+-5.1 +	+ 0.0 +	+-2.0 +
+31 Pica +	+-3.7 +	+-3.8 +	+-2.4 +	+-3.6 +
+43 Pica +	+-9.1 +	+-9.0 +	+-5.9 +	+-8.8 +

+
+Input:
+.TS
+c s
+cip-2 s
+l n
+a n.
+Some London Transport Statistics
+(Year 1964)
+Railway route miles[[circle]]244
+Tube[[circle]]66
+Sub-surface[[circle]]22
+Surface[[circle]]156
+.sp .5
+.T&
+l r
+a r.
+Passenger traffic \- railway
+Journeys[[circle]]674 million
+Average length[[circle]]4.55 miles
+Passenger miles[[circle]]3,066 million
+.T&
+l r
+a r.
+Passenger traffic \- road
+Journeys[[circle]]2,252 million
+Average length[[circle]]2.26 miles
+Passenger miles[[circle]]5,094 million
+.T&
+l n
+a n.
+.sp .5
+Vehicles[[circle]]12,521
+Railway motor cars[[circle]]2,905
+Railway trailer cars[[circle]]1,269
+Total railway[[circle]]4,174
+Omnibuses[[circle]]8,347
+.T&
+l n
+a n.
+.sp .5
+Staff[[circle]]73,739
+Administrative, etc.[[circle]]5,582
+Civil engineering[[circle]]5,134
+Electrical eng.[[circle]]1,714
+Mech. eng. \- railway[[circle]]4,310
+Mech. eng. \- road[[circle]]9,152
+Railway operations[[circle]]8,930
+Road operations[[circle]]35,946
+Other[[circle]]2,971
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Some London Transport Statistics +
+(Year 1964) + +
+Railway route miles +	+244 +
+Tube +	+66 +
+Sub-surface +	+22 +
+Surface +	+156 +
+Passenger traffic - railway +
+Journeys +	+674 million +
+Average length +	+4.55 miles +
+Passenger miles +	+3,066 million +
+Passenger traffic - road +
+Journeys +	+2,252 million +
+Average length +	+2.26 miles +
+Passenger miles +	+5,094 million +
+Vehicles +	+12,521 +
+Railway motor cars +	+2,905 +
+Railway trailer cars +	+1,269 +
+Total railway +	+4,174 +
+Omnibuses +	+8,347 +
+Staff +	+73,739 +
+Administrative, etc. +	+5,582 +
+Civil engineering +	+5,134 +
+Electrical eng. +	+1,714 +
+Mech. eng. - railway +	+4,310 +
+Mech. eng. - road +	+9,152 +
+Railway operations +	+8,930 +
+Road operations +	+35,946 +
+Other +	+2,971 +

+
+delim off
+f1fP
+Input:
+.ps 8
+.vs 10p
+.TS
+center box;
+c s s
+ci s s
+c c c
+lB l n.
+New Jersey Representatives
+(Democrats)
+.sp .5
+Name[[circle]]Office address[[circle]]Phone
+.sp .5
+James J. Florio[[circle]]23 S. White Horse Pike, Somerdale 08083[[circle]]609-627-8222
+William J. Hughes[[circle]]2920 Atlantic Ave., Atlantic City 08401[[circle]]609-345-4844
+James J. Howard[[circle]]801 Bangs Ave., Asbury Park 07712[[circle]]201-774-1600
+Frank Thompson, Jr.[[circle]]10 Rutgers Pl., Trenton 08618[[circle]]609-599-1619
+Andrew Maguire[[circle]]115 W. Passaic St., Rochelle Park 07662[[circle]]201-843-0240
+Robert A. Roe[[circle]]U.S.P.O., 194 Ward St., Paterson 07510[[circle]]201-523-5152
+Henry Helstoski[[circle]]666 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford 07073[[circle]]201-939-9090
+Peter W. Rodino, Jr.[[circle]]Suite 1435A, 970 Broad St., Newark 07102[[circle]]201-645-3213
+Joseph G. Minish[[circle]]308 Main St., Orange 07050[[circle]]201-645-6363
+Helen S. Meyner[[circle]]32 Bridge St., Lambertville 08530[[circle]]609-397-1830
+Dominick V. Daniels[[circle]]895 Bergen Ave., Jersey City 07306[[circle]]201-659-7700
+Edward J. Patten[[circle]]Natl. Bank Bldg., Perth Amboy 08861[[circle]]201-826-4610
+.sp .5
+.T&
+ci s s
+lB l n.
+(Republicans)
+.sp .5v
+Millicent Fenwick[[circle]]41 N. Bridge St., Somerville 08876[[circle]]201-722-8200
+Edwin B. Forsythe[[circle]]301 Mill St., Moorestown 08057[[circle]]609-235-6622
+Matthew J. Rinaldo[[circle]]1961 Morris Ave., Union 07083[[circle]]201-687-4235
+.TE
+.ps 10
+.vs 12p
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+New Jersey Representatives +
+(Democrats) + +
+Name +	+Office address +	+Phone +
+James J. Florio + +	+23 S. White Horse Pike, Somerdale 08083 +	+609-627-8222 +
+William J. Hughes + +	+2920 Atlantic Ave., Atlantic City 08401 +	+609-345-4844 +
+James J. Howard + +	+801 Bangs Ave., Asbury Park 07712 +	+201-774-1600 +
+Frank Thompson, Jr. + +	+10 Rutgers Pl., Trenton 08618 +	+609-599-1619 +
+Andrew Maguire + +	+115 W. Passaic St., Rochelle Park 07662 +	+201-843-0240 +
+Robert A. Roe + +	+U.S.P.O., 194 Ward St., Paterson 07510 +	+201-523-5152 +
+Henry Helstoski + +	+666 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford 07073 +	+201-939-9090 +
+Peter W. Rodino, Jr. + +	+Suite 1435A, 970 Broad St., Newark 07102 +	+201-645-3213 +
+Joseph G. Minish + +	+308 Main St., Orange 07050 +	+201-645-6363 +
+Helen S. Meyner + +	+32 Bridge St., Lambertville 08530 +	+609-397-1830 +
+Dominick V. Daniels + +	+895 Bergen Ave., Jersey City 07306 +	+201-659-7700 +
+Edward J. Patten + +	+Natl. Bank Bldg., Perth Amboy 08861 +	+201-826-4610 +
+(Republicans) + +
+Millicent Fenwick + +	+41 N. Bridge St., Somerville 08876 +	+201-722-8200 +
+Edwin B. Forsythe + +	+301 Mill St., Moorestown 08057 +	+609-235-6622 +
+Matthew J. Rinaldo + +	+1961 Morris Ave., Union 07083 +	+201-687-4235 +

+ +
+This is a paragraph of normal text placed here only to indicate +where the left and right margins are. In this way the reader +can judge the appearance of centered tables or expanded tables, +and observe how such tables are formatted.
+Input:
+.TS
+expand;
+c s s s
+c c c c
+l l n n.
+Bell Labs Locations
+Name[[circle]]Address[[circle]]Area Code[[circle]]Phone
+Holmdel[[circle]]Holmdel, N. J. 07733[[circle]]201[[circle]]949-3000
+Murray Hill[[circle]]Murray Hill, N. J. 07974[[circle]]201[[circle]]582-6377
+Whippany[[circle]]Whippany, N. J. 07981[[circle]]201[[circle]]386-3000
+Indian Hill[[circle]]Naperville, Illinois 60540[[circle]]312[[circle]]690-2000
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Bell Labs Locations +
+Name +	+Address +	+Area Code +	+Phone +
+Holmdel +	+Holmdel, N. J. 07733 +	+201 +	+949-3000 +
+Murray Hill +	+Murray Hill, N. J. 07974 +	+201 +	+582-6377 +
+Whippany +	+Whippany, N. J. 07981 +	+201 +	+386-3000 +
+Indian Hill +	+Naperville, Illinois 60540 +	+312 +	+690-2000 +

+
+Input:
+.TS
+box;
+cb s s s
+c | c | c s
+ltiw(1i) | ltw(2i) | lp8 | lw(1.5i)p8.
+Some Interesting Places
+_
+Name[[circle]]Description[[circle]]Practical Information
+_
+T{
+American Museum of Natural History
+T}[[circle]]T{
+The collections fill 11.5 acres (Michelin) or 25 acres (MTA)
+of exhibition halls on four floors. There is a full-sized replica
+of a blue whale and the world's largest star sapphire (stolen in 1964).
+T}[[circle]]Hours[[circle]]10-5, ex. Sun 11-5, Wed. to 9
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Location[[circle]]T{
+Central Park West & 79th St.
+T}
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Admission[[circle]]Donation: $1.00 asked
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Subway[[circle]]AA to 81st St.
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Telephone[[circle]]212-873-4225
+_
+Bronx Zoo[[circle]]T{
+About a mile long and .6 mile wide, this is the largest zoo in America.
+A lion eats 18 pounds
+of meat a day while a sea lion eats 15 pounds of fish.
+T}[[circle]]Hours[[circle]]T{
+10-4:30 winter, to 5:00 summer
+T}
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Location[[circle]]T{
+185th St. & Southern Blvd, the Bronx.
+T}
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Admission[[circle]]$1.00, but Tu,We,Th free
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Subway[[circle]]2, 5 to East Tremont Ave.
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Telephone[[circle]]212-933-1759
+_
+Brooklyn Museum[[circle]]T{
+Five floors of galleries contain American and ancient art.
+There are American period rooms and architectural ornaments saved
+from wreckers, such as a classical figure from Pennsylvania Station.
+T}[[circle]]Hours[[circle]]Wed-Sat, 10-5, Sun 12-5
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Location[[circle]]T{
+Eastern Parkway & Washington Ave., Brooklyn.
+T}
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Admission[[circle]]Free
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Subway[[circle]]2,3 to Eastern Parkway.
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Telephone[[circle]]718-638-5000
+_
+T{
+New-York Historical Society
+T}[[circle]]T{
+All the original paintings for Audubon's
+.I
+Birds of America
+.R
+are here, as are exhibits of American decorative arts, New York history,
+Hudson River school paintings, carriages, and glass paperweights.
+T}[[circle]]Hours[[circle]]T{
+Tues-Fri & Sun, 1-5; Sat 10-5
+T}
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Location[[circle]]T{
+Central Park West & 77th St.
+T}
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Admission[[circle]]Free
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Subway[[circle]]AA to 81st St.
+\^[[circle]]\^[[circle]]Telephone[[circle]]212-873-3400
+.TE
+Output:
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Some Interesting Places +

+Name +	+Description +	+Practical Information +

+American Museum of Natural History +	+The collections fill 11.5 acres (Michelin) or 25 acres (MTA) of +exhibition halls on four floors. There is a full-sized replica +of a blue whale and the world's largest star sapphire (stolen +in 1964). +	+Hours +	+10-5, ex. Sun 11-5, Wed. to 9 +
		+Location +	+Central Park West & 79th St. +
		+Admission +	+Donation: $1.00 asked +
		+Subway +	+AA to 81st St. +
		+Telephone +	+212-873-4225 +

+Bronx Zoo +	+About a mile long and .6 mile wide, this is the largest zoo in +America. A lion eats 18 pounds of meat a day while a sea lion +eats 15 pounds of fish. +	+Hours +	+10-4:30 winter, to 5:00 summer +
		+Location +	+185th St. & Southern Blvd, the Bronx. +
		+Admission +	+$1.00, but Tu,We,Th free +
		+Subway +	+2, 5 to East Tremont Ave. +
		+Telephone +	+212-933-1759 +

+Brooklyn Museum +	+Five floors of galleries contain American and ancient art. There +are American period rooms and architectural ornaments saved from +wreckers, such as a classical figure from Pennsylvania Station. +	+Hours +	+Wed-Sat, 10-5, Sun 12-5 +
		+Location +	+Eastern Parkway & Washington Ave., Brooklyn. +
		+Admission +	+Free +
		+Subway +	+2,3 to Eastern Parkway. +
		+Telephone +	+718-638-5000 +

+New-York Historical Society +	+All the original paintings for Audubon's Birds of America +are here, as are exhibits of American decorative arts, New York +history, Hudson River school paintings, carriages, and glass paperweights. +	+Hours +	+Tues-Fri & Sun, 1-5; Sat 10-5 +
		+Location +	+Central Park West & 77th St. +
		+Admission +	+Free +
		+Subway +	+AA to 81st St. +
		+Telephone +	+212-873-3400 +

+
+
+

+ +

+Acknowledgments. +

+ +
+Many thanks are due to J. C. Blinn, who has done a large amount +of testing and assisted with the design of the program. He has +also written many of the more intelligible sentences in this document +and helped edit all of it. All phototypesetting programs on UNIX +are dependent on the work of J. F. Ossanna, whose assistance with +this program in particular has been most helpful. This program +is patterned on a table formatter originally written by J. F. +Gimpel. The assistance of T. A. Dolotta, B. W. Kernighan, and +J. N. Sturman is gratefully acknowledged.
+ +

+References. +

+ +
+

+[1] +: +J. F. Ossanna, NROFF/TROFF User's Manual, Computing Science +Technical Report No. 54, Bell Laboratories, 1976.
+
+[2] +: +K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie, "The UNIX Time-Sharing System," +Comm. ACM. 17, pp. 365-75 (1974).
+
+[3] +: +B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, "A System for Typesetting +Mathematics," Comm. ACM. 18, pp. 151-57 (1975).
+
+[4] +: +M. E. Lesk, Typing Documents on UNIX, Bell Laboratories +internal memorandum.
+
+[5] +: +M. E. Lesk and B. W. Kernighan, Computer Typesetting of Technical +Journals on UNIX, Computing Science Technical Report No. 44, +Bell Laboratories, July 1976.
+
+[6] +: +J. R. Mashey and D. W. Smith, PWB/MM -- Programmer's Workbench +Memorandum Macros, Bell Laboratories memorandum.
+

+ +

+ +List of Tbl Command Characters and Words
+ +

+ +

+delim $$
+gfont roman
+f1fP
+
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+Command +	+Meaning +	+Section +
+a A +	+Alphabetic subcolumn +	+2 +
+allbox +	+Draw box around all items +	+1 +
+b B +	+Boldface item +	+2 +
+box +	+Draw box around table +	+1 +
+c C +	+Centered column +	+2 +
+center +	+Center table in page +	+1 +
+doublebox +	+Doubled box around table +	+1 +
+e E +	+Equal width columns +	+2 +
+expand +	+Make table full line width +	+1 +
+f F +	+Font change +	+2 +
+i I +	+Italic item +	+2 +
+l L +	+Left adjusted column +	+2 +
+n N +	+Numerical column +	+2 +
+nnn +	+Column separation +	+2 +
+p P +	+Point size change +	+2 +
+r R +	+Right adjusted column +	+2 +
+s S +	+Spanned item +	+2 +
+t T +	+Vertical spanning at top +	+2 +
+tab (x) +	+Change data separator character +	+1 +
+$fat roman "T{" ~~ fat roman "T}"$ +	+Text block +	+3 +
+v V +	+Vertical spacing change +	+2 +
+w W +	+Minimum width value +	+2 +
+.xx +	+Included troff command +	+3 +
+[[bold-vertical]] +	+Vertical line +	+2 +
+[[bold-vertical]][[bold-vertical]] +	+Double vertical line +	+2 +
+^ +	+Vertical span +	+2 +
+\^ +	+Vertical span +	+3 +
+= +	+Double horizontal line +	+2,3 +
+$fat "_"$ +	+Horizontal line +	+2,3 +
+$fat "\_"$ +	+Short horizontal line +	+3 +

+ +
+
+ + +

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables_files/api.js b/Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables_files/api.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc403a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables_files/api.js @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +// JavaScript + +"use strict"; + + +var oGrammalecteAPI = { + // Thes script might be reloaded, donâ€™t use const or let. + + // functions callable from within pages + // to be sent to the content-cript via an event â€œGrammalecteCallâ€ + + sVersion: "1.0", + + generateNodeId: function (xNode) { + xNode.id = "grammalecte_generated_id_" + Date.now().toString(36) + "_" + this._random(0, 1000000).toString(10); + console.log("[Grammalecte API] generated id:", xNode.id); + return xNode.id; + }, + + _random: function (nMin, nMax) { + return Math.floor(Math.random() * (nMax - nMin + 1) + nMin); + }, + + openPanelForNode: function (vNode) { + // Parameter: a HTML node or the identifier of a HTML node + if (vNode instanceof HTMLElement) { + let sNodeId = vNode.id || this.generateNodeId(vNode); + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "openPanelForNode", sNodeId: sNodeId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else if (typeof(vNode) === "string" && document.getElementById(vNode)) { + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "openPanelForNode", sNodeId: vNode}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a HTML node with an identifier."); + } + }, + + openPanelForText: function (sText, vNode=null) { + // Parameter: text to analyze, and optionaly a node to send results to. + if (typeof(sText) === "string") { + let sNodeId = ""; + if (vNode instanceof HTMLElement) { + sNodeId = vNode.id || this.generateNodeId(vNode); + } + else if (typeof(vNode) === "string" && document.getElementById(vNode)) { + sNodeId = vNode; + } + else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] No node identifier. No event, no result will be sent.") + } + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "openPanelForText", sText: sText, sNodeId: sNodeId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a text."); + } + }, + + parseNode: function (vNode) { + /* Parameter: a HTML node (with a identifier) or the identifier of a HTML node. + The result will be sent as an event â€œGrammalecteResultâ€ to the node. + */ + if (vNode instanceof HTMLElement) { + let sNodeId = vNode.id || this.generateNodeId(vNode); + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "parseNode", sNodeId: sNodeId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else if (typeof(vNode) === "string" && document.getElementById(vNode)) { + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "parseNode", sNodeId: vNode}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a HTML node with an identifier."); + } + }, + + parseText: function (sText, vNode) { + // Parameter: text to analyze, and a node to send results to. + if (typeof(sText) === "string") { + if (vNode instanceof HTMLElement) { + let sNodeId = vNode.id || this.generateNodeId(vNode); + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "parseText", sText: sText, sNodeId: sNodeId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else if (typeof(vNode) === "string" && document.getElementById(vNode)) { + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "parseText", sText: sText, sNodeId: vNode}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } + else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a HTML node with an identifier."); + } + } else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: parameter is not a text."); + } + }, + + getSpellSuggestions: function (sWord, sDestination, sRequestId="") { + /* parameters: + - sWord (string) + - sDestination: HTML identifier (string) -> the result will be sent as an event â€œGrammalecteResultâ€ to destination node + - sRequestId: custom identifier for the request (string) [default = ""] + */ + if (typeof(sWord) === "string" && typeof(sDestination) === "string" && typeof(sRequestId) === "string") { + let xEvent = new CustomEvent("GrammalecteCall", { detail: JSON.stringify({sCommand: "getSpellSuggestions", sWord: sWord, sDestination: sDestination, sRequestId: sRequestId}) }); + document.dispatchEvent(xEvent); + } else { + console.log("[Grammalecte API] Error: one or several parameters arenâ€™t string."); + } + } +} + +/* + Tell to the webpage that the Grammalecte API is ready. +*/ +document.dispatchEvent(new Event('GrammalecteLoaded')); + diff --git a/UnixTextProcessing.pdf b/UnixTextProcessing.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b60cc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/UnixTextProcessing.pdf differ diff --git a/cstr54.pdf b/cstr54.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c41c31 Binary files /dev/null and b/cstr54.pdf differ diff --git a/cstr54.ps b/cstr54.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2318dcb --- /dev/null +++ b/cstr54.ps @@ -0,0 +1,12721 @@ +%!PS +%%Version: 3.3.1 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%Pages: (atend) +%%EndComments +% +% Version 3.3.1 prologue for troff files. +% + +/#copies 1 store +/aspectratio 1 def +/formsperpage 1 def +/landscape false def +/linewidth .3 def +/magnification 1 def +/margin 0 def +/orientation 0 def +/resolution 720 def +/rotation 1 def +/xoffset 0 def +/yoffset 0 def + +/roundpage true def +/useclippath true def +/pagebbox [0 0 612 792] def + +/R /Times-Roman def +/I /Times-Italic def +/B /Times-Bold def +/BI /Times-BoldItalic def +/H /Helvetica def +/HI /Helvetica-Oblique def +/HB /Helvetica-Bold def +/HX /Helvetica-BoldOblique def +/CW /Courier def +/CO /Courier def +/CI /Courier-Oblique def +/CB /Courier-Bold def +/CX /Courier-BoldOblique def +/PA /Palatino-Roman def +/PI /Palatino-Italic def +/PB /Palatino-Bold def +/PX /Palatino-BoldItalic def +/Hr /Helvetica-Narrow def +/Hi /Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique def +/Hb /Helvetica-Narrow-Bold def +/Hx /Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique def +/KR /Bookman-Light def +/KI /Bookman-LightItalic def +/KB /Bookman-Demi def +/KX /Bookman-DemiItalic def +/AR /AvantGarde-Book def +/AI /AvantGarde-BookOblique def +/AB /AvantGarde-Demi def +/AX /AvantGarde-DemiOblique def +/NR /NewCenturySchlbk-Roman def +/NI /NewCenturySchlbk-Italic def +/NB /NewCenturySchlbk-Bold def +/NX /NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic def +/ZD /ZapfDingbats def +/ZI /ZapfChancery-MediumItalic def +/S /S def +/S1 /S1 def +/GR /Symbol def + +/inch {72 mul} bind def +/min {2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def + +/setup { + counttomark 2 idiv {def} repeat pop + + landscape {/orientation 90 orientation add def} if + /scaling 72 resolution div def + linewidth setlinewidth + 1 setlinecap + + pagedimensions + xcenter ycenter translate + orientation rotation mul rotate + width 2 div neg height 2 div translate + xoffset inch yoffset inch neg translate + margin 2 div dup neg translate + magnification dup aspectratio mul scale + scaling scaling scale + + addmetrics + 0 0 moveto +} def + +/pagedimensions { + useclippath userdict /gotpagebbox known not and { + /pagebbox [clippath pathbbox newpath] def + roundpage currentdict /roundpagebbox known and {roundpagebbox} if + } if + pagebbox aload pop + 4 -1 roll exch 4 1 roll 4 copy + landscape {4 2 roll} if + sub /width exch def + sub /height exch def + add 2 div /xcenter exch def + add 2 div /ycenter exch def + userdict /gotpagebbox true put +} def + +/addmetrics { + /Symbol /S null Sdefs cf + /Times-Roman /S1 StandardEncoding dup length array copy S1defs cf +} def + +/pagesetup { + /page exch def + currentdict /pagedict known currentdict page known and { + page load pagedict exch get cvx exec + } if +} def + +/decodingdefs [ + {counttomark 2 idiv {y moveto show} repeat} + {neg /y exch def counttomark 2 idiv {y moveto show} repeat} + {neg moveto {2 index stringwidth pop sub exch div 0 32 4 -1 roll widthshow} repeat} + {neg moveto {spacewidth sub 0.0 32 4 -1 roll widthshow} repeat} + {counttomark 2 idiv {y moveto show} repeat} + {neg setfunnytext} +] def + +/setdecoding {/t decodingdefs 3 -1 roll get bind def} bind def + +/w {neg moveto show} bind def +/m {neg dup /y exch def moveto} bind def +/done {/lastpage where {pop lastpage} if} def + +/f { + dup /font exch def findfont exch + dup /ptsize exch def scaling div dup /size exch def scalefont setfont + linewidth ptsize mul scaling 10 mul div setlinewidth + /spacewidth ( ) stringwidth pop def +} bind def + +/changefont { + /fontheight exch def + /fontslant exch def + currentfont [ + 1 0 + fontheight ptsize div fontslant sin mul fontslant cos div + fontheight ptsize div + 0 0 + ] makefont setfont +} bind def + +/sf {f} bind def + +/cf { + dup length 2 idiv + /entries exch def + /chtab exch def + /newencoding exch def + /newfont exch def + + findfont dup length 1 add dict + /newdict exch def + {1 index /FID ne {newdict 3 1 roll put}{pop pop} ifelse} forall + + newencoding type /arraytype eq {newdict /Encoding newencoding put} if + + newdict /Metrics entries dict put + newdict /Metrics get + begin + chtab aload pop + 1 1 entries {pop def} for + newfont newdict definefont pop + end +} bind def + +% +% A few arrays used to adjust reference points and character widths in some +% of the printer resident fonts. If square roots are too high try changing +% the lines describing /radical and /radicalex to, +% +% /radical [0 -75 550 0] +% /radicalex [-50 -75 500 0] +% +% Move braceleftbt a bit - default PostScript character is off a bit. +% + +/Sdefs [ + /bracketlefttp [201 500] + /bracketleftbt [201 500] + /bracketrighttp [-81 380] + /bracketrightbt [-83 380] + /braceleftbt [203 490] + /bracketrightex [220 -125 500 0] + /radical [0 0 550 0] + /radicalex [-50 0 500 0] + /parenleftex [-20 -170 0 0] + /integral [100 -50 500 0] + /infinity [10 -75 730 0] +] def + +/S1defs [ + /underscore [0 80 500 0] + /endash [7 90 650 0] +] def +% +% Tries to round clipping path dimensions, as stored in array pagebbox, so they +% match one of the known sizes in the papersizes array. Lower left coordinates +% are always set to 0. +% + +/roundpagebbox { + 7 dict begin + /papersizes [8.5 inch 11 inch 14 inch 17 inch] def + + /mappapersize { + /val exch def + /slop .5 inch def + /diff slop def + /j 0 def + 0 1 papersizes length 1 sub { + /i exch def + papersizes i get val sub abs + dup diff le {/diff exch def /j i def} {pop} ifelse + } for + diff slop lt {papersizes j get} {val} ifelse + } def + + pagebbox 0 0 put + pagebbox 1 0 put + pagebbox dup 2 get mappapersize 2 exch put + pagebbox dup 3 get mappapersize 3 exch put + end +} bind def + +%%EndProlog +%%BeginSetup +mark +/resolution 720 def +setup +2 setdecoding +%%EndSetup +%%Page: 0 1 +/saveobj save def +mark +1 pagesetup +10 R f +(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 993 1 2383 1760 t +(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1267 1 2246 1900 t +(Computing Science Technical Report No. 54)5 1798 1 1981 3200 t +12 B f +(Troff User's Manual\262)2 1120 1 2320 3480 t +10 I f +(Joseph F. Ossanna)2 763 1 2498 3740 t +(Brian W. Kernighan)2 814 1 2473 3880 t +10 R f +(Revised November, 1992)2 1018 1 720 6240 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 0 1 +%%Page: 0 2 +/saveobj save def +mark +2 pagesetup +12 B f +(Troff User's Manual\262)2 1120 1 2320 1220 t +10 I f +(Joseph F. Ossanna)2 763 1 2498 1480 t +(Brian W. Kernighan)2 814 1 2473 1620 t +10 R f +(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 993 1 2383 1820 t +(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1267 1 2246 1960 t +(Revised November, 1992)2 1018 1 720 2800 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 0 2 +%%Page: 1 3 +/saveobj save def +mark +3 pagesetup +12 B f +(Troff User's Manual\262)2 1120 1 2320 1230 t +10 I f +(Joseph F. Ossanna)2 763 1 2498 1470 t +(Brian W. Kernighan)2 814 1 2473 1590 t +10 R f +(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 993 1 2383 1770 t +(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1267 1 2246 1890 t +10 B f +(Introduction)720 2250 w +10 I f +(Troff)970 2406 w +10 R f +(and)1217 2406 w +10 I f +(nroff)1407 2406 w +10 R f +( and typewriter-like terminals,)3 1275(are text processors that format text for typesetter-)7 2117 2 1648 2406 t +( lines of text interspersed with lines of format control information and format the)13 3271( accept)1 283(respectively. They)1 766 3 720 2526 t +(text into a printable, paginated document having a user-designed style.)9 2875 1 720 2646 t +10 I f +(Troff)3651 2646 w +10 R f +(and)3883 2646 w +10 I f +(nroff)4058 2646 w +10 R f +(offer unusual free-)2 755 1 4285 2646 t +( arbitrary style footnotes; multiple automatic)5 1820(dom in document styling: arbitrary style headers and footers;)8 2500 2 720 2766 t +(sequence numbering for paragraphs, sections, etc; multiple column output; dynamic font and point-size)12 4320 1 720 2886 t +( of automatic overstriking,)3 1066(control; arbitrary horizontal and vertical local motions at any point; and a family)12 3254 2 720 3006 t +(bracket construction, and line-drawing functions.)4 1963 1 720 3126 t +10 I f +(Troff)970 3282 w +10 R f +(produces its output in a device-independent form, although parameterized for a specific device;)12 3841 1 1199 3282 t +10 I f +(troff)720 3402 w +10 R f +(output must be processed by a driver for that device to produce printed output.)13 3134 1 918 3402 t +10 I f +(Troff)970 3558 w +10 R f +(and)1210 3558 w +10 I f +(nroff)1393 3558 w +10 R f +( almost always possible to prepare)5 1448(are highly compatible with each other and it is)8 1965 2 1627 3558 t +( the user to embed input expressly des-)7 1577( input is provided that enables)5 1222( Conditional)1 527(input acceptable to both.)3 994 4 720 3678 t +(tined for either program.)3 990 1 720 3798 t +10 I f +(Nroff)1763 3798 w +10 R f +(can prepare output directly for a variety of terminal types and is capable of)13 3036 1 2004 3798 t +( warning, however:)2 779( A)1 125( each terminal.)2 596(utilizing the full resolution of)4 1194 4 720 3918 t +10 I f +(nroff)3442 3918 w +10 R f +(necessarily cannot support all fea-)4 1375 1 3665 3918 t +(tures of)1 316 1 720 4038 t +10 I f +(troff)1075 4038 w +10 R f +( that limitation, it is the same as)7 1371(. Within)1 367 2 1248 4038 t +10 I f +(troff)3025 4038 w +10 R f +( is only a single program,)5 1091(, and in fact there)4 751 2 3198 4038 t +(invoked by two different names.)4 1295 1 720 4158 t +10 B f +(Background to the Second Edition)4 1469 1 720 4398 t +10 I f +(Troff)970 4554 w +10 R f +( in about 1973, in assembly language for the)8 1893(was originally written by the late Joe Ossanna)7 1937 2 1210 4554 t +9 R f +(PDP)720 4674 w +10 R f +( underwent)1 452( was rewritten in C around 1975, and)7 1530( It)1 118(-11, to drive the Graphic Systems CAT typesetter.)7 2055 4 885 4674 t +(slow but steady evolution until Ossanna's death late in 1977.)9 2432 1 720 4794 t +(In 1979, Brian Kernighan modified)4 1432 1 970 4950 t +10 I f +(troff)2432 4950 w +10 R f +(so that it would produce output for a variety of typesetters,)10 2404 1 2636 4950 t +( the decade from 1979 to 1989, the internals have been mod-)11 2489( Over)1 255(while retaining its input specifications.)4 1576 3 720 5070 t +(estly revised, though much of the code remains as it was when Ossanna wrote it.)14 3217 1 720 5190 t +10 I f +(Troff)970 5346 w +10 R f +( is invoked, to set values for machine resolution, legal type)10 2463(reads parameter files each time it)5 1371 2 1206 5346 t +(sizes and fonts, and character names, character widths and the like.)10 2773 1 720 5466 t +10 I f +(Troff)3553 5466 w +10 R f +(output is)1 357 1 3789 5466 t +9 R f +(ASCII)4178 5466 w +10 R f +(characters in a)2 593 1 4447 5466 t +( post-)1 239( A)1 136(simple language that describes where each character is to be placed and in what size and font.)16 3945 3 720 5586 t +( device to convert this typesetter-independent language into specific)8 2853(processor must be written for each)5 1467 2 720 5706 t +(instructions for that device.)3 1093 1 720 5826 t +( Most)1 261( identifiable in the older output.)5 1291(The output language contains information that was not readily)8 2518 3 970 5982 t +( can do device-specific optimiza-)4 1328(notably, the beginning of each page and line is marked, so post-processors)11 2992 2 720 6102 t +(tions such as sorting the data vertically or printing it boustrophedonically, independent of)12 3572 1 720 6222 t +10 I f +(troff)4317 6222 w +10 R f +(.)4490 6222 w +(Capabilities for graphics have been added.)5 1771 1 970 6378 t +10 I f +(troff)2806 6378 w +10 R f +( for drawing diagonal)3 910(now recognizes commands)2 1111 2 3019 6378 t +( are also ways to pass arbitrary informa-)7 1639(lines, circles, ellipses, circular arcs, and quadratic B-splines; there)8 2681 2 720 6498 t +(tion to the output unprocessed by)5 1330 1 720 6618 t +10 I f +(troff)2075 6618 w +10 R f +(.)2248 6618 w +( document may have an arbitrary number)6 1682( A)1 128( been eased or eliminated.)4 1063(A number of limitations have)4 1197 4 970 6774 t +( may be accessed merely by naming)6 1465( Fonts)1 277( on any page $if the output device permits it, of course$.)11 2265(of fonts)1 313 4 720 6894 t +8 S1 f +(__________________)720 6994 w +8 R f +(\262This is a version of the original)6 1034 1 720 7094 t +8 I f +(troff)1774 7094 w +8 R f +(reference manual, revised several times by B. W. Kernighan.)8 1937 1 1931 7094 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 1 3 +%%Page: 2 4 +/saveobj save def +mark +4 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 2 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t +( are no limits on the number of characters.)8 1800( There)1 296(them; ``mounting'' is no longer necessary.)5 1773 3 720 840 t +10 R f +0 8 changefont +(Character)4653 840 w +(height)720 960 w +10 R f +(and)995 960 w +10 R f +-1 10 changefont +(sl)1164 960 w +10 R f +(a)1231 960 w +10 R f +1 10 changefont +(nt)1275 960 w +10 R f +(may be set independently of width.)5 1404 1 1378 960 t +( description of usage and command-line options; a sum-)8 2314(The remainder of this document contains a)6 1756 2 970 1116 t +( manual; tutorial exam-)3 959(mary of requests, escape sequences, and pre-defined number registers; a reference)10 3361 2 720 1236 t +(ples; and a list of commonly-available characters.)6 1982 1 720 1356 t +10 B f +(Acknowledgements)720 1596 w +10 R f +(Joe Ossanna's)1 574 1 970 1752 t +10 I f +(troff)1576 1752 w +10 R f +( fifteen years, it has proven a robust)7 1479( For)1 196(remains a remarkable accomplishment.)3 1584 3 1781 1752 t +( were never)2 474(tool, taking unbelievable abuse from a variety of preprocessors and being forced into uses that)14 3846 2 720 1872 t +(conceived of in the original design, all with considerable grace under fire.)11 2946 1 720 1992 t +(The current version of)3 937 1 970 2148 t +10 I f +(troff)1948 2148 w +10 R f +( from significant code improvements by Jaap Akkerhuis,)7 2388(has profited)1 490 2 2162 2148 t +( Ravi Sethi made)3 701( Hume, Doug McIlroy, and)4 1111( Andrew)1 377(Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, and Molly Wagner.)6 2131 4 720 2268 t +( fear that the remaining bugs are my fault.)8 1677( I)1 83(valuable suggestions on the manual.)4 1446 3 720 2388 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 2 4 +%%Page: 3 5 +/saveobj save def +mark +5 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 3 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t +12 B f +(Usage)2727 840 w +10 I f +(Troff)970 996 w +10 R f +(or)1196 996 w +10 I f +(nroff)1304 996 w +10 R f +(is invoked as)2 522 1 1524 996 t +9 CW f +(troff)1008 1166 w +9 I f +(options files)1 461 1 1386 1166 t +9 CW f +(nroff)1008 1276 w +9 I f +(options files)1 461 1 1386 1276 t +10 R f +(where)720 1456 w +10 I f +(options)992 1456 w +10 R f +(represents any of a number of option arguments and)8 2111 1 1316 1456 t +10 I f +(f iles)1 175 1 3456 1456 t +10 R f +( list of files contain-)4 825(represents the)1 555 2 3660 1456 t +( argument consisting of a single minus `)7 1637( An)1 178(ing the document to be formatted.)5 1384 3 720 1576 t +10 CW f +(-)3919 1576 w +10 R f +(' is taken to be a filename)6 1061 1 3979 1576 t +( The)1 210( filenames are given input is taken from the standard input.)10 2405( no)1 129( If)1 120(corresponding to the standard input.)4 1456 5 720 1696 t +(options, which may appear in any order so long as they appear before the files, are:)15 3317 1 720 1816 t +10 CW f +(-N)1017 1996 w +10 R f +(Run as)1 275 1 1503 1996 t +10 I f +(nroff)1803 1996 w +10 R f +(; default is)2 422 1 1998 1996 t +10 I f +(troff)2445 1996 w +10 R f +(.)2618 1996 w +10 CW f +(-m)1017 2116 w +10 I f +(name)1137 2116 w +10 R f +(Read the macro file)3 784 1 1503 2116 t +10 CW f +(/ usr / lib / tmac.)5 880 1 2320 2116 t +10 I f +(name)3208 2116 w +10 R f +(before the input)2 632 1 3449 2116 t +10 I f +(f iles)1 175 1 4106 2116 t +10 R f +(.)4281 2116 w +10 CW f +(-T)1017 2236 w +10 I f +(name)1137 2236 w +10 R f +( For)1 191( devices are site-dependent.)3 1108( Specific)1 379(Specifies the type of the output device.)6 1562 4 1503 2236 t +10 I f +(troff)1503 2356 w +10 R f +(, useful names include)3 917 1 1676 2356 t +10 CW f +(post)2626 2356 w +10 R f +($Postscript, the default$,)2 976 1 2899 2356 t +10 CW f +(202)3908 2356 w +10 R f +($Linotron 202$,)1 623 1 4120 2356 t +(and)1503 2476 w +10 CW f +(aps)1698 2476 w +10 R f +( For)1 215($Autologic APS-5$.)1 809 2 1929 2476 t +10 I f +(nroff)3004 2476 w +10 R f +(, useful names include)3 971 1 3250 2476 t +10 CW f +(37)4281 2476 w +10 R f +(for the)1 290 1 4453 2476 t +($default$ Model 37 Teletype)3 1149 1 1503 2596 t +10 S f +(\322)2652 2596 w +10 R f +(,)2731 2596 w +10 CW f +(450)2796 2596 w +10 R f +(for the)1 270 1 3008 2596 t +9 R f +(DASI)3310 2596 w +10 R f +(-450 $Diablo Hyterm$,)2 915 1 3520 2596 t +10 CW f +(lp)4475 2596 w +10 R f +(for)4627 2596 w +( no reverse motions, and)4 1039(``dumb'' line printer terminals \(no half-line motions,)6 2201 2 1503 2716 t +10 CW f +(think)1511 2836 w +10 R f +(for the HP ThinkJet printer.)4 1107 1 1836 2836 t +10 CW f +(-i)1017 2956 w +10 R f +(Read standard input after the input files are exhausted.)8 2176 1 1503 2956 t +10 CW f +(-o)1017 3076 w +10 I f +(list)1137 3076 w +10 R f +( appear in)2 409(Print only pages whose page numbers)5 1547 2 1503 3076 t +10 I f +(list)3492 3076 w +10 R f +(, which consists of comma-)4 1128 1 3615 3076 t +( number range has the form)5 1110( A)1 124( and number ranges.)3 815(separated numbers)1 748 4 1503 3196 t +10 I f +(N)4327 3196 w +10 S f +(-)4418 3196 w +10 I f +(M)4489 3196 w +10 R f +(and)4599 3196 w +(means pages)1 507 1 1503 3316 t +10 I f +(N)2035 3316 w +10 R f +(through)2127 3316 w +10 I f +(M)2463 3316 w +10 R f +(; a initial)2 356 1 2546 3316 t +10 S f +(-)2927 3316 w +10 I f +(N)2998 3316 w +10 R f +(means from the beginning to page)5 1362 1 3090 3316 t +10 I f +(N)4478 3316 w +10 R f +(; and)1 198 1 4545 3316 t +(a final)1 252 1 1503 3436 t +10 I f +(N)1780 3436 w +10 S f +(-)1871 3436 w +10 R f +(means from)1 474 1 1951 3436 t +10 I f +(N)2450 3436 w +10 R f +(to the end.)2 419 1 2542 3436 t +10 CW f +(-n)1017 3556 w +10 I f +(N)1137 3556 w +10 R f +(Number first generated page)3 1138 1 1503 3556 t +10 I f +(N)2666 3556 w +10 R f +(.)2733 3556 w +10 CW f +(-r)1017 3676 w +10 I f +(aN)1137 3676 w +10 R f +(Set number register)2 782 1 1503 3676 t +10 I f +(a)2310 3676 w +10 R f +($one-character$ to)1 710 1 2385 3676 t +10 I f +(N)3120 3676 w +10 R f +(.)3187 3676 w +10 CW f +(-s)1017 3796 w +10 I f +(N)1137 3796 w +10 R f +(Stop every)1 444 1 1503 3796 t +10 I f +(N)1986 3796 w +10 R f +(pages.)2092 3796 w +10 I f +(Nroff)2408 3796 w +10 R f +( to every)2 379(will halt prior)2 578 2 2659 3796 t +10 I f +(N)3656 3796 w +10 R f +(pages $default)1 577 1 3763 3796 t +10 I f +(N)4380 3796 w +10 S f +(=)4471 3796 w +10 R f +(1$ to)1 201 1 4542 3796 t +( and will resume upon receipt of a newline.)8 1855(allow paper loading or changing,)4 1385 2 1503 3916 t +10 I f +(Troff)1503 4036 w +10 R f +(will include a ``pause'' code every)5 1427 1 1737 4036 t +10 I f +(N)3197 4036 w +10 R f +(pages; its meaning, if any, depends)5 1446 1 3297 4036 t +(on the output device.)3 838 1 1503 4156 t +10 CW f +(-u)1017 4276 w +10 I f +(N)1137 4276 w +10 R f +(Set amount of emboldening for the)5 1396 1 1503 4276 t +10 CW f +(bd)2924 4276 w +10 R f +(request to)1 391 1 3069 4276 t +10 I f +(N)3485 4276 w +10 R f +(.)3552 4276 w +10 CW f +(-F)1017 4396 w +10 I f +(path)1137 4396 w +10 R f +(Look in directory)2 727 1 1503 4396 t +10 I f +(path)2269 4396 w +10 R f +(for font information; default is)4 1281 1 2486 4396 t +10 CW f +(/usr/lib/font)3807 4396 w +10 R f +(for)4627 4396 w +10 I f +(troff)1503 4516 w +10 R f +(and)1701 4516 w +10 CW f +(/usr/lib/term)1870 4516 w +10 R f +(for)2675 4516 w +10 I f +(nroff)2816 4516 w +10 R f +(.)3011 4516 w +10 I f +(troff)1953 4696 w +10 R f +(Only)2151 4696 w +10 CW f +(-a)1017 4816 w +10 R f +(Send a printable)2 649 1 1503 4816 t +9 R f +($ASCII$)2177 4816 w +10 R f +(approximation of the results to the standard output.)7 2043 1 2497 4816 t +10 I f +(nroff)1953 4996 w +10 R f +(Only)2173 4996 w +10 CW f +(-e)1017 5116 w +10 R f +(Produce equally-spaced words in adjusted lines, using full terminal resolution.)9 3133 1 1503 5116 t +10 CW f +(-h)1017 5236 w +10 R f +(Use tabs instead of spaces to speed up printing.)8 1889 1 1503 5236 t +10 CW f +(-q)1017 5356 w +10 R f +(Invoke the simultaneous input-output mode of the)6 1999 1 1503 5356 t +10 CW f +(rd)3535 5356 w +10 R f +(request.)3680 5356 w +(Each option is a separate argument; for example,)7 1951 1 970 5572 t +9 CW f +(troff -Tpost -ms -o4,6,8-10)3 1458 1 1008 5742 t +9 I f +(f ile)1 122 1 2520 5742 t +9 R f +(1)2649 5742 w +9 I f +(f ile)1 122 1 2770 5742 t +9 R f +(2)2899 5742 w +10 R f +( 8 through 10 of a document contained in the files named)11 2371(requests formatting of pages 4, 6, and)6 1545 2 720 5922 t +10 I f +(f ile)1 136 1 4669 5922 t +10 R f +(1 and)1 227 1 4813 5922 t +10 I f +(f ile)1 136 1 720 6042 t +10 R f +(2, specifies the output device as a Postscript printer, and invokes the macro package)13 3352 1 864 6042 t +10 CW f +(-ms)4241 6042 w +10 R f +(.)4421 6042 w +(Various pre- and post-processors are available for use with)8 2405 1 970 6198 t +10 I f +(nroff)3407 6198 w +10 R f +(and)3634 6198 w +10 I f +(troff)3810 6198 w +10 R f +( include the equa-)3 736(. These)1 321 2 3983 6198 t +(tion preprocessor)1 699 1 720 6318 t +10 I f +(eqn)1453 6318 w +10 R f +($for)1631 6318 w +10 I f +(troff)1814 6318 w +10 R f +(only$, the table-construction preprocessor)3 1690 1 2021 6318 t +10 I f +(tbl)3745 6318 w +10 R f +(, and)1 203 1 3851 6318 t +10 I f +(pic)4087 6318 w +10 R f +(,)4209 6318 w +10 I f +(ideal)4267 6318 w +10 R f +(, and)1 202 1 4467 6318 t +10 I f +(grap)4702 6318 w +10 R f +(for)4924 6318 w +( reverse-line postprocessor)2 1087( A)1 131(various forms of graphics.)3 1075 3 720 6438 t +10 I f +(col)3047 6438 w +10 R f +(is available for multiple-column)3 1315 1 3204 6438 t +10 I f +(nroff)4554 6438 w +10 R f +(output)4784 6438 w +( ability;)1 321(on terminals without reverse-line)3 1362 2 720 6558 t +10 I f +(col)2440 6558 w +10 R f +(expects the Model 37 Teletype escape sequences that)7 2209 1 2599 6558 t +10 I f +(nroff)4845 6558 w +10 R f +(produces by default.)2 812 1 720 6678 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 3 5 +%%Page: 4 6 +/saveobj save def +mark +6 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 4 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t +12 B f +(Request Summary)1 950 1 2405 840 t +10 R f +(In the following table, the notation)5 1403 1 970 996 t +10 S f +(\261)2402 996 w +10 I f +(N)2465 996 w +10 R f +(in the)1 229 1 2561 996 t +10 BI f +(Request Form)1 591 1 2819 996 t +10 R f +(column means that the forms)4 1176 1 3439 996 t +10 I f +(N)4644 996 w +10 R f +(,)4711 996 w +10 S f +(+)4765 996 w +10 I f +(N)4836 996 w +10 R f +(, or)1 137 1 4903 996 t +10 S f +(-)720 1116 w +10 I f +(N)791 1116 w +10 R f +(are permitted, to set the parameter to)6 1490 1 887 1116 t +10 I f +(N)2406 1116 w +10 R f +(, increment it by)3 667 1 2473 1116 t +10 I f +(N)3169 1116 w +10 R f +(, or decrement it by)4 795 1 3236 1116 t +10 I f +(N)4059 1116 w +10 R f +( Plain)1 259(, respectively.)1 560 2 4126 1116 t +10 I f +(N)4973 1116 w +10 R f +(means that the value is used to set the parameter.)9 2078 1 720 1236 t +10 BI f +(Initial Values)1 580 1 2862 1236 t +10 R f +(separated by)1 515 1 3481 1236 t +10 CW f +(;)4035 1236 w +10 R f +(are for)1 276 1 4134 1236 t +10 I f +(troff)4449 1236 w +10 R f +(and)4661 1236 w +10 I f +(nroff)4845 1236 w +10 R f +( the)1 147(respectively. In)1 640 2 720 1356 t +10 BI f +(Notes)1532 1356 w +10 R f +(column,)1790 1356 w +( use of)2 280( The)1 212( normally causes a break.)4 1039(B Request)1 703 4 1151 1536 t +10 CW f +(')3418 1536 w +10 R f +(as control character $instead of)4 1261 1 3511 1536 t +10 CW f +(.)1532 1656 w +10 R f +($ suppresses the break function.)4 1261 1 1592 1656 t +( or relevant parameters associated with current diversion level.)8 2502(D Mode)1 617 2 1148 1776 t +( parameters are a part of the current environment.)8 1974(E Relevant)1 733 2 1154 1896 t +( stay in effect until logical output.)6 1352(O Must)1 590 2 1148 2016 t +( must be still or again in effect at the time of physical output.)13 2437(P Mode)1 609 2 1156 2136 t +(T)1154 2256 w +10 I f +(troff)1532 2256 w +10 R f +(only; no effect in)3 685 1 1730 2256 t +10 I f +(nroff)2440 2256 w +10 R f +(.)2635 2256 w +10 B f +(v)987 2376 w +10 R f +(,)1037 2376 w +10 B f +(p)1087 2376 w +10 R f +(,)1143 2376 w +10 B f +(m)1193 2376 w +10 R f +(,)1276 2376 w +10 B f +(u)1326 2376 w +10 R f +(Default scale indicator; if not specified, scale indicators are ignored.)9 2724 1 1532 2376 t +9 BI f +( No)1 133( If)1 340(Request Initial)1 1104 3 720 2721 t +( Explanation)1 621( Notes)1 432( Argument)1 660(Form Value)1 1094 4 720 2831 t +9 R f +(1)720 2996 w +9 B f +( Information)1 493(. General)1 379 2 765 2996 t +9 R f +(2)720 3161 w +9 B f +( and Character Size Control)4 1087(. Font)1 249 2 765 3161 t +9 CW f +(.ps)720 3326 w +9 S f +(\261)936 3326 w +9 I f +(N)993 3326 w +9 R f +( size; also)2 356( Point)1 428( E,T)1 420( previous)1 517(10 point)1 298 5 1594 3326 t +9 CW f +(\\s)3643 3326 w +9 S f +(\261)3758 3326 w +9 I f +(N)3815 3326 w +9 R f +(.)3875 3326 w +9 CW f +(.ss)720 3436 w +9 I f +(N)936 3436 w +9 R f +(12/36)1594 3436 w +9 B f +(m)1799 3436 w +9 R f +( size set to)3 379( Space-character)1 813(ignored E,T)1 730 3 2099 3436 t +9 I f +(N /)1 92 1 4044 3436 t +9 R f +(36 em.)1 246 1 4143 3436 t +9 CW f +(.cs)720 3546 w +9 I f +(F N M)2 326 1 936 3546 t +9 R f +( character space $width$ mode $font)5 1285( Constant)1 563( P,T)1 695(off -)1 535 4 1594 3546 t +9 I f +(F)4695 3546 w +9 R f +($.)4750 3546 w +9 CW f +(.bd)720 3656 w +9 I f +(F N)1 183 1 936 3656 t +9 R f +( font)1 168( Embolden)1 613( P,T)1 695(off -)1 535 4 1594 3656 t +9 I f +(F)3628 3656 w +9 R f +(by)3706 3656 w +9 I f +(N)3819 3656 w +9 S f +(-)3901 3656 w +9 R f +(1 units.)1 266 1 3966 3656 t +9 CW f +(.bd S)1 270 1 720 3766 t +9 I f +(F N)1 183 1 1051 3766 t +9 R f +( Special Font when current font is)6 1223( Embolden)1 613( P,T)1 695(off -)1 535 4 1594 3766 t +9 I f +(F)4683 3766 w +9 R f +(.)4738 3766 w +9 CW f +(.ft)720 3876 w +9 I f +(F)943 3876 w +9 R f +( to font)2 261( Change)1 591( E)1 342(Roman previous)1 815 4 1594 3876 t +9 I f +(F)3626 3876 w +9 R f +(; also)1 193 1 3681 3876 t +9 CW f +(\\f)3904 3876 w +9 I f +(x)4019 3876 w +9 R f +(,)4059 3876 w +9 CW f +(\\f\()4112 3876 w +9 I f +(xx)4281 3876 w +9 R f +(,)4361 3876 w +9 CW f +(\\f)4414 3876 w +9 I f +(N)4529 3876 w +9 R f +(.)4589 3876 w +9 CW f +(.fp)720 3986 w +9 I f +(N F L)2 301 1 943 3986 t +9 R f +( font named)2 431( Mount)1 581( -)1 352(R,I,B,...,S ignored)1 780 4 1594 3986 t +9 I f +(F)3761 3986 w +9 R f +(on physical position)2 726 1 3839 3986 t +9 I f +(N)4588 3986 w +9 S f +(\263)4670 3986 w +9 R f +(1;)4735 3986 w +(long name is)2 461 1 3113 4096 t +9 I f +(L)3597 4096 w +9 R f +(if given.)1 301 1 3670 4096 t +(3)720 4261 w +9 B f +( Control)1 323(. Page)1 254 2 765 4261 t +9 CW f +(.pl)720 4371 w +9 S f +(\261)936 4371 w +9 I f +(N)993 4371 w +9 R f +(11i 11i)1 620 1 1594 4371 t +9 B f +(v)2696 4371 w +9 R f +(Page length.)1 446 1 3067 4371 t +9 CW f +(.bp)720 4481 w +9 S f +(\261)936 4481 w +9 I f +(N N)1 661 1 993 4481 t +9 S f +(=)1676 4481 w +9 R f +( B,)1 650(1 -)1 388 2 1741 4481 t +9 B f +(v)2779 4481 w +9 R f +(Eject current page; next page number)5 1350 1 3067 4481 t +9 I f +(N)4440 4481 w +9 R f +(.)4500 4481 w +9 CW f +(.pn)720 4591 w +9 S f +(\261)936 4591 w +9 I f +(N N)1 661 1 993 4591 t +9 S f +(=)1676 4591 w +9 R f +( page number)2 491( Next)1 516( -)1 352(1 ignored)1 633 4 1741 4591 t +9 I f +(N)3756 4591 w +9 R f +(.)3816 4591 w +9 CW f +(.po)720 4701 w +9 S f +(\261)936 4701 w +9 I f +(N)993 4701 w +9 R f +( previous)1 652(1i; 0)1 163 2 1594 4701 t +9 B f +(v)2696 4701 w +9 R f +(Page offset.)1 426 1 3067 4701 t +9 CW f +(.ne)720 4811 w +9 I f +(N)936 4811 w +9 R f +(-)1594 4811 w +9 I f +(N)2099 4811 w +9 S f +(=)2181 4811 w +9 R f +( D,)1 441(1 v)1 97 2 2246 4811 t +9 B f +(v)2784 4811 w +9 R f +(Need)3067 4811 w +9 I f +(N)3280 4811 w +9 R f +(vertical space.)1 516 1 3363 4811 t +9 CW f +(.mk)720 4921 w +9 I f +(R)936 4921 w +9 R f +( current vertical place in register)5 1170( Mark)1 501( D)1 387(none internal)1 780 4 1594 4921 t +9 I f +(R)4455 4921 w +9 R f +(.)4510 4921 w +9 CW f +(.rt)720 5031 w +9 S f +(\261)936 5031 w +9 I f +(N)993 5031 w +9 R f +( D,)1 410(none internal)1 780 2 1594 5031 t +9 B f +(v)2784 5031 w +9 R f +(Return $upward only$ to marked vertical place.)6 1696 1 3067 5031 t +(4)720 5196 w +9 B f +( Filling, Adjusting, and Centering)4 1298(. Text)1 244 2 765 5196 t +9 CW f +(.br)720 5306 w +9 R f +( Break.)1 549( B)1 627(- -)1 535 3 1594 5306 t +9 CW f +(.fi)720 5416 w +9 R f +( output lines.)2 469( Fill)1 358( B,E)1 705(fill -)1 535 4 1594 5416 t +9 CW f +(.nf)720 5526 w +9 R f +( filling or adjusting of output lines.)6 1261( No)1 343( B,E)1 705(fill -)1 535 4 1594 5526 t +9 CW f +(.ad)720 5636 w +9 I f +(c)936 5636 w +9 R f +( output lines with mode)4 852( Adjust)1 556( E)1 437( adjust)1 404(adj, both)1 316 5 1594 5636 t +9 I f +(c)4182 5636 w +9 R f +(;)4222 5636 w +9 I f +(c)4293 5636 w +9 S f +(=)4355 5636 w +9 CW f +(l)4427 5636 w +9 R f +(,)4488 5636 w +9 CW f +(r)4525 5636 w +9 R f +(,)4586 5636 w +9 CW f +(c)4623 5636 w +9 R f +(,)4684 5636 w +9 CW f +(b)4721 5636 w +9 R f +(,)4782 5636 w +9 I f +(none)4812 5636 w +9 CW f +(.na)720 5746 w +9 R f +( output line adjusting.)3 787( No)1 426( E)1 622(adjust -)1 535 4 1594 5746 t +9 CW f +(.ce)720 5856 w +9 I f +(N)936 5856 w +9 R f +(off)1594 5856 w +9 I f +(N)2099 5856 w +9 S f +(=)2181 5856 w +9 R f +( next)1 178( Center)1 473(1 B,E)1 588 3 2246 5856 t +9 I f +(N)3508 5856 w +9 R f +(input text lines.)2 559 1 3591 5856 t +(5)720 6021 w +9 B f +( Spacing)1 328(. Vertical)1 379 2 765 6021 t +9 CW f +(.vs)720 6131 w +9 I f +(N)936 6131 w +9 R f +( E,)1 365( previous)1 492(12p; 1/6i)1 323 3 1594 6131 t +9 B f +(p)2774 6131 w +9 R f +(Vertical baseline spacing $)3 959 1 3067 6131 t +9 I f +(V)4026 6131 w +9 R f +($.)4081 6131 w +9 CW f +(.ls)720 6241 w +9 I f +(N N)1 718 1 936 6241 t +9 S f +(=)1676 6241 w +9 R f +( Output)1 566( E)1 342(1 previous)1 668 3 1741 6241 t +9 I f +(N)3340 6241 w +9 S f +(-)3422 6241 w +9 R f +(1)3487 6241 w +9 B f +(v)3555 6241 w +9 R f +('s after each text output line.)5 1033 1 3600 6241 t +9 CW f +(.sp)720 6351 w +9 I f +(N)936 6351 w +9 R f +(-)1594 6351 w +9 I f +(N)2099 6351 w +9 S f +(=)2181 6351 w +9 R f +(1v B,)1 533 1 2246 6351 t +9 B f +(v)2779 6351 w +9 R f +(Space vertical distance)2 826 1 3067 6351 t +9 I f +(N)3916 6351 w +9 R f +(in either direction.)2 664 1 3999 6351 t +9 CW f +(.sv)720 6461 w +9 I f +(N)936 6461 w +9 R f +(-)1594 6461 w +9 I f +(N)2099 6461 w +9 S f +(=)2181 6461 w +9 R f +(1v)2246 6461 w +9 B f +(v)2696 6461 w +9 R f +(Save vertical distance)2 786 1 3067 6461 t +9 I f +(N)3876 6461 w +9 R f +(.)3936 6461 w +9 CW f +(.os)720 6571 w +9 R f +( saved vertical distance.)3 862( Output)1 591( -)1 597(- -)1 535 4 1594 6571 t +9 CW f +(.ns)720 6681 w +9 R f +( no-space mode on.)3 702( Turn)1 481( D)1 632(space -)1 535 4 1594 6681 t +9 CW f +(.rs)720 6791 w +9 R f +( spacing; turn no-space mode off.)5 1208( Restore)1 581( D)1 632(- -)1 535 4 1594 6791 t +(6)720 6956 w +9 B f +( Length and Indenting)3 864(. Line)1 244 2 765 6956 t +9 CW f +(.ll)720 7066 w +9 S f +(\261)936 7066 w +9 I f +(N)993 7066 w +9 R f +( E,)1 365(6.5i previous)1 815 2 1594 7066 t +9 B f +(m)2774 7066 w +9 R f +(Line length.)1 436 1 3067 7066 t +9 CW f +(.in)720 7176 w +9 S f +(\261)936 7176 w +9 I f +(N N)1 661 1 993 7176 t +9 S f +(=)1676 7176 w +9 R f +( B,E,)1 448(0 previous)1 668 2 1741 7176 t +9 B f +(m)2857 7176 w +9 R f +(Indent.)3067 7176 w +9 CW f +(.ti)720 7286 w +9 S f +(\261)936 7286 w +9 I f +(N)993 7286 w +9 R f +( B,E,)1 483(- ignored)1 780 2 1594 7286 t +9 B f +(m)2857 7286 w +9 R f +(Temporary indent.)1 671 1 3067 7286 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 4 6 +%%Page: 5 7 +/saveobj save def +mark +7 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 5 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t +9 R f +(7)720 830 w +9 B f +( Strings, Diversion, and Position Traps)5 1491(. Macros,)1 382 2 765 830 t +9 CW f +(.de)720 940 w +9 I f +(xx yy)1 228 1 936 940 t +9 R f +(-)1594 940 w +9 I f +(. yy)1 110 1 2099 940 t +9 S f +(=)2231 940 w +9 CW f +(..)2303 940 w +9 R f +( or redefine macro)3 664(- Define)1 616 2 2696 940 t +9 I f +(xx)3999 940 w +9 R f +(; end at call of)4 517 1 4079 940 t +9 I f +(yy)4619 940 w +9 R f +(.)4699 940 w +9 CW f +(.am)720 1050 w +9 I f +(xx yy)1 228 1 936 1050 t +9 R f +(-)1594 1050 w +9 I f +(. yy)1 110 1 2099 1050 t +9 S f +(=)2231 1050 w +9 CW f +(..)2303 1050 w +9 R f +( to a macro.)3 427(- Append)1 656 2 2696 1050 t +9 CW f +(.ds)720 1160 w +9 I f +(xx string)1 358 1 936 1160 t +9 R f +( a string)2 291( Define)1 586( -)1 352(- ignored)1 780 4 1594 1160 t +9 I f +(xx)3626 1160 w +9 R f +(containing)3729 1160 w +9 I f +(string)4132 1160 w +9 R f +(.)4342 1160 w +9 CW f +(.as)720 1270 w +9 I f +(xx string)1 358 1 936 1270 t +9 R f +( Append)1 626( -)1 352(- ignored)1 780 3 1594 1270 t +9 I f +(string)3375 1270 w +9 R f +(to string)1 298 1 3608 1270 t +9 I f +(xx)3929 1270 w +9 R f +(.)4009 1270 w +9 CW f +(.rm)720 1380 w +9 I f +(xx)936 1380 w +9 R f +( request, macro, or string.)4 926( Remove)1 641( -)1 352(- ignored)1 780 4 1594 1380 t +9 CW f +(.rn)720 1490 w +9 I f +(xx yy)1 228 1 936 1490 t +9 R f +( request, macro, or string)4 903( Rename)1 636( -)1 352(- ignored)1 780 4 1594 1490 t +9 I f +(xx)4288 1490 w +9 R f +(to)4391 1490 w +9 I f +(yy)4484 1490 w +9 R f +(.)4564 1490 w +9 CW f +(.di)720 1600 w +9 I f +(xx)936 1600 w +9 R f +( output to macro)3 594( Divert)1 536( D)1 532(- end)1 635 4 1594 1600 t +9 I f +(xx)3914 1600 w +9 R f +(.)3994 1600 w +9 CW f +(.da)720 1710 w +9 I f +(xx)936 1710 w +9 R f +( and append to)3 529( Divert)1 536( D)1 532(- end)1 635 4 1594 1710 t +9 I f +(xx)3849 1710 w +9 R f +(.)3929 1710 w +9 CW f +(.wh)720 1820 w +9 I f +(N xx)1 208 1 936 1820 t +9 R f +(- -)1 535 1 1594 1820 t +9 B f +(v)2696 1820 w +9 R f +(Set location trap; negative is w.r.t. page bottom.)7 1733 1 3067 1820 t +9 CW f +(.ch)720 1930 w +9 I f +(xx N)1 208 1 936 1930 t +9 R f +(- -)1 535 1 1594 1930 t +9 B f +(v)2696 1930 w +9 R f +(Change trap location.)2 774 1 3067 1930 t +9 CW f +(.dt)720 2040 w +9 I f +(N xx)1 208 1 936 2040 t +9 R f +( D,)1 580(- off)1 610 2 1594 2040 t +9 B f +(v)2784 2040 w +9 R f +(Set a diversion trap.)3 722 1 3067 2040 t +9 CW f +(.it)720 2150 w +9 I f +(N xx)1 208 1 936 2150 t +9 R f +( an input-line count trap.)4 890( Set)1 431( E)1 547(- off)1 610 4 1594 2150 t +9 CW f +(.em)720 2260 w +9 I f +(xx)936 2260 w +9 R f +( macro is)2 331( End)1 486( -)1 452(none none)1 680 4 1594 2260 t +9 I f +(xx)3566 2260 w +9 R f +(.)3646 2260 w +(8)720 2425 w +9 B f +( Registers)1 378(. Number)1 389 2 765 2425 t +9 CW f +(.nr)720 2535 w +9 I f +(R)936 2535 w +9 S f +(\261)1059 2535 w +9 I f +(N M)1 203 1 1116 2535 t +9 R f +(-)2099 2535 w +9 B f +(u)2696 2535 w +9 R f +(Define and set number register)4 1112 1 3067 2535 t +9 I f +(R)4202 2535 w +9 R f +(; auto-increment by)2 706 1 4257 2535 t +9 I f +(M)4986 2535 w +9 R f +(.)5061 2535 w +9 CW f +(.af)720 2645 w +9 I f +(R c)1 163 1 936 2645 t +9 R f +( format to register)3 649( Assign)1 591( -)1 597(arabic -)1 535 4 1594 2645 t +9 I f +(R)3989 2645 w +9 R f +($)4067 2645 w +9 I f +(c)4097 2645 w +9 S f +(=)4159 2645 w +9 CW f +(1)4231 2645 w +9 R f +(,)4292 2645 w +9 CW f +(i)4329 2645 w +9 R f +(,)4390 2645 w +9 CW f +(I)4427 2645 w +9 R f +(,)4488 2645 w +9 CW f +(a)4525 2645 w +9 R f +(,)4586 2645 w +9 CW f +(A)4623 2645 w +9 R f +($.)4677 2645 w +9 CW f +(.rr)720 2755 w +9 I f +(R)936 2755 w +9 R f +( register)1 293( Remove)1 641( -)1 597(- -)1 535 4 1594 2755 t +9 I f +(R)3683 2755 w +9 R f +(.)3738 2755 w +(9)720 2920 w +9 B f +( Leaders, and Fields)3 777(. Tabs,)1 282 2 765 2920 t +9 CW f +(.ta)720 3030 w +9 I f +( . .)2 60(Nt .)1 176 2 943 3030 t +9 R f +( E,)1 500( none)1 336(0.5i; 0.8n)1 344 3 1594 3030 t +9 B f +(m)2774 3030 w +9 R f +(Tab settings; left-adjusting, unless)3 1237 1 3067 3030 t +9 I f +(t)4327 3030 w +9 S f +(=)4374 3030 w +9 CW f +(R)4446 3030 w +9 R f +($right$,)4523 3030 w +9 CW f +(C)4806 3030 w +9 R f +($centered$.)4883 3030 w +9 CW f +(.tc)720 3140 w +9 I f +(c)943 3140 w +9 R f +( repetition character.)2 744( Tab)1 456( E)1 477(none none)1 680 4 1594 3140 t +9 CW f +(.lc)720 3250 w +9 I f +(c)943 3250 w +9 CW f +(.)1601 3250 w +9 R f +( repetition character.)2 744( Leader)1 566(none E)1 652 3 2099 3250 t +9 CW f +(.fc)720 3360 w +9 I f +(a b)1 158 1 943 3360 t +9 R f +( field delimiter)2 536( Set)1 456( -)1 522(off off)1 610 4 1594 3360 t +9 I f +(a)3741 3360 w +9 R f +(and pad character)2 636 1 3809 3360 t +9 I f +(b)4468 3360 w +9 R f +(.)4513 3360 w +(10)720 3525 w +9 B f +( and Output Conventions and Character Translations)6 2068(. Input)1 284 2 810 3525 t +9 CW f +(.ec)720 3635 w +9 I f +(c)943 3635 w +9 R f +( escape character.)2 639( Set)1 456( -)1 602(\\ \\)1 530 4 1594 3635 t +9 CW f +(.eo)720 3745 w +9 R f +( off escape character mechanism.)4 1200( Turn)1 516( -)1 597(on -)1 535 4 1594 3745 t +9 CW f +(.lg)720 3855 w +9 I f +(N)943 3855 w +9 R f +( mode on if)3 414( Ligature)1 621( T)1 562( on)1 427(on; -)1 168 5 1594 3855 t +9 I f +(N)3809 3855 w +9 S f +(>)3891 3855 w +9 R f +(0.)3956 3855 w +9 CW f +(.ul)720 3965 w +9 I f +(N)943 3965 w +9 R f +(off)1594 3965 w +9 I f +(N)2099 3965 w +9 S f +(=)2181 3965 w +9 R f +( $italicize in)2 431( Underline)1 676(1 E)1 505 3 2246 3965 t +9 I f +(troff)3881 3965 w +9 R f +($)4036 3965 w +9 I f +(N)4089 3965 w +9 R f +(input lines.)1 401 1 4172 3965 t +9 CW f +(.cu)720 4075 w +9 I f +(N)943 4075 w +9 R f +(off)1594 4075 w +9 I f +(N)2099 4075 w +9 S f +(=)2181 4075 w +9 R f +( underline in)2 456( Continuous)1 731(1 E)1 505 3 2246 4075 t +9 I f +(nroff)3961 4075 w +9 R f +(; in)1 118 1 4136 4075 t +9 I f +(troff)4277 4075 w +9 R f +(, like)1 181 1 4432 4075 t +9 CW f +(ul)4643 4075 w +9 R f +(.)4751 4075 w +9 CW f +(.uf)720 4185 w +9 I f +(F)943 4185 w +9 R f +( font set to)3 384( Underline)1 701( -)1 442(Italic Italic)1 690 4 1594 4185 t +9 I f +(F)3834 4185 w +9 R f +($to be switched to by)4 757 1 3912 4185 t +9 CW f +(ul)4699 4185 w +9 R f +($.)4807 4185 w +9 CW f +(.cc)720 4295 w +9 I f +(c)943 4295 w +9 CW f +(. .)1 559 1 1601 4295 t +9 R f +( control character to)3 724(E Set)1 486 2 2696 4295 t +9 I f +(c)3929 4295 w +9 R f +(.)3969 4295 w +9 CW f +(.c2)720 4405 w +9 I f +(c)943 4405 w +9 CW f +(' ')1 559 1 1601 4405 t +9 R f +( no-break control character to)4 1067(E Set)1 486 2 2696 4405 t +9 I f +(c)4272 4405 w +9 R f +(.)4312 4405 w +9 CW f +(.tr)720 4515 w +9 I f +(abcd.)943 4515 w +9 R f +( Translate)1 641( O)1 632( -)1 360(... none)1 628 4 1141 4515 t +9 I f +(a)3425 4515 w +9 R f +(to)3493 4515 w +9 I f +(b)3586 4515 w +9 R f +(, etc., on output.)3 586 1 3631 4515 t +(11)720 4680 w +9 B f +( Horizontal and Vertical Motions, and the Width Function)8 2247(. Local)1 284 2 810 4680 t +9 R f +(12)720 4845 w +9 B f +( Bracket, Line-drawing, Graphics, and Zero-width Functions)6 2352(. Overstrike,)1 507 2 810 4845 t +9 R f +(13)720 5010 w +9 B f +(. Hyphenation.)1 592 1 810 5010 t +9 CW f +(.nh)720 5120 w +9 R f +( hyphenation.)1 491( No)1 426( E)1 622(hyphenate -)1 535 4 1594 5120 t +9 CW f +(.hy)720 5230 w +9 I f +(N)943 5230 w +9 R f +( Hyphenate;)1 731( E)1 282(hyphenate hyphenate)1 875 3 1594 5230 t +9 I f +(N)3505 5230 w +9 S f +(=)3587 5230 w +9 R f +(mode.)3660 5230 w +9 CW f +(.hc)720 5340 w +9 I f +(c)943 5340 w +9 CW f +(\\% \\%)1 613 1 1601 5340 t +9 R f +( indicator character)2 696(E Hyphenation)1 836 2 2696 5340 t +9 I f +(c)4251 5340 w +9 R f +(.)4291 5340 w +9 CW f +(.hw)720 5450 w +9 I f +( . .)2 60(word .)1 276 2 943 5450 t +9 R f +( words to hyphenation dictionary.)4 1215( Add)1 496(ignored -)1 627 3 2099 5450 t +(14)720 5615 w +9 B f +( Titles.)1 261(. Three-Part)1 499 2 810 5615 t +9 CW f +(.tl)720 5725 w +9 S f +(\242)943 5725 w +9 I f +(l)973 5725 w +9 S f +(\242)1005 5725 w +9 I f +(c)1035 5725 w +9 S f +(\242)1082 5725 w +9 I f +(r)1112 5725 w +9 S f +(\242)1154 5725 w +9 R f +( title; delimiter may be any character.)6 1351( Three-part)1 721(- -)1 627 3 2099 5725 t +9 CW f +(.pc)720 5835 w +9 I f +(c)943 5835 w +9 CW f +(%)1601 5835 w +9 R f +( number character.)2 674( Page)1 516(off -)1 627 3 2099 5835 t +9 CW f +(.lt)720 5945 w +9 S f +(\261)943 5945 w +9 I f +(N)1000 5945 w +9 R f +( E,)1 365(6.5i previous)1 815 2 1594 5945 t +9 B f +(m)2774 5945 w +9 R f +(Length of title.)2 539 1 3067 5945 t +(15)720 6110 w +9 B f +( Line Numbering.)2 684(. Output)1 349 2 810 6110 t +9 CW f +(.nm)720 6220 w +9 S f +(\261)943 6220 w +9 I f +(N M S I)3 297 1 1000 6220 t +9 R f +( mode on or off, set parameters.)6 1149( Number)1 611(off E)1 652 3 2099 6220 t +9 CW f +(.nn)720 6330 w +9 I f +(N)943 6330 w +9 R f +(-)1594 6330 w +9 I f +(N)2099 6330 w +9 S f +(=)2181 6330 w +9 R f +( not number next)3 614( Do)1 426(1 E)1 505 3 2246 6330 t +9 I f +(N)3814 6330 w +9 R f +(lines.)3897 6330 w +(16)720 6495 w +9 B f +( Acceptance of Input)3 799(. Conditional)1 524 2 810 6495 t +9 CW f +(.if)720 6605 w +9 I f +(c any)1 238 1 943 6605 t +9 R f +( condition)1 363( If)1 401(- -)1 627 3 2099 6605 t +9 I f +(c)3513 6605 w +9 R f +(true, accept)1 416 1 3576 6605 t +9 I f +(any)4015 6605 w +9 R f +(as input;)1 308 1 4168 6605 t +(for multi-line, use)2 649 1 3113 6715 t +9 CW f +(\\{)3792 6715 w +9 I f +(any)3907 6715 w +9 CW f +(\\})4051 6715 w +9 R f +(.)4159 6715 w +9 CW f +(.if !)1 270 1 720 6825 t +9 I f +(c any)1 238 1 990 6825 t +9 R f +( condition)1 363( If)1 401(- -)1 627 3 2099 6825 t +9 I f +(c)3513 6825 w +9 R f +(false, accept)1 446 1 3576 6825 t +9 I f +(any)4045 6825 w +9 R f +(.)4175 6825 w +9 CW f +(.if)720 6935 w +9 I f +(N any)1 258 1 943 6935 t +9 R f +(-)2099 6935 w +9 B f +(u)2696 6935 w +9 R f +(If expression)1 468 1 3067 6935 t +9 I f +(N)3558 6935 w +9 S f +(>)3640 6935 w +9 R f +(0, accept)1 321 1 3705 6935 t +9 I f +(any)4049 6935 w +9 R f +(.)4179 6935 w +9 CW f +(.if !)1 270 1 720 7045 t +9 I f +(N any)1 258 1 990 7045 t +9 R f +(-)2099 7045 w +9 B f +(u)2696 7045 w +9 R f +(If expression)1 468 1 3067 7045 t +9 I f +(N)3558 7045 w +9 S f +(\243)3625 7045 w +9 R f +(0 [sic], accept)2 504 1 3682 7045 t +9 I f +(any)4209 7045 w +9 R f +(.)4339 7045 w +9 CW f +(.if)720 7155 w +9 S f +(\242)943 7155 w +9 I f +(s)973 7155 w +9 R f +(1)1015 7155 w +9 S f +(\242)1067 7155 w +9 I f +(s)1097 7155 w +9 R f +(2)1139 7155 w +9 S f +(\242)1191 7155 w +9 I f +(any)1282 7155 w +9 R f +( string)1 228( If)1 401(- -)1 627 3 2099 7155 t +9 I f +(s)3378 7155 w +9 R f +(1 identical to)2 471 1 3420 7155 t +9 I f +(s)3914 7155 w +9 R f +(2, accept)1 321 1 3956 7155 t +9 I f +(any)4300 7155 w +9 R f +(.)4430 7155 w +9 CW f +(.if !)1 270 1 720 7265 t +9 S f +(\242)990 7265 w +9 I f +(s)1020 7265 w +9 R f +(1)1062 7265 w +9 S f +(\242)1114 7265 w +9 I f +(s)1144 7265 w +9 R f +(2)1186 7265 w +9 S f +(\242)1238 7265 w +9 I f +(any)1329 7265 w +9 R f +( string)1 228( If)1 401(- -)1 627 3 2099 7265 t +9 I f +(s)3378 7265 w +9 R f +(1 not identical to)3 609 1 3420 7265 t +9 I f +(s)4052 7265 w +9 R f +(2, accept)1 321 1 4094 7265 t +9 I f +(any)4438 7265 w +9 R f +(.)4568 7265 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 5 7 +%%Page: 6 8 +/saveobj save def +mark +8 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 6 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t +9 CW f +(.ie)720 830 w +9 I f +(c any)1 238 1 943 830 t +9 R f +(-)2099 830 w +9 B f +(u)2696 830 w +9 R f +(If portion of if-else; all above forms $like)7 1486 1 3067 830 t +9 CW f +(if)4583 830 w +9 R f +($.)4691 830 w +9 CW f +(.el)720 940 w +9 I f +(any)943 940 w +9 R f +( portion of if-else.)3 652( Else)1 496(- -)1 627 3 2099 940 t +(17)720 1105 w +9 B f +( Switching)1 403(. Environment)1 579 2 810 1105 t +9 CW f +(.ev)720 1215 w +9 I f +(N N)1 711 1 943 1215 t +9 S f +(=)1676 1215 w +9 R f +( switch $push down$.)3 757( Environment)1 811( -)1 317(0 previous)1 668 4 1741 1215 t +(18)720 1380 w +9 B f +( from the Standard Input)4 977(. Insertions)1 454 2 810 1380 t +9 CW f +(.rd)720 1490 w +9 I f +(prompt)943 1490 w +9 R f +(-)1594 1490 w +9 I f +(prompt)2099 1490 w +9 R f +(=)2359 1490 w +8 R f +(BEL)2409 1490 w +9 R f +( insertion.)1 361(- Read)1 556 2 2696 1490 t +9 CW f +(.ex)720 1600 w +9 R f +( Exit.)1 514( -)1 597(- -)1 535 3 1594 1600 t +(19)720 1765 w +9 B f +( File Switching)2 571(. Input/Output)1 589 2 810 1765 t +9 CW f +(.so)720 1875 w +9 I f +(f ilename)1 317 1 951 1875 t +9 R f +( source file $push down$.)4 900( Switch)1 591(- -)1 627 3 2099 1875 t +9 CW f +(.nx)720 1985 w +9 I f +(f ilename)1 317 1 951 1985 t +9 R f +( file.)1 166( Next)1 516(end-of-file -)1 627 3 2099 1985 t +9 CW f +(.sy)720 2095 w +9 I f +(string)943 2095 w +9 R f +( program)1 328( Execute)1 631(- -)1 627 3 2099 2095 t +9 I f +(string)3708 2095 w +9 R f +( is not interpolated.)3 697(. Output)1 319 2 3918 2095 t +9 CW f +(.pi)720 2205 w +9 I f +(string)943 2205 w +9 R f +( output to program)3 674( Pipe)1 501(- -)1 627 3 2099 2205 t +9 I f +(string)3924 2205 w +9 R f +(.)4134 2205 w +9 CW f +(.cf)720 2315 w +9 I f +(f ilename)1 317 1 951 2315 t +9 R f +( file contents to)3 559( Copy)1 536(- -)1 627 3 2099 2315 t +9 I f +(troff)3844 2315 w +9 R f +(output.)4022 2315 w +(20)720 2480 w +9 B f +(. Miscellaneous)1 609 1 810 2480 t +9 CW f +(.mc)720 2590 w +9 I f +(c N)1 168 1 943 2590 t +9 R f +( E,)1 570(- off)1 610 2 1594 2590 t +9 B f +(m)2774 2590 w +9 R f +(Set margin character)2 746 1 3067 2590 t +9 I f +(c)3836 2590 w +9 R f +(and separation)1 523 1 3899 2590 t +9 I f +(N)4445 2590 w +9 R f +(.)4505 2590 w +9 CW f +(.tm)720 2700 w +9 I f +(string)943 2700 w +9 R f +( Print)1 516( -)1 342(- newline)1 790 3 1594 2700 t +9 I f +(string)3265 2700 w +9 R f +(on terminal $standard error$.)3 1022 1 3498 2700 t +9 CW f +(.ab)720 2810 w +9 I f +(string)943 2810 w +9 R f +( Print)1 516( -)1 342(- newline)1 790 3 1594 2810 t +9 I f +(string)3265 2810 w +9 R f +(on standard error, exit program.)4 1148 1 3498 2810 t +9 CW f +(.ig)720 2920 w +9 I f +(yy)943 2920 w +9 R f +(-)1594 2920 w +9 I f +(. yy)1 110 1 2099 2920 t +9 S f +(=)2231 2920 w +9 CW f +(..)2303 2920 w +9 R f +( input until call of)4 647(- Ignore)1 606 2 2696 2920 t +9 I f +(yy)3972 2920 w +9 R f +(.)4052 2920 w +9 CW f +(.lf)720 3030 w +9 I f +(N f)1 161 1 943 3030 t +9 R f +( input line number to)4 757( Set)1 456(- -)1 627 3 2099 3030 t +9 I f +(N)3962 3030 w +9 R f +(and filename to)2 561 1 4045 3030 t +9 I f +(f)4629 3030 w +9 R f +(.)4654 3030 w +9 CW f +(.pm)720 3140 w +9 I f +(t)943 3140 w +9 R f +( macro names, sizes; if)4 825( Print)1 516( -)1 537(- all)1 595 4 1594 3140 t +9 I f +(t)4090 3140 w +9 R f +(present, print only total of sizes.)5 1161 1 4138 3140 t +9 CW f +(.fl)720 3250 w +9 R f +( output buffer.)2 519( Flush)1 511( B)1 627(- -)1 535 4 1594 3250 t +(21)720 3415 w +9 B f +( and Error Messages)3 799(. Output)1 349 2 810 3415 t +9 R f +(22)720 3580 w +9 B f +( Language)1 403(. Output)1 349 2 810 3580 t +9 R f +(23)720 3745 w +9 B f +( and Font Description Files)4 1042(. Device)1 324 2 810 3745 t +12 B f +(Alphabetical Request and Section Number Cross Reference)6 3046 1 1357 4061 t +9 CW f +(ab)720 4262 w +9 R f +(20)882 4262 w +9 CW f +(ad)720 4367 w +9 R f +(4)927 4367 w +9 CW f +(af)720 4472 w +9 R f +(8)927 4472 w +9 CW f +(am)720 4577 w +9 R f +(7)927 4577 w +9 CW f +(as)720 4682 w +9 R f +(7)927 4682 w +9 CW f +(bd)720 4787 w +9 R f +(2)927 4787 w +9 CW f +(bp)720 4892 w +9 R f +(3)927 4892 w +9 CW f +(br)720 4997 w +9 R f +(4)927 4997 w +9 CW f +(c2)720 5102 w +9 R f +(10)882 5102 w +9 CW f +(cc)720 5207 w +9 R f +(10)882 5207 w +9 CW f +(ce)1200 4262 w +9 R f +(4)1407 4262 w +9 CW f +(cf)1200 4367 w +9 R f +(19)1362 4367 w +9 CW f +(ch)1200 4472 w +9 R f +(7)1407 4472 w +9 CW f +(cs)1200 4577 w +9 R f +(2)1407 4577 w +9 CW f +(cu)1200 4682 w +9 R f +(10)1362 4682 w +9 CW f +(da)1200 4787 w +9 R f +(7)1407 4787 w +9 CW f +(de)1200 4892 w +9 R f +(7)1407 4892 w +9 CW f +(di)1200 4997 w +9 R f +(7)1407 4997 w +9 CW f +(ds)1200 5102 w +9 R f +(7)1407 5102 w +9 CW f +(dt)1200 5207 w +9 R f +(7)1407 5207 w +9 CW f +(ec)1680 4262 w +9 R f +(10)1842 4262 w +9 CW f +(el)1680 4367 w +9 R f +(16)1842 4367 w +9 CW f +(em)1680 4472 w +9 R f +(7)1887 4472 w +9 CW f +(eo)1680 4577 w +9 R f +(10)1842 4577 w +9 CW f +(ev)1680 4682 w +9 R f +(17)1842 4682 w +9 CW f +(ex)1680 4787 w +9 R f +(18)1842 4787 w +9 CW f +(fc)1680 4892 w +9 R f +(9)1887 4892 w +9 CW f +(fi)1680 4997 w +9 R f +(4)1887 4997 w +9 CW f +(fl)1680 5102 w +9 R f +(20)1842 5102 w +9 CW f +(fp)1680 5207 w +9 R f +(2)1887 5207 w +9 CW f +(ft)2160 4262 w +9 R f +(2)2367 4262 w +9 CW f +(hc)2160 4367 w +9 R f +(13)2322 4367 w +9 CW f +(hw)2160 4472 w +9 R f +(13)2322 4472 w +9 CW f +(hy)2160 4577 w +9 R f +(13)2322 4577 w +9 CW f +(ie)2160 4682 w +9 R f +(16)2322 4682 w +9 CW f +(if)2160 4787 w +9 R f +(16)2322 4787 w +9 CW f +(ig)2160 4892 w +9 R f +(20)2322 4892 w +9 CW f +(in)2160 4997 w +9 R f +(6)2367 4997 w +9 CW f +(it)2160 5102 w +9 R f +(7)2367 5102 w +9 CW f +(lc)2160 5207 w +9 R f +(9)2367 5207 w +9 CW f +(lg)2640 4262 w +9 R f +(10)2802 4262 w +9 CW f +(lf)2640 4367 w +9 R f +(20)2802 4367 w +9 CW f +(ll)2640 4472 w +9 R f +(6)2847 4472 w +9 CW f +(ls)2640 4577 w +9 R f +(5)2847 4577 w +9 CW f +(lt)2640 4682 w +9 R f +(14)2802 4682 w +9 CW f +(mc)2640 4787 w +9 R f +(20)2802 4787 w +9 CW f +(mk)2640 4892 w +9 R f +(3)2847 4892 w +9 CW f +(na)2640 4997 w +9 R f +(4)2847 4997 w +9 CW f +(ne)2640 5102 w +9 R f +(3)2847 5102 w +9 CW f +(nf)2640 5207 w +9 R f +(4)2847 5207 w +9 CW f +(nh)3120 4262 w +9 R f +(13)3282 4262 w +9 CW f +(nm)3120 4367 w +9 R f +(15)3282 4367 w +9 CW f +(nn)3120 4472 w +9 R f +(15)3282 4472 w +9 CW f +(nr)3120 4577 w +9 R f +(8)3327 4577 w +9 CW f +(ns)3120 4682 w +9 R f +(5)3327 4682 w +9 CW f +(nx)3120 4787 w +9 R f +(19)3282 4787 w +9 CW f +(os)3120 4892 w +9 R f +(5)3327 4892 w +9 CW f +(pc)3120 4997 w +9 R f +(14)3282 4997 w +9 CW f +(pi)3120 5102 w +9 R f +(19)3282 5102 w +9 CW f +(pl)3120 5207 w +9 R f +(3)3327 5207 w +9 CW f +(pm)3600 4262 w +9 R f +(20)3762 4262 w +9 CW f +(pn)3600 4367 w +9 R f +(3)3807 4367 w +9 CW f +(po)3600 4472 w +9 R f +(3)3807 4472 w +9 CW f +(ps)3600 4577 w +9 R f +(2)3807 4577 w +9 CW f +(rd)3600 4682 w +9 R f +(18)3762 4682 w +9 CW f +(rm)3600 4787 w +9 R f +(7)3807 4787 w +9 CW f +(rn)3600 4892 w +9 R f +(7)3807 4892 w +9 CW f +(rr)3600 4997 w +9 R f +(8)3807 4997 w +9 CW f +(rs)3600 5102 w +9 R f +(5)3807 5102 w +9 CW f +(rt)3600 5207 w +9 R f +(3)3807 5207 w +9 CW f +(so)4080 4262 w +9 R f +(19)4242 4262 w +9 CW f +(sp)4080 4367 w +9 R f +(5)4287 4367 w +9 CW f +(ss)4080 4472 w +9 R f +(2)4287 4472 w +9 CW f +(sv)4080 4577 w +9 R f +(5)4287 4577 w +9 CW f +(sy)4080 4682 w +9 R f +(19)4242 4682 w +9 CW f +(ta)4080 4787 w +9 R f +(9)4287 4787 w +9 CW f +(tc)4080 4892 w +9 R f +(9)4287 4892 w +9 CW f +(ti)4080 4997 w +9 R f +(6)4287 4997 w +9 CW f +(tl)4080 5102 w +9 R f +(14)4242 5102 w +9 CW f +(tm)4080 5207 w +9 R f +(20)4242 5207 w +9 CW f +(tr)4560 4262 w +9 R f +(10)4722 4262 w +9 CW f +(uf)4560 4367 w +9 R f +(10)4722 4367 w +9 CW f +(ul)4560 4472 w +9 R f +(10)4722 4472 w +9 CW f +(vs)4560 4577 w +9 R f +(5)4767 4577 w +9 CW f +(wh)4560 4682 w +9 R f +(7)4767 4682 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 6 8 +%%Page: 7 9 +/saveobj save def +mark +9 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 7 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t +12 B f +(Escape Sequences for Characters, Indicators, and Functions)6 3082 1 1339 840 t +9 BI f +(Section Escape)1 675 1 1158 1041 t +( Meaning)1 810(Reference Sequence)1 815 2 1108 1151 t +9 R f +(10.1)1216 1316 w +9 CW f +(\\\\)1568 1316 w +9 R f +(\\ prevents or delays the interpretation of)6 1443 1 2398 1316 t +9 CW f +(\\)3864 1316 w +9 R f +(10.1)1216 1426 w +9 CW f +(\\e)1568 1426 w +9 R f +(Printable version of the current escape character.)6 1761 1 2398 1426 t +(2.1)1261 1536 w +9 CW f +(\\')1568 1536 w +9 R f +(\302 $acute accent$; equivalent to)4 1072 1 2398 1536 t +9 CW f +(\\$aa)3493 1536 w +9 R f +(2.1)1261 1646 w +9 CW f +(\\`)1568 1646 w +9 R f +(\301 \(grave accent$; equivalent to)4 1082 1 2398 1646 t +9 CW f +(\\$ga)3503 1646 w +9 R f +(2.1)1261 1756 w +9 CW f +(\\\261)1568 1756 w +9 R f +(\261 Minus sign in the current font)6 1143 1 2398 1756 t +(7.)1261 1866 w +9 CW f +(\\ .)1 115 1 1568 1866 t +9 R f +(Period \(dot$ $see)2 601 1 2398 1866 t +9 CW f +(de)3022 1866 w +9 R f +($)3130 1866 w +(11.1)1216 1976 w +9 CW f +(\\)1568 1976 w +9 I f +(space)1622 1976 w +9 R f +(Unpaddable space-size space character)3 1404 1 2398 1976 t +(11.1)1216 2086 w +9 CW f +(\\0)1568 2086 w +9 R f +(Digit width space)2 636 1 2398 2086 t +(11.1)1216 2196 w +9 CW f +(\\|)1568 2196 w +9 R f +(1/6 em narrow space character $zero width in)7 1631 1 2398 2196 t +9 I f +(nroff)4052 2196 w +9 R f +($)4227 2196 w +(11.1)1216 2306 w +9 CW f +(\\\303)1568 2306 w +9 R f +(1/12 em half-narrow space character $zero width in)7 1846 1 2398 2306 t +9 I f +(nroff)4267 2306 w +9 R f +($)4442 2306 w +(4.1)1261 2416 w +9 CW f +(\\&)1568 2416 w +9 R f +(Non-printing, zero width character)3 1252 1 2398 2416 t +(10.6)1216 2526 w +9 CW f +(\\!)1568 2526 w +9 R f +(Transparent line indicator)2 931 1 2398 2526 t +(10.8)1216 2636 w +9 CW f +(\\")1568 2636 w +9 R f +(Beginning of comment; continues to end of line)7 1726 1 2398 2636 t +(13.)1216 2746 w +9 CW f +(\\%)1568 2746 w +9 R f +(Default optional hyphenation character)3 1409 1 2398 2746 t +(2.1)1261 2856 w +9 CW f +(\\\()1568 2856 w +9 I f +(xx)1676 2856 w +9 R f +(Character named)1 613 1 2398 2856 t +9 I f +(xx)3034 2856 w +9 R f +(7.1)1261 2966 w +9 CW f +(\\*)1568 2966 w +9 I f +(x)1676 2966 w +9 R f +(,)1723 2966 w +9 CW f +(\\*\()1807 2966 w +9 I f +(xx)1969 2966 w +9 R f +(Interpolate string)1 618 1 2398 2966 t +9 I f +(x)3039 2966 w +9 R f +(or)3102 2966 w +9 I f +(xx)3200 2966 w +9 R f +(7.3)1261 3076 w +9 CW f +(\\$)1568 3076 w +9 I f +(N)1676 3076 w +9 R f +(Interpolate argument 1)2 821 1 2398 3076 t +9 S f +(\243)3226 3076 w +9 I f +(N)3283 3076 w +9 S f +(\243)3350 3076 w +9 R f +(9)3407 3076 w +(9.1)1261 3186 w +9 CW f +(\\a)1568 3186 w +9 R f +(Non-interpreted leader character)2 1171 1 2398 3186 t +(12.3)1216 3296 w +9 CW f +(\\b')1568 3296 w +9 I f +(abc.)1730 3296 w +9 R f +(..)1883 3296 w +9 CW f +(')1929 3296 w +9 R f +(Bracket building function)2 926 1 2398 3296 t +(4.2)1261 3406 w +9 CW f +(\\c)1568 3406 w +9 R f +(Connect to next input text)4 937 1 2398 3406 t +(2.1)1261 3516 w +9 CW f +(\\C')1568 3516 w +9 I f +(xyz)1730 3516 w +9 CW f +(')1845 3516 w +9 R f +(Character named)1 613 1 2398 3516 t +9 I f +(xyz)3034 3516 w +9 R f +(11.1)1216 3626 w +9 CW f +(\\d)1568 3626 w +9 R f +(Downward 1/2 em vertical motion $1/2 line in)7 1661 1 2398 3626 t +9 I f +(nroff)4082 3626 w +9 R f +($)4257 3626 w +(12.5)1216 3736 w +9 CW f +(\\D')1568 3736 w +9 I f +(c.)1730 3736 w +9 R f +(..)1793 3736 w +9 CW f +(')1839 3736 w +9 R f +(Draw graphics function)2 851 1 2398 3736 t +9 I f +(c)3272 3736 w +9 R f +(with parameters)1 578 1 3335 3736 t +9 I f +(. . .)2 83 1 3936 3736 t +9 R f +(;)4019 3736 w +9 I f +(c)4067 3736 w +9 S f +(=)4129 3736 w +9 CW f +(l)4201 3736 w +9 R f +(,)4262 3736 w +9 CW f +(c)4299 3736 w +9 R f +(,)4360 3736 w +9 CW f +(e)4397 3736 w +9 R f +(,)4458 3736 w +9 CW f +(a)4495 3736 w +9 R f +(,)4556 3736 w +9 CW f +(\304)4593 3736 w +9 R f +(2.2)1261 3846 w +9 CW f +(\\f)1568 3846 w +9 I f +(x)1676 3846 w +9 R f +(,)1723 3846 w +9 CW f +(\\f$)1807 3846 w +9 I f +(xx)1969 3846 w +9 R f +(,)2056 3846 w +9 CW f +(\\f)2140 3846 w +9 I f +(N)2248 3846 w +9 R f +(Change to font named)3 799 1 2398 3846 t +9 I f +(x)3220 3846 w +9 R f +(or)3283 3846 w +9 I f +(xx)3381 3846 w +9 R f +(, or position)2 434 1 3461 3846 t +9 I f +(N)3918 3846 w +9 R f +(8.)1261 3956 w +9 CW f +(\\g)1568 3956 w +9 I f +(x)1676 3956 w +9 R f +(,)1723 3956 w +9 CW f +(\\g\()1807 3956 w +9 I f +(xx)1969 3956 w +9 R f +(Format of number register)3 949 1 2398 3956 t +9 I f +(x)3370 3956 w +9 R f +(or)3433 3956 w +9 I f +(xx)3531 3956 w +9 R f +(11.1)1216 4066 w +9 CW f +(\\h')1568 4066 w +9 I f +(N)1730 4066 w +9 CW f +(')1790 4066 w +9 R f +(Local horizontal motion; move right)4 1312 1 2398 4066 t +9 I f +(N)3733 4066 w +9 R f +(\(negative left$)1 508 1 3816 4066 t +(2.3)1261 4176 w +9 CW f +(\\H')1568 4176 w +9 I f +(N)1730 4176 w +9 CW f +(')1790 4176 w +9 R f +(Height of current font is)4 872 1 2398 4176 t +9 I f +(N)3293 4176 w +9 R f +(11.3)1216 4286 w +9 CW f +(\\k)1568 4286 w +9 I f +(x)1676 4286 w +9 R f +(Mark horizontal input place in register)5 1390 1 2398 4286 t +9 I f +(x)3811 4286 w +9 R f +(12.4)1216 4396 w +9 CW f +(\\l')1568 4396 w +9 I f +(Nc)1730 4396 w +9 CW f +(')1830 4396 w +9 R f +(Horizontal line drawing function $optionally with)5 1785 1 2398 4396 t +9 I f +(c)4206 4396 w +9 R f +($)4269 4396 w +(12.4)1216 4506 w +9 CW f +(\\L')1568 4506 w +9 I f +(Nc)1730 4506 w +9 CW f +(')1830 4506 w +9 R f +(Vertical line drawing function $optionally with)5 1690 1 2398 4506 t +9 I f +(c)4111 4506 w +9 R f +($)4174 4506 w +(8.)1261 4616 w +9 CW f +(\\n)1568 4616 w +9 I f +(x)1676 4616 w +9 R f +(,)1723 4616 w +9 CW f +(\\n$)1807 4616 w +9 I f +(xx)1969 4616 w +9 R f +(Contents of number register)3 1009 1 2398 4616 t +9 I f +(x)3430 4616 w +9 R f +(or)3493 4616 w +9 I f +(xx)3591 4616 w +9 R f +(2.1)1261 4726 w +9 CW f +(\\N')1568 4726 w +9 I f +(N)1730 4726 w +9 CW f +(')1790 4726 w +9 R f +(Character number)1 648 1 2398 4726 t +9 I f +(N)3069 4726 w +9 R f +(on current font)2 536 1 3152 4726 t +(12.1)1216 4836 w +9 CW f +(\\o')1568 4836 w +9 I f +(abc.)1730 4836 w +9 R f +(..)1883 4836 w +9 CW f +(')1929 4836 w +9 R f +(Overstrike characters)1 768 1 2398 4836 t +9 I f +(a)3189 4836 w +9 R f +(,)3241 4836 w +9 I f +(b)3301 4836 w +9 R f +(,)3353 4836 w +9 I f +(c)3413 4836 w +9 R f +(, ...)1 115 1 3453 4836 t +(4.1)1261 4946 w +9 CW f +(\\p)1568 4946 w +9 R f +(Break and spread output line)4 1037 1 2398 4946 t +(11.1)1216 5056 w +9 CW f +(\\r)1568 5056 w +9 R f +(Reverse 1 em vertical motion \(reverse line in)7 1626 1 2398 5056 t +9 I f +(nroff)4047 5056 w +9 R f +($)4222 5056 w +(2.3)1261 5166 w +9 CW f +(\\s)1568 5166 w +9 I f +(N)1676 5166 w +9 R f +(,)1743 5166 w +9 CW f +(\\s)1827 5166 w +9 S f +(\261)1935 5166 w +9 I f +(N)1992 5166 w +9 R f +(Point-size change function; also)3 1154 1 2398 5166 t +9 CW f +(\\s$)3582 5166 w +9 I f +(nn)3751 5166 w +9 R f +(,)3841 5166 w +9 CW f +(\\s)3894 5166 w +9 S f +(\261)4009 5166 w +9 CW f +(\()4073 5166 w +9 I f +(nn)4134 5166 w +9 R f +(2.2)1261 5276 w +9 CW f +(\\S')1568 5276 w +9 I f +(N)1730 5276 w +9 CW f +(')1790 5276 w +9 R f +(Slant output)1 438 1 2398 5276 t +9 I f +(N)2859 5276 w +9 R f +(degrees)2942 5276 w +(9.1)1261 5386 w +9 CW f +(\\t)1568 5386 w +9 R f +(Non-interpreted horizontal tab)2 1096 1 2398 5386 t +(11.1)1216 5496 w +9 CW f +(\\u)1568 5496 w +9 R f +(Reverse \(up$ 1/2 em vertical motion $1/2 line in)8 1724 1 2398 5496 t +9 I f +(nroff)4145 5496 w +9 R f +($)4320 5496 w +(11.1)1216 5606 w +9 CW f +(\\v')1568 5606 w +9 I f +(N)1730 5606 w +9 CW f +(')1790 5606 w +9 R f +(Local vertical motion; move down N $negative up$)7 1836 1 2398 5606 t +(11.2)1216 5716 w +9 CW f +(\\w')1568 5716 w +9 I f +(string)1730 5716 w +9 CW f +(')1940 5716 w +9 R f +(Width of)1 323 1 2398 5716 t +9 I f +(string)2744 5716 w +9 R f +(5.2)1261 5826 w +9 CW f +(\\x')1568 5826 w +9 I f +(N)1730 5826 w +9 CW f +(')1790 5826 w +9 R f +(Extra line-space function $negative before, positive after$)6 2066 1 2398 5826 t +(10.7)1216 5936 w +9 CW f +(\\X')1568 5936 w +9 I f +(string)1730 5936 w +9 CW f +(')1940 5936 w +9 R f +(Ouput)2398 5936 w +9 I f +(string)2646 5936 w +9 R f +(as device control function)3 934 1 2879 5936 t +(12.2)1216 6046 w +9 CW f +(\\z)1568 6046 w +9 I f +(c)1676 6046 w +9 R f +(Print)2398 6046 w +9 I f +(c)2596 6046 w +9 R f +(with zero width $without spacing$)4 1222 1 2659 6046 t +(16.)1216 6156 w +9 CW f +(\\{)1568 6156 w +9 R f +(Begin conditional input)2 851 1 2398 6156 t +(16.)1216 6266 w +9 CW f +(\\})1568 6266 w +9 R f +(End conditional input)2 781 1 2398 6266 t +(10.8)1216 6376 w +9 CW f +(\\)1568 6376 w +9 I f +(newline)1622 6376 w +9 R f +(Concealed $ignored$ newline)2 1046 1 2398 6376 t +(-)1280 6486 w +9 CW f +(\\)1568 6486 w +9 I f +(Z Z)1 826 1 1622 6486 t +9 R f +(, any character not listed above)5 1123 1 2448 6486 t +10 R f +(The escape sequences)2 892 1 720 6697 t +10 CW f +(\\\\)1646 6697 w +10 R f +(,)1766 6697 w +10 CW f +(\\ .)1 128 1 1825 6697 t +10 R f +(,)1953 6697 w +10 CW f +(\\")2012 6697 w +10 R f +(,)2132 6697 w +10 CW f +(\\$)2191 6697 w +10 R f +(,)2311 6697 w +10 CW f +(\\*)2370 6697 w +10 R f +(,)2490 6697 w +10 CW f +(\\a)2549 6697 w +10 R f +(,)2669 6697 w +10 CW f +(\\n)2728 6697 w +10 R f +(,)2848 6697 w +10 CW f +(\\t)2908 6697 w +10 R f +(,)3028 6697 w +10 CW f +(\\g)3088 6697 w +10 R f +(, and)1 204 1 3208 6697 t +10 CW f +(\\)3447 6697 w +10 I f +(newline)3507 6697 w +10 R f +(are interpreted in copy mode)4 1187 1 3853 6697 t +($\2477.2$.)720 6817 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 7 9 +%%Page: 8 10 +/saveobj save def +mark +10 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 8 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t +12 B f +(Predefined Number Registers)2 1519 1 2120 840 t +9 BI f +(Section Register)1 715 1 765 1041 t +( Description)1 600(Reference Name)1 680 2 715 1151 t +9 R f +(3.)868 1316 w +9 CW f +(%)1175 1316 w +9 R f +(Current page number.)2 789 1 1565 1316 t +(11.2)823 1426 w +9 CW f +(ct)1175 1426 w +9 R f +(Character type $set by)3 794 1 1565 1426 t +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/C /Courier def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +9 C f +(\\w)2382 1426 w +9 R f +(function$.)2513 1426 w +(7.4)868 1536 w +9 CW f +(dl)1175 1536 w +9 R f +(Width $maximum$ of last completed diversion.)5 1698 1 1565 1536 t +(7.4)868 1646 w +9 CW f +(dn)1175 1646 w +9 R f +(Height $vertical size$ of last completed diversion.)6 1786 1 1565 1646 t +(-)887 1756 w +9 CW f +(dw)1175 1756 w +9 R f +(Current day of the week $1-7$.)5 1098 1 1565 1756 t +(-)887 1866 w +9 CW f +(dy)1175 1866 w +9 R f +(Current day of the month $1-31$.)5 1183 1 1565 1866 t +(15.)823 1976 w +9 CW f +(ln)1175 1976 w +9 R f +(Output line number.)2 729 1 1565 1976 t +(-)887 2086 w +9 CW f +(mo)1175 2086 w +9 R f +(Current month $1-12$.)2 799 1 1565 2086 t +(4.1)868 2196 w +9 CW f +(nl)1175 2196 w +9 R f +(Vertical position of last printed text baseline.)6 1626 1 1565 2196 t +(11.2)823 2306 w +9 CW f +(sb)1175 2306 w +9 R f +(Depth of string below baseline $generated by)6 1623 1 1565 2306 t +9 C f +(\\w)3211 2306 w +9 R f +(function$.)3342 2306 w +(11.2)823 2416 w +9 CW f +(st)1175 2416 w +9 R f +(Height of string above baseline $generated by)6 1643 1 1565 2416 t +9 C f +(\\w)3231 2416 w +9 R f +(function$.)3362 2416 w +(-)887 2526 w +9 CW f +(yr)1175 2526 w +9 R f +(Last two digits of current year.)5 1113 1 1565 2526 t +12 B f +(Predefined Read-Only Number Registers)3 2110 1 1825 2977 t +9 BI f +(Section Register)1 715 1 765 3178 t +( Description)1 600(Reference Name)1 680 2 715 3288 t +9 R f +(19.)823 3453 w +9 CW f +($$)1175 3453 w +9 R f +(Process id of)2 466 1 1565 3453 t +9 I f +(troff)2054 3453 w +9 R f +(or)2232 3453 w +9 I f +(nroff)2330 3453 w +9 R f +(.)2505 3453 w +(7.3)868 3563 w +9 CW f +(.$)1175 3563 w +9 R f +(Number of arguments available at the current macro level.)8 2107 1 1565 3563 t +(5.2)868 3673 w +9 CW f +(.a)1175 3673 w +9 R f +(Post-line extra line-space most recently used in)6 1703 1 1565 3673 t +9 CW f +(\\x')3298 3673 w +9 I f +(N)3467 3673 w +9 CW f +(')3541 3673 w +9 R f +(.)3595 3673 w +(-)887 3783 w +9 CW f +(.A)1175 3783 w +9 R f +(Set to 1 in)3 369 1 1565 3783 t +9 I f +(troff)1957 3783 w +9 R f +(, if)1 101 1 2112 3783 t +9 S f +(-)2251 3783 w +9 CW f +(a)2316 3783 w +9 R f +(option used; always 1 in)4 877 1 2393 3783 t +9 I f +(nroff)3293 3783 w +9 R f +(.)3468 3783 w +(2.3)868 3893 w +9 CW f +(.b)1175 3893 w +9 R f +(Emboldening level.)1 706 1 1565 3893 t +(20.)823 4003 w +9 CW f +(.c)1175 4003 w +9 R f +(Number of lines read from current input file.)7 1614 1 1565 4003 t +(7.4)868 4113 w +9 CW f +(.d)1175 4113 w +9 R f +(Current vertical place in current diversion; equal to)7 1846 1 1565 4113 t +9 CW f +(nl)3441 4113 w +9 R f +(, if no diversion.)3 595 1 3549 4113 t +(2.2)868 4223 w +9 CW f +(.f)1175 4223 w +9 R f +(Current font number.)2 764 1 1565 4223 t +(20.)823 4333 w +9 CW f +(.F)1175 4333 w +9 R f +(Current input file name [sic].)4 1050 1 1565 4333 t +(4.)868 4443 w +9 CW f +(.h)1175 4443 w +9 R f +(Text baseline high-water mark on current page or diversion.)8 2167 1 1565 4443 t +(11.1)823 4553 w +9 CW f +(.H)1175 4553 w +9 R f +(Available horizontal resolution in basic units.)5 1643 1 1565 4553 t +(6.)868 4663 w +9 CW f +(.i)1175 4663 w +9 R f +(Current indent.)1 546 1 1565 4663 t +(4.2)868 4773 w +9 CW f +(.j)1175 4773 w +9 R f +(Current)1565 4773 w +9 CW f +(ad)1870 4773 w +9 R f +(mode.)2001 4773 w +(4.1)868 4883 w +9 CW f +(.k)1175 4883 w +9 R f +(Current output horizontal position.)3 1252 1 1565 4883 t +(6.)868 4993 w +9 CW f +(.l)1175 4993 w +9 R f +(Current line length.)2 704 1 1565 4993 t +(5.1)868 5103 w +9 CW f +(.L)1175 5103 w +9 R f +(Current)1565 5103 w +9 CW f +(ls)1870 5103 w +9 R f +(value.)2001 5103 w +(4.)868 5213 w +9 CW f +(.n)1175 5213 w +9 R f +(Length of text portion on previous output line.)7 1674 1 1565 5213 t +(3.)868 5323 w +9 CW f +(.o)1175 5323 w +9 R f +(Current page offset.)2 719 1 1565 5323 t +(3.)868 5433 w +9 CW f +(.p)1175 5433 w +9 R f +(Current page length.)2 739 1 1565 5433 t +(7.5)868 5543 w +9 CW f +(.R)1175 5543 w +9 R f +(Number of unused number registers.)4 1320 1 1565 5543 t +(-)887 5653 w +9 CW f +(.T)1175 5653 w +9 R f +(Set to 1 in)3 369 1 1565 5653 t +9 I f +(nroff)1957 5653 w +9 R f +(, if)1 101 1 2132 5653 t +9 C f +(\261T)2256 5653 w +9 R f +(option used; always 0 in)4 877 1 2387 5653 t +9 I f +(troff)3287 5653 w +9 R f +(.)3442 5653 w +(2.3)868 5763 w +9 CW f +(.s)1175 5763 w +9 R f +(Current point size.)2 669 1 1565 5763 t +(7.5)868 5873 w +9 CW f +(.t)1175 5873 w +9 R f +(Distance to the next trap.)4 905 1 1565 5873 t +(4.1)868 5983 w +9 CW f +(.u)1175 5983 w +9 R f +(Equal to 1 in fill mode and 0 in nofill mode.)10 1593 1 1565 5983 t +(5.1)868 6093 w +9 CW f +(.v)1175 6093 w +9 R f +(Current vertical line spacing.)3 1047 1 1565 6093 t +(11.1)823 6203 w +9 CW f +(.V)1175 6203 w +9 R f +(Available vertical resolution in basic units.)5 1548 1 1565 6203 t +(11.2)823 6313 w +9 CW f +(.w)1175 6313 w +9 R f +(Width of previous character.)3 1032 1 1565 6313 t +(-)887 6423 w +9 CW f +(.x)1175 6423 w +9 R f +(Reserved version-dependent register.)2 1339 1 1565 6423 t +(-)887 6533 w +9 CW f +(.y)1175 6533 w +9 R f +(Reserved version-dependent register.)2 1339 1 1565 6533 t +(7.4)868 6643 w +9 CW f +(.z)1175 6643 w +9 R f +(Name [sic] of current diversion.)4 1155 1 1565 6643 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 8 10 +%%Page: 9 11 +/saveobj save def +mark +11 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 9 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t +12 B f +(Reference Manual)1 942 1 2409 840 t +10 B f +( Explanation)1 549(1. General)1 469 2 720 1080 t +10 BI f +( of input.)2 376(1.1. Form)1 434 2 720 1236 t +10 R f +(Input consists of)2 663 1 1606 1236 t +10 I f +(text lines)1 359 1 2295 1236 t +10 R f +(, which are destined to be printed, interspersed with)8 2071 1 2654 1236 t +10 I f +(control)4751 1236 w +(lines)720 1356 w +10 R f +( lines begin with a)4 749( Control)1 360( control subsequent processing.)3 1266(, which set parameters or otherwise)5 1438 4 909 1356 t +10 I f +(control)4751 1356 w +(character)720 1476 w +10 R f +(\320normally)1108 1476 w +10 C f +(.)1600 1476 w +10 R f +($period$ or)1 435 1 1691 1476 t +10 C f +(')2157 1476 w +10 R f +($single quote$\320followed by a one or two character name that speci-)10 2791 1 2249 1476 t +(fies a basic)2 467 1 720 1596 t +10 I f +(request)1224 1596 w +10 R f +(or the substitution of a user-defined)5 1483 1 1555 1596 t +10 I f +(macro)3075 1596 w +10 R f +( control)1 320( The)1 217(in place of the control line.)5 1136 3 3367 1596 t +(character)720 1716 w +10 C f +(')1119 1716 w +10 R f +(suppresses the)1 584 1 1214 1716 t +10 I f +(break)1833 1716 w +10 R f +( by certain)2 443(function\320the forced output of a partially filled line\320caused)7 2502 2 2095 1716 t +( from the request/macro name by white space $spaces)8 2253( control character may be separated)5 1494(requests. The)1 573 3 720 1836 t +( lines)1 228( Control)1 370( should be followed by either space or newline.)8 1992( Names)1 340(and/or tabs$ for aesthetic reasons.)4 1390 5 720 1956 t +(with unrecognized names are ignored.)4 1521 1 720 2076 t +( input by means of an)5 883(Various special functions may be introduced anywhere in the)8 2469 2 970 2232 t +10 I f +(escape)4351 2232 w +10 R f +(character,)4651 2232 w +(normally)720 2352 w +10 C f +(\\)1110 2352 w +10 R f +( example, the function)3 905(. For)1 218 2 1170 2352 t +10 CW f +(\\n)2322 2352 w +10 I f +(R)2442 2352 w +10 R f +( contents of the)3 622(causes the interpolation of the)4 1214 2 2532 2352 t +10 I f +(number register)1 644 1 4396 2352 t +(R)720 2472 w +10 R f +(in place of the function; here)5 1155 1 807 2472 t +10 I f +(R)1988 2472 w +10 R f +( as in)2 215(is either a single character name)5 1287 2 2075 2472 t +10 C f +(\\n)3604 2472 w +10 I f +(x)3724 2472 w +10 R f +(, or a two-character name intro-)5 1272 1 3768 2472 t +(duced by a left-parenthesis, as in)5 1308 1 720 2592 t +10 C f +(\\n$)2053 2592 w +10 I f +(xx)2233 2592 w +10 R f +(.)2321 2592 w +10 BI f +( and device resolution.)3 928(1.2. Formatter)1 623 2 720 2748 t +10 I f +(Troff)2347 2748 w +10 R f +(internally stores and processes dimensions in units that corre-)8 2466 1 2574 2748 t +( for which output is being prepared; values from 300 to 1200/inch are typical.)13 3127(spond to the particular device)4 1193 2 720 2868 t +(See \24723.)1 345 1 720 2988 t +10 I f +(Nroff)1116 2988 w +10 R f +( horizontal)1 432(internally uses 240 units/inch, corresponding to the least common multiple of the)11 3254 2 1354 2988 t +( resolutions of various typewriter-like output devices.)6 2175(and vertical)1 475 2 720 3108 t +10 I f +(Troff)3426 3108 w +10 R f +(rounds horizontal/vertical numeri-)2 1382 1 3658 3108 t +(cal parameter input to the actual horizontal/vertical resolution of the output device indicated by the)14 4159 1 720 3228 t +10 C f +(-T)4920 3228 w +10 R f +(option \(default)1 597 1 720 3348 t +10 CW f +(post)1348 3348 w +10 R f +($.)1588 3348 w +10 I f +(Nroff)1702 3348 w +10 R f +(similarly rounds numerical input to the actual resolution of its output device)11 3095 1 1945 3348 t +($default Model 37 Teletype$.)3 1153 1 720 3468 t +10 BI f +( input.)1 283( parameter)1 461(1.3. Numerical)1 639 3 720 3624 t +10 R f +(Both)2193 3624 w +10 I f +(nroff)2428 3624 w +10 R f +(and)2663 3624 w +10 I f +(troff)2847 3624 w +10 R f +(accept numerical input with the appended scale)6 1980 1 3060 3624 t +(indicators shown in the following table, where)6 1874 1 720 3744 t +10 I f +(S)2622 3744 w +10 R f +( size in points and)4 730(is the current type)3 727 2 2700 3744 t +10 I f +(V)4184 3744 w +10 R f +(is the current verti-)3 768 1 4272 3744 t +(cal line spacing in basic units.)5 1199 1 720 3864 t +10 S f +(_ ____________________________)1 1438 1 2161 3944 t +10 R f +(Scale)2283 4064 w +(Indicator Meaning)1 1101 1 2211 4184 t +10 S f +(_ ____________________________)1 1438 1 2161 4204 t +10 C f +(i)2361 4324 w +10 R f +(Inch)2721 4324 w +10 C f +(c)2361 4444 w +10 R f +(Centimeter)2721 4444 w +10 C f +(P)2361 4564 w +10 R f +(Pica = 1/6 inch)3 603 1 2721 4564 t +10 C f +(m)2361 4684 w +10 R f +(Em =)1 220 1 2721 4684 t +10 I f +(S)2966 4684 w +10 R f +(points)3041 4684 w +10 C f +(n)2361 4804 w +10 R f +(En = Em/2)2 434 1 2721 4804 t +10 C f +(p)2361 4924 w +10 R f +(Point = 1/72 inch)3 693 1 2721 4924 t +10 C f +(u)2361 5044 w +10 R f +(Basic unit)1 403 1 2721 5044 t +10 C f +(v)2361 5164 w +10 R f +(Vertical line space)2 742 1 2721 5164 t +10 I f +(V)3488 5164 w +10 R f +( see below)2 421(none Default,)1 751 2 2294 5284 t +10 S f +( \347)1 -1438(_ ____________________________)1 1438 2 2161 5304 t +(\347)2161 5244 w +(\347)2161 5144 w +(\347)2161 5044 w +(\347)2161 4944 w +(\347)2161 4844 w +(\347)2161 4744 w +(\347)2161 4644 w +(\347)2161 4544 w +(\347)2161 4444 w +(\347)2161 4344 w +(\347)2161 4244 w +(\347)2161 4144 w +(\347)2161 4044 w +(\347)2646 5304 w +(\347)2646 5244 w +(\347)2646 5144 w +(\347)2646 5044 w +(\347)2646 4944 w +(\347)2646 4844 w +(\347)2646 4744 w +(\347)2646 4644 w +(\347)2646 4544 w +(\347)2646 4444 w +(\347)2646 4344 w +(\347)2646 4244 w +(\347)2646 4144 w +(\347)2646 4044 w +(\347)3599 5304 w +(\347)3599 5244 w +(\347)3599 5144 w +(\347)3599 5044 w +(\347)3599 4944 w +(\347)3599 4844 w +(\347)3599 4744 w +(\347)3599 4644 w +(\347)3599 4544 w +(\347)3599 4444 w +(\347)3599 4344 w +(\347)3599 4244 w +(\347)3599 4144 w +(\347)3599 4044 w +10 R f +(In)720 5484 w +10 I f +(nroff)828 5484 w +10 R f +( character width, which is output-device)5 1607(, both the em and the en are taken to be equal to the nominal)14 2410 2 1023 5484 t +( character widths in)3 820( Actual)1 328( 1/10 and 1/12 inch.)4 845(dependent; common values are)3 1278 4 720 5604 t +10 I f +(nroff)4028 5604 w +10 R f +(need not be all the)4 780 1 4260 5604 t +(same and constructed characters such as \261)6 1768 1 720 5724 t +10 S f +(>)2488 5724 w +10 R f +($)2583 5724 w +10 S f +(\256)2616 5724 w +10 R f +( default scaling is)3 747( The)1 220($ are often extra wide.)4 937 3 2715 5724 t +10 CW f +(m)4660 5724 w +10 R f +(for the)1 279 1 4761 5724 t +(horizontally-oriented requests and functions)3 1785 1 720 5844 t +10 CW f +(ll)2538 5844 w +10 R f +(,)2658 5844 w +10 CW f +(in)2716 5844 w +10 R f +(,)2836 5844 w +10 CW f +(ti)2894 5844 w +10 R f +(,)3014 5844 w +10 CW f +(ta)3072 5844 w +10 R f +(,)3192 5844 w +10 CW f +(lt)3250 5844 w +10 R f +(,)3370 5844 w +10 CW f +(po)3428 5844 w +10 R f +(,)3548 5844 w +10 CW f +(mc)3606 5844 w +10 R f +(,)3726 5844 w +10 CW f +(\\h)3784 5844 w +10 R f +(,)3904 5844 w +10 CW f +(\\l)3962 5844 w +10 R f +(, and horizontal coordi-)3 958 1 4082 5844 t +(nates of)1 317 1 720 5964 t +10 CW f +(\\D)1066 5964 w +10 R f +(;)1186 5964 w +10 CW f +(v)1243 5964 w +10 R f +(for the vertically-oriented requests and functions)5 1963 1 1332 5964 t +10 CW f +(pl)3324 5964 w +10 R f +(,)3444 5964 w +10 CW f +(wh)3498 5964 w +10 R f +(,)3618 5964 w +10 CW f +(ch)3672 5964 w +10 R f +(,)3792 5964 w +10 CW f +(dt)3846 5964 w +10 R f +(,)3966 5964 w +10 CW f +(sp)4020 5964 w +10 R f +(,)4140 5964 w +10 CW f +(sv)4195 5964 w +10 R f +(,)4315 5964 w +10 CW f +(ne)4370 5964 w +10 R f +(,)4490 5964 w +10 CW f +(rt)4545 5964 w +10 R f +(,)4665 5964 w +10 CW f +(\\v)4720 5964 w +10 R f +(,)4840 5964 w +10 CW f +(\\x)4895 5964 w +10 R f +(,)5015 5964 w +10 CW f +(\\L)720 6084 w +10 R f +( of)1 112(, and vertical coordinates)3 1018 2 840 6084 t +10 CW f +(\\D)1999 6084 w +10 R f +(;)2119 6084 w +10 CW f +(p)2176 6084 w +10 R f +(for the)1 267 1 2265 6084 t +10 CW f +(vs)2561 6084 w +10 R f +(request; and)1 489 1 2710 6084 t +10 CW f +(u)3228 6084 w +10 R f +(for the requests)2 623 1 3317 6084 t +10 CW f +(nr)3969 6084 w +10 R f +(,)4089 6084 w +10 CW f +(if)4143 6084 w +10 R f +(, and)1 198 1 4263 6084 t +10 CW f +(ie)4490 6084 w +10 R f +(.)4610 6084 w +10 I f +(All)4689 6084 w +10 R f +(other)4835 6084 w +( number register containing an already appropriately scaled)7 2453( a)1 80( When)1 299(requests ignore any scale indicators.)4 1488 4 720 6204 t +(number is interpolated to provide numerical input, the unit scale indicator)10 3034 1 720 6324 t +10 C f +(u)3788 6324 w +10 R f +( to be appended to)4 764(may need)1 394 2 3882 6324 t +( number,)1 364( The)1 214(prevent an additional inappropriate default scaling.)5 2080 3 720 6444 t +10 I f +(N)3412 6444 w +10 R f +( specified in decimal-fraction)3 1202(, may be)2 359 2 3479 6444 t +( computations)1 566( Internal)1 362( of basic units.)3 589(form but the parameter finally stored is rounded to an integer number)11 2803 4 720 6564 t +(are performed in integer arithmetic.)4 1421 1 720 6684 t +(The)970 6840 w +10 I f +(absolute position)1 697 1 1160 6840 t +10 R f +(indicator)1892 6840 w +10 C f +(|)2282 6840 w +10 R f +(may be prepended to a number)5 1283 1 2377 6840 t +10 I f +(N)3695 6840 w +10 R f +( the distance to the)4 793(to generate)1 450 2 3797 6840 t +(vertical or horizontal place)3 1096 1 720 6960 t +10 I f +(N)1849 6960 w +10 R f +( vertically-oriented requests and functions,)4 1737(. For)1 222 2 1916 6960 t +10 C f +(|)3908 6960 w +10 I f +(N)3968 6960 w +10 R f +(becomes the distance in)3 972 1 4068 6960 t +(basic units from the current vertical place on the page or in a)12 2494 1 720 7080 t +10 I f +(diversion)3245 7080 w +10 R f +($\2477.4$ to the vertical place)4 1074 1 3648 7080 t +10 I f +(N)4753 7080 w +10 R f +(. For)1 220 1 4820 7080 t +10 I f +(all)720 7200 w +10 R f +(other requests and functions,)3 1148 1 851 7200 t +10 C f +(|)2024 7200 w +10 I f +(N)2084 7200 w +10 R f +(becomes the distance from the current horizontal place on the)9 2458 1 2176 7200 t +10 I f +(input)4659 7200 w +10 R f +(line)4890 7200 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 9 11 +%%Page: 10 12 +/saveobj save def +mark +12 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 10 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +(to the horizontal place)3 890 1 720 840 t +10 I f +(N)1635 840 w +10 R f +( example,)1 388(. For)1 214 2 1702 840 t +9 CW f +(.sp |3.2c)1 486 1 1008 1010 t +10 R f +(will space in the required direction to 3.2 centimeters from the top of the page.)14 3139 1 720 1190 t +10 BI f +( expressions.)1 534(1.4. Numerical)1 639 2 720 1346 t +10 R f +( expected an expression involving parentheses,)5 1909(Wherever numerical input is)3 1157 2 1974 1346 t +(the arithmetic operators)2 970 1 720 1466 t +10 C f +(+)1726 1466 w +10 R f +(,)1786 1466 w +10 C f +(-)1847 1466 w +10 R f +(,)1907 1466 w +10 C f +(/)1968 1466 w +10 R f +(,)2028 1466 w +10 S f +(*)2089 1466 w +10 R f +(,)2139 1466 w +10 C f +(%)2200 1466 w +10 R f +($mod$, and the logical operators)4 1322 1 2296 1466 t +10 C f +(<)3654 1466 w +10 R f +(,)3714 1466 w +10 C f +(>)3775 1466 w +10 R f +(,)3835 1466 w +10 C f +(<=)3896 1466 w +10 R f +(,)4016 1466 w +10 C f +(>=)4077 1466 w +10 R f +(,)4197 1466 w +10 C f +(=)4258 1466 w +10 R f +($or)4354 1466 w +10 C f +(==)4506 1466 w +10 R f +($,)4626 1466 w +10 C f +(&)4720 1466 w +10 R f +($and$,)4805 1466 w +10 C f +(:)720 1586 w +10 R f +( where controlled by parentheses, evaluation of expressions is left-to-right;)9 3142( Except)1 344($or$ may be used.)3 749 3 805 1586 t +( the case of certain requests, an initial)7 1530( In)1 137(there is no operator precedence.)4 1286 3 720 1706 t +10 C f +(+)3702 1706 w +10 R f +(or)3791 1706 w +10 C f +(-)3903 1706 w +10 R f +(is stripped and interpreted)3 1049 1 3991 1706 t +( scaling, the desired scale)4 1061( the presence of default)4 970( In)1 143(as an increment or decrement indicator respectively.)6 2146 4 720 1826 t +( attached to)2 460(indicator must be)2 696 2 720 1946 t +10 I f +(every)1901 1946 w +10 R f +(number in an expression for which the desired and default scaling differ.)11 2899 1 2141 1946 t +(For example, if the number register)5 1414 1 720 2066 t +10 C f +(x)2159 2066 w +10 R f +(contains 2 and the current point size is 10, then)9 1881 1 2244 2066 t +9 CW f +(.ll $4.25i+\\nxP+3$/2u)1 1134 1 1008 2236 t +10 R f +(will set the line length to 1/2 the sum of 4.25 inches + 2 picas + 3 ems.)17 2825 1 720 2416 t +10 BI f +(1.5. Notation.)1 587 1 720 2572 t +10 R f +( ways.)1 262(Numerical parameters are indicated in this manual in two)8 2338 2 1388 2572 t +10 S f +(\261)4045 2572 w +10 I f +(N)4108 2572 w +10 R f +(means that the argu-)3 833 1 4207 2572 t +(ment may take the forms)4 1029 1 720 2692 t +10 I f +(N)1783 2692 w +10 R f +(,)1850 2692 w +10 S f +(+)1909 2692 w +10 I f +(N)1980 2692 w +10 R f +(, or)1 142 1 2047 2692 t +10 S f +(-)2223 2692 w +10 I f +(N)2294 2692 w +10 R f +(and that the corresponding effect is to set the parameter to)10 2407 1 2395 2692 t +10 I f +(N)4836 2692 w +10 R f +(, to)1 137 1 4903 2692 t +(increment it by)2 615 1 720 2812 t +10 I f +(N)1365 2812 w +10 R f +(, or to decrement it by)5 907 1 1432 2812 t +10 I f +(N)2369 2812 w +10 R f +(respectively. Plain)1 768 1 2466 2812 t +10 I f +(N)3265 2812 w +10 R f +(means that an initial algebraic sign is)6 1518 1 3363 2812 t +10 I f +(not)4912 2812 w +10 R f +(an increment indicator, but merely the sign of)7 1839 1 720 2932 t +10 I f +(N)2586 2932 w +10 R f +( unreasonable numerical input is either ignored)6 1892(. Generally,)1 495 2 2653 2932 t +( parameters to non-negative)3 1147( example, most requests expect to set)6 1550( For)1 200(or truncated to a reasonable value.)5 1423 4 720 3052 t +(values; exceptions are)2 889 1 720 3172 t +10 CW f +(sp)1638 3172 w +10 R f +(,)1758 3172 w +10 CW f +(wh)1811 3172 w +10 R f +(,)1931 3172 w +10 CW f +(ch)1984 3172 w +10 R f +(,)2104 3172 w +10 CW f +(nr)2157 3172 w +10 R f +(, and)1 197 1 2277 3172 t +10 CW f +(if)2502 3172 w +10 R f +( requests)1 355(. The)1 233 2 2622 3172 t +10 CW f +(ps)3238 3172 w +10 R f +(,)3358 3172 w +10 CW f +(ft)3411 3172 w +10 R f +(,)3531 3172 w +10 CW f +(po)3584 3172 w +10 R f +(,)3704 3172 w +10 CW f +(vs)3757 3172 w +10 R f +(,)3877 3172 w +10 CW f +(ls)3930 3172 w +10 R f +(,)4050 3172 w +10 CW f +(ll)4103 3172 w +10 R f +(,)4223 3172 w +10 CW f +(in)4276 3172 w +10 R f +(, and)1 197 1 4396 3172 t +10 CW f +(lt)4621 3172 w +10 R f +(restore)4769 3172 w +(the previous parameter value in the absence of an argument.)9 2399 1 720 3292 t +( case letters and one/two character argu-)6 1701(Single character arguments are indicated by single lower)7 2369 2 970 3448 t +( string arguments are indicated by multi-)6 1722( Character)1 453( indicated by a pair of lower case letters.)8 1743(ments are)1 402 4 720 3568 t +(character mnemonics.)1 875 1 720 3688 t +10 B f +( and Character Size Control)4 1204(2. Font)1 325 2 720 3928 t +10 BI f +( set.)1 169(2.1. Character)1 617 2 720 4084 t +10 R f +(The)1589 4084 w +10 I f +(troff)1777 4084 w +10 R f +(character set is defined by a description file specific to each output device)12 3056 1 1984 4084 t +( are input as)3 527( Characters)1 491( are normally several regular fonts and one or more special fonts.)11 2764($\24723$. There)1 538 4 720 4204 t +(themselves $)1 511 1 720 4324 t +8 R f +(ASCII)1231 4324 w +10 R f +($, as)1 175 1 1440 4324 t +10 CW f +(\\\()1657 4324 w +10 I f +(xx)1785 4324 w +10 R f +(, as)1 142 1 1873 4324 t +10 CW f +(\\C')2057 4324 w +10 I f +(name)2245 4324 w +10 CW f +(')2477 4324 w +10 R f +(, or as)2 259 1 2537 4324 t +10 CW f +(\\N')2830 4324 w +10 I f +(n)3010 4324 w +10 CW f +(')3060 4324 w +10 R f +( form)1 228(. The)1 239 2 3120 4324 t +10 CW f +(\\C')3622 4324 w +10 I f +(name)3802 4324 w +10 CW f +(')4018 4324 w +10 R f +(permits a name of any)4 927 1 4113 4324 t +(length; the form)2 644 1 720 4444 t +10 CW f +(\\N')1389 4444 w +10 I f +(n)1569 4444 w +10 CW f +(')1619 4444 w +10 R f +(refers to the)2 476 1 1704 4444 t +10 I f +(n)2205 4444 w +10 R f +(-th character on the current font, whether named or not.)9 2213 1 2255 4444 t +(Normally the input characters)3 1198 1 970 4600 t +10 CW f +(')2196 4600 w +10 R f +(,)2256 4600 w +10 CW f +(`)2309 4600 w +10 R f +(, and)1 197 1 2369 4600 t +10 CW f +(-)2594 4600 w +10 R f +(are printed as `, ', and - respectively;)7 1493 1 2682 4600 t +10 CW f +(\\')4204 4600 w +10 R f +(,)4324 4600 w +10 CW f +(\\`)4378 4600 w +10 R f +(, and)1 198 1 4498 4600 t +10 CW f +(\\-)4725 4600 w +10 R f +(pro-)4874 4600 w +( characters are printed as a 1-em space.)7 1560( Non-existent)1 566(duce \302, \301, and \261.)4 623 3 720 4720 t +10 I f +(Nroff)970 4876 w +10 R f +( characters and how to print them.)6 1373(has an analogous, but different, mechanism for defining legal)8 2459 2 1208 4876 t +(By default all)2 560 1 720 4996 t +9 R f +(ASCII)1313 4996 w +10 R f +( are such additional characters as may be available on the)10 2358( There)1 289(characters are valid.)2 813 3 1580 4996 t +( able to be constructed by overstriking or other combination, and)10 2658(output device, such characters as may be)6 1662 2 720 5116 t +( exact behavior is determined by a)6 1381( The)1 207( mapped into other printable characters.)5 1595(those that can reasonably be)4 1137 4 720 5236 t +(driving table prepared for each device.)5 1539 1 720 5356 t +10 BI f +(2.2. Fonts.)1 465 1 720 5512 t +10 I f +(Troff)1265 5512 w +10 R f +( said to be)3 426(begins execution by reading information for a set of defaults fonts,)10 2715 2 1496 5512 t +10 I f +(mounted)4668 5512 w +10 R f +(;)5012 5512 w +(conventionally, the first four are Times Roman $)7 2041 1 720 5632 t +10 C f +(R)2761 5632 w +10 R f +($,)2821 5632 w +10 I f +(Times Italic)1 490 1 2919 5632 t +10 R f +($)3449 5632 w +10 C f +(I)3482 5632 w +10 R f +($,)3542 5632 w +10 B f +(Times Bold)1 502 1 3640 5632 t +10 R f +($)4182 5632 w +10 C f +(B)4215 5632 w +10 R f +($, and)1 242 1 4275 5632 t +10 BI f +(Times Bold)1 484 1 4556 5632 t +(Italic)720 5752 w +10 R f +($)966 5752 w +10 C f +(BI)999 5752 w +10 R f +( a Special font \()4 652($ , and the last is)5 675 2 1119 5752 t +10 CW f +(S)2446 5752 w +10 R f +( fonts are used in)4 702( These)1 293(\) containing miscellaneous characters.)3 1539 3 2506 5752 t +( set of fonts and positions is determined by the device description file, described in \24723.)15 3510( The)1 205(this document.)1 589 3 720 5872 t +(The current font, initially Roman, may be changed by use of the)11 2593 1 970 6028 t +10 C f +(ft)3591 6028 w +10 R f +(request, or by embedding at any)5 1301 1 3739 6028 t +(desired point either)2 783 1 720 6148 t +10 C f +(\\f)1534 6148 w +10 I f +(x)1654 6148 w +10 R f +(,)1698 6148 w +10 C f +(\\f\()1754 6148 w +10 I f +(xx)1934 6148 w +10 R f +(, or)1 139 1 2022 6148 t +10 C f +(\\f)2192 6148 w +10 I f +(N)2312 6148 w +10 R f +(, where)1 299 1 2379 6148 t +10 I f +(x)2709 6148 w +10 R f +(and)2784 6148 w +10 I f +(xx)2959 6148 w +10 R f +( a font and)3 439(are the name of)3 635 2 3078 6148 t +10 I f +(N)4182 6148 w +10 R f +(is a numerical font)3 761 1 4279 6148 t +(position.)720 6268 w +( change to the Special font; characters on that font are automatically handled as)13 3233(It is not necessary to)4 837 2 970 6424 t +( name)1 243( Special font may actually be several fonts; the)8 1893( The)1 208(if they were physically part of the current font.)8 1889 4 720 6544 t +10 CW f +(S)4980 6544 w +10 R f +( special fonts must be mounted after regular fonts.)8 2005( All)1 178(is reserved and is generally used for one of these.)9 1967 3 720 6664 t +10 I f +(Troff)970 6820 w +10 R f +( font is mounted by use of the)7 1198(can be informed that any particular)5 1399 2 1196 6820 t +10 C f +(fp)3819 6820 w +10 R f +( list of known)3 556(request. The)1 519 2 3965 6820 t +( the subsequent discussion of font-related requests,)6 2075( In)1 140(fonts is installation dependent.)3 1243 3 720 6940 t +10 I f +(F)4210 6940 w +10 R f +(represents either a)2 737 1 4303 6940 t +( current font is available $as a numerical)7 1667( The)1 213(one/two-character font name or the numerical font position.)7 2440 3 720 7060 t +(position$ in the read-only number register)5 1667 1 720 7180 t +10 C f +(.f)2412 7180 w +10 R f +(.)2532 7180 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 10 12 +%%Page: 11 13 +/saveobj save def +mark +13 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 11 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +( In)1 138( font description information exists.)4 1450(A request for a named but not-mounted font is honored if the)11 2482 3 970 840 t +( Mounted)1 415( there is no limit on the number of fonts that may be printed in any part of a document.)19 3539(this way,)1 366 3 720 960 t +( referred to by their mount positions, but there is no)10 2082(fonts may be handled more efficiently, and they may be)9 2238 2 720 1080 t +(other difference.)1 658 1 720 1200 t +(The function)1 519 1 970 1356 t +10 CW f +(\\S')1520 1356 w +10 S f +(\261)1700 1356 w +10 I f +(N)1763 1356 w +10 CW f +(')1830 1356 w +10 R f +(causes the current font to be slanted by)7 1597 1 1921 1356 t +10 S f +(\261)3549 1356 w +10 I f +(N)3612 1356 w +10 R f +( all devices support)3 795(degrees. Not)1 535 2 3710 1356 t +(slanting.)720 1476 w +10 I f +(Nroff)970 1632 w +10 R f +(understands font control and normally underlines italic characters $see \24710.5$.)9 3113 1 1207 1632 t +10 BI f +( size.)1 200(2.3. Character)1 617 2 720 1788 t +10 R f +( the specific output device; a typical $histor-)7 1768(Character point sizes available depend on)5 1660 2 1612 1788 t +( is a range of 1/12 inch to)7 1032( This)1 230( 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, and 36.)14 2047(ical$ set of values is 6, 7,)6 1011 4 720 1908 t +( The)1 213(1/2 inch.)1 358 2 720 2028 t +10 C f +(ps)1324 2028 w +10 R f +( the point size may be)5 919( Alternatively)1 586( size.)1 214(request is used to change or restore the point)8 1844 4 1477 2028 t +(changed between any two characters by embedding a)7 2208 1 720 2148 t +10 CW f +(\\s)2965 2148 w +10 I f +(N)3085 2148 w +10 R f +( set the size to)4 610(at the desired point to)4 914 2 3189 2148 t +10 I f +(N)4749 2148 w +10 R f +(, or a)2 224 1 4816 2148 t +10 C f +(\\s)720 2268 w +10 S f +(\261)840 2268 w +10 I f +(N)903 2268 w +10 R f +($1)1004 2268 w +10 S f +(\243)1103 2268 w +10 I f +(N)1174 2268 w +10 S f +(\243)1265 2268 w +10 R f +(9$ to increment/decrement the size by)5 1550 1 1336 2268 t +10 I f +(N)2920 2268 w +10 R f +(;)2987 2268 w +10 CW f +(\\s0)3049 2268 w +10 R f +( point)1 241( Requested)1 476( previous size.)2 594(restores the)1 466 4 3263 2268 t +(size values that are between two valid sizes yield the larger of the two.)13 2816 1 720 2388 t +( construction like)2 700(Note that through an accident of history, a)7 1700 2 970 2544 t +10 CW f +(\\s39)3398 2544 w +10 R f +(is parsed as size 39, and thus con-)7 1374 1 3666 2544 t +(verted to size 36 $given the sizes above$, while)8 1879 1 720 2664 t +10 CW f +(\\s40)2625 2664 w +10 R f +(is parsed as size 4 followed by)6 1226 1 2891 2664 t +10 CW f +(0)4143 2664 w +10 R f +( syntax)1 286(. The)1 230 2 4203 2664 t +10 CW f +(\\s\()4752 2664 w +10 I f +(nn)4940 2664 w +10 R f +(and)720 2784 w +10 CW f +(\\s)897 2784 w +10 S f +(\261)1025 2784 w +10 CW f +(\()1096 2784 w +10 I f +(nn)1164 2784 w +10 R f +(permits specification of sizes that would otherwise be ambiguous.)8 2633 1 1289 2784 t +(The current size is available in the)6 1369 1 970 2940 t +10 C f +(.s)2364 2940 w +10 R f +(register.)2509 2940 w +10 I f +(Nroff)2883 2940 w +10 R f +(ignores type size requests.)3 1048 1 3120 2940 t +(The function)1 515 1 970 3096 t +10 CW f +(\\H')1512 3096 w +10 S f +(\261)1692 3096 w +10 I f +(N)1755 3096 w +10 CW f +(')1822 3096 w +10 R f +(sets)1909 3096 w +10 R f +0 12 changefont +(the height of the current font)5 1155 1 2086 3096 t +10 R f +(to)3269 3096 w +10 I f +(N)3375 3096 w +10 R f +(, or increments it by)4 814 1 3442 3096 t +10 S f +(+)4284 3096 w +10 I f +(N)4355 3096 w +10 R f +(, or decrements)2 618 1 4422 3096 t +(it by)1 182 1 720 3216 t +10 S f +(-)928 3216 w +10 I f +(N)999 3216 w +10 R f +(; if)1 115 1 1066 3216 t +10 I f +(N)1207 3216 w +10 S f +(=)1298 3216 w +10 R f +( Not)1 200( each case, the width is unchanged.)6 1402( In)1 133( size.)1 205(0, the height is restored to the current point)8 1731 5 1369 3216 t +(all devices support independent height and width for characters.)8 2553 1 720 3336 t +10 BI f +( No)1 147( If)1 535(Request Initial)1 977 3 720 3492 t +( Notes)1 535( Argument)1 893(Form Value)1 965 3 720 3612 t +10 C f +(.ps)720 3768 w +10 S f +(\261)925 3768 w +10 I f +(N)980 3768 w +10 R f +( E)1 437( previous)1 742( point)1 222(* 10)1 493 4 1047 3768 t +(Point size set to)3 661 1 1296 3924 t +10 S f +(\261)1992 3924 w +10 I f +(N)2047 3924 w +10 R f +( embed)1 301(. Alternatively)1 612 2 2114 3924 t +10 CW f +(\\s)3062 3924 w +10 I f +(N)3182 3924 w +10 R f +(or)3284 3924 w +10 C f +(\\s)3402 3924 w +10 S f +(\261)3522 3924 w +10 I f +(N)3585 3924 w +10 R f +( may be)2 338( positive size value)3 793(. Any)1 257 3 3652 3924 t +( paired)1 280( A)1 128( result, with a maximum of 36.)6 1269(requested; if invalid, the next larger valid size will)8 2067 4 1296 4044 t +(sequence)1296 4164 w +10 S f +(+)1709 4164 w +10 I f +(N)1780 4164 w +10 R f +(,)1847 4164 w +10 S f +(-)1921 4164 w +10 I f +(N)1992 4164 w +10 R f +(will work because the previous requested value is also remembered.)9 2932 1 2108 4164 t +(Ignored in)1 413 1 1296 4284 t +10 I f +(nroff)1734 4284 w +10 R f +(.)1929 4284 w +10 C f +(.ss)720 4440 w +10 I f +(N)925 4440 w +10 R f +( E)1 476( ignored)1 659(12/36 em)1 366 3 1440 4440 t +(Space-character size $i.e., inter-word gap$ is set to)7 2006 1 1296 4596 t +10 I f +(N)3328 4596 w +10 R f +( size is the minimum word)5 1074( This)1 230(/36 ems.)1 341 3 3395 4596 t +( in)1 103( Ignored)1 360(spacing in adjusted text.)3 966 3 1296 4716 t +10 I f +(nroff)2750 4716 w +10 R f +(.)2945 4716 w +10 C f +(.cs)720 4872 w +10 I f +(F N M)2 243 1 916 4872 t +10 R f +( P)1 743(off -)1 753 2 1440 4872 t +(Constant character space $width$ mode is set on for font)9 2300 1 1296 5028 t +10 I f +(F)3628 5028 w +10 R f +($if mounted$; the width of every)5 1319 1 3721 5028 t +(character will be taken to be)5 1142 1 1296 5148 t +10 I f +(N)2466 5148 w +10 R f +( If)1 119(/36 ems.)1 342 2 2533 5148 t +10 I f +(M)3022 5148 w +10 R f +(is absent, the em is that of the character's point)9 1907 1 3133 5148 t +(size; if)1 281 1 1296 5268 t +10 I f +(M)1614 5268 w +10 R f +(is given, the em is)4 773 1 1734 5268 t +10 I f +(M)2544 5268 w +10 R f +( affected characters are centered in this space,)7 1916(points. All)1 460 2 2664 5268 t +( Font characters occurring)3 1044( Special)1 344(including those with an actual width larger than this space.)9 2356 3 1296 5388 t +(while the current font is)4 994 1 1296 5508 t +10 I f +(F)2325 5508 w +10 R f +( If)1 126(are also so treated.)3 772 2 2421 5508 t +10 I f +(N)3354 5508 w +10 R f +( The)1 216( mode is turned off.)4 829(is absent, the)2 539 3 3456 5508 t +( in)1 103( Ignored)1 360(mode must be in effect when the characters are physically printed.)10 2646 3 1296 5628 t +10 I f +(nroff)4430 5628 w +10 R f +(.)4625 5628 w +10 C f +(.bd)720 5784 w +10 I f +(F N)1 153 1 925 5784 t +10 R f +( P)1 743(off -)1 753 2 1440 5784 t +(The characters in font)3 875 1 1296 5940 t +10 I f +(F)2197 5940 w +10 R f +( artificially emboldened by printing each one twice, separated)8 2480(will be)1 276 2 2284 5940 t +(by)1296 6060 w +10 I f +(N)1424 6060 w +10 S f +(-)1515 6060 w +10 R f +( reasonable value for)3 842( A)1 125(1 basic units.)2 531 3 1586 6060 t +10 I f +(N)3112 6060 w +10 R f +( points.)1 297(is 3 when the character size is near 10)8 1536 2 3207 6060 t +(If)1296 6180 w +10 I f +(N)1389 6180 w +10 R f +( emboldening value)2 794( The)1 208( mode is turned off.)4 797(is missing the embolden)3 976 4 1483 6180 t +10 I f +(N)4286 6180 w +10 R f +(is in the)2 323 1 4381 6180 t +10 C f +(.b)4732 6180 w +10 R f +(reg-)4880 6180 w +(ister.)1296 6300 w +( h)1 2( it th)2 82( wi)1 30( w)1 103( d)1 2( ed)1 52( te)1 46( nt)1 30( in)1 52( ri)1 30( pr)1 35( p)1 81( s)1 2( is)1 41( i)1 59( ph h)2 54( ap)1 52( ra)1 46( gr)1 35( ag)1 52( ra)1 46( ar)1 35( pa)1 46( p)1 81( s)1 2( is)1 41( hi)1 30(T Th)1 113 28 1296 6456 t +10 C f +(.bd R 3)2 428 1 2607 6456 t +10 R f +( -)1 2( ac c-)2 81( ra)1 46( ar)1 35( ha)1 46( ch)1 52( c)1 76( e)1 2( he)1 46( th)1 52( t)1 60( n)1 2( en)1 52( he)1 46( wh)1 52( w)1 103( t)1 2( ec ct)2 76( ff fe)2 81( ef)1 35( e)1 75( n)1 2( in)1 52( i)1 59( e)1 2( be)1 46( b)1 81( t)1 2( st)1 30( us)1 41( mu)1 52( m)1 109( e)1 2( od de)2 98( mo)1 52( m)1 109( e)1 2( he)1 46( Th)1 52( T)1 119(. .)1 27 41 3035 6456 t +( n)1 2( in)1 52( i)1 55( d)1 2( ed)1 52( re)1 46( gn no or)3 139( Ig)1 52( I)1 87( .)1 2( d.)1 27( ed)1 52( te)1 46( nt)1 30( in)1 52( ri)1 30( pr)1 35( p)1 77( y)1 2( ll ly)2 82( ca al)2 76( ic)1 46( si)1 30( ph hy ys)3 145( p)1 77( e)1 2( re)1 46( ar)1 35( a)1 71( s)1 2( rs)1 41( er)1 35(t te)1 74 33 1296 6576 t +10 I f +(nroff)2925 6576 w +10 R f +(. .)1 27 1 3120 6576 t +10 C f +(.bd S)1 300 1 720 6732 t +10 I f +(F N)1 153 1 1080 6732 t +10 R f +( P)1 743(off -)1 753 2 1440 6732 t +( the Special font will be emboldened whenever the current font is)11 2708(The characters in)2 702 2 1296 6888 t +10 I f +(F)4740 6888 w +10 R f +(. The)1 239 1 4801 6888 t +8 S1 f +(__________________)720 6988 w +8 R f +(*The fields have the same meaning as described earlier in the Request Summary.)12 2581 1 720 7088 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 11 13 +%%Page: 12 14 +/saveobj save def +mark +14 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 12 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +( in)1 103( Ignored)1 360(mode must be in effect when the characters are physically printed.)10 2646 3 1296 840 t +10 I f +(nroff)4430 840 w +10 R f +(.)4625 840 w +10 C f +(.ft)720 996 w +10 I f +(F)925 996 w +10 R f +( E)1 437(Roman previous)1 1064 2 1440 996 t +(Font changed to)2 646 1 1296 1152 t +10 I f +(F)1968 1152 w +10 R f +( embed)1 292(. Alternatively,)1 628 2 2029 1152 t +10 CW f +(\\f)2975 1152 w +10 I f +(F)3095 1152 w +10 R f +( font name)2 429(. The)1 231 2 3156 1152 t +10 C f +(P)3842 1152 w +10 R f +( the pre-)2 336(is reserved to mean)3 776 2 3928 1152 t +(vious font, and the name)4 985 1 1296 1272 t +10 CW f +(S)2306 1272 w +10 R f +(for the special font.)3 776 1 2391 1272 t +10 C f +(.fp)720 1428 w +10 I f +(N F L)2 234 1 960 1428 t +10 R f +( -)1 448(R,I,B,...,S ignored)1 1025 2 1440 1428 t +( is a statement that a font named)7 1332( This)1 234(Font position.)1 563 3 1296 1584 t +10 I f +(F)3456 1584 w +10 R f +(is associated with position)3 1074 1 3549 1584 t +10 I f +(N)4655 1584 w +10 R f +( is a)2 175(. It)1 143 2 4722 1584 t +(fatal error if)2 485 1 1296 1704 t +10 I f +(F)1808 1704 w +10 R f +( with names longer than two characters,)6 1594( fonts)1 227( For)1 191(is not known.)2 546 4 1896 1704 t +10 I f +(L)4480 1704 w +10 R f +(refers to the)2 478 1 4562 1704 t +(long name, and)2 613 1 1296 1824 t +10 I f +(F)1934 1824 w +10 R f +( is generally a limit of about 10 mounted fonts.)9 1877( There)1 282(becomes a synonym.)2 835 3 2020 1824 t +10 B f +( control)1 330(3. Page)1 330 2 720 2064 t +10 R f +( provided; it is conventional to define two)7 1702(Top and bottom margins are not automatically)6 1872 2 970 2220 t +10 I f +(macros)4573 2220 w +10 R f +(and)4896 2220 w +(to set)1 215 1 720 2340 t +10 I f +(traps)961 2340 w +10 R f +( vertical positions 0 $top$ and)5 1174(for them at)2 440 2 1193 2340 t +10 S f +(-)2832 2340 w +10 I f +(N)2903 2340 w +10 R f +($distance)2995 2340 w +10 I f +(N)3380 2340 w +10 R f +( \2477 and Tuto-)3 541( See)1 194(up from the bottom$.)3 833 3 3472 2340 t +( the first page occurs either when the first)8 1713( pseudo-page transition onto)3 1153( A)1 128(rial Examples \247T2.)2 775 4 720 2460 t +10 I f +(break)4521 2460 w +10 R f +(occurs)4780 2460 w +(or when the first)3 690 1 720 2580 t +10 I f +(non-diverted)1446 2580 w +10 R f +( for a trap to occur at the top of the)10 1491( Arrangements)1 625(text processing occurs.)2 932 3 1992 2580 t +( following, references to the)4 1170( the)1 158( In)1 144(first page must be completed before this transition.)7 2108 4 720 2700 t +10 I f +(current diversion)1 703 1 4337 2700 t +10 R f +($\2477.4$ mean that the mechanism being described works during both ordinary and diverted output $the for-)15 4320 1 720 2820 t +(mer considered as the top diversion level$.)6 1694 1 720 2940 t +(The limitations on)2 734 1 970 3096 t +10 I f +(troff)1729 3096 w +10 R f +(and)1927 3096 w +10 I f +(nroff)2096 3096 w +10 R f +(output dimensions are device dependent.)4 1628 1 2316 3096 t +10 C f +(.pl)720 3252 w +10 S f +(\261)925 3252 w +10 I f +(N)980 3252 w +10 R f +( in)1 94( 11)1 626(11 in)1 194 3 1440 3252 t +10 B f +(v)2880 3252 w +10 R f +(Page length set to)3 708 1 1296 3408 t +10 S f +(\261)2029 3408 w +10 I f +(N)2092 3408 w +10 R f +( current page length is available in the)7 1522(. The)1 230 2 2159 3408 t +10 C f +(.p)3936 3408 w +10 R f +(register.)4081 3408 w +10 C f +(.bp)720 3564 w +10 S f +(\261)925 3564 w +10 I f +(N N)1 527 1 980 3564 t +10 S f +(=)1507 3564 w +10 R f +( B,)1 779(1 -)1 631 2 1562 3564 t +10 B f +(v)2972 3564 w +10 R f +( If)1 124( current page is ejected and a new page is begun.)10 2027( The)1 212(Begin page.)1 484 4 1296 3720 t +10 S f +(\261)4176 3720 w +10 I f +(N)4239 3720 w +10 R f +(is given, the new)3 701 1 4339 3720 t +(page number will be)3 818 1 1296 3840 t +10 S f +(\261)2139 3840 w +10 I f +(N)2202 3840 w +10 R f +( see request)2 465(. Also)1 264 2 2269 3840 t +10 C f +(ns)3023 3840 w +10 R f +(.)3143 3840 w +10 C f +(.pn)720 3996 w +10 S f +(\261)925 3996 w +10 I f +(N N)1 527 1 980 3996 t +10 S f +(=)1507 3996 w +10 R f +( -)1 448(1 ignored)1 903 2 1562 3996 t +( $when it occurs$ will have the page number)8 1837( next page)2 428( The)1 214(Page number.)1 558 4 1296 4152 t +10 S f +(\261)4368 4152 w +10 I f +(N)4431 4152 w +10 R f +(. A)1 157 1 4498 4152 t +10 C f +(pn)4690 4152 w +10 R f +(must)4845 4152 w +( the initial pseudo-page transition to affect the page number of the first page.)13 3230(occur before)1 514 2 1296 4272 t +(The current page number is in the)6 1347 1 1296 4392 t +10 C f +(%)2668 4392 w +10 R f +(register.)2753 4392 w +10 C f +(.po)720 4548 w +10 S f +(\261)925 4548 w +10 I f +(N)980 4548 w +10 R f +( previous)1 817( 0)1 75(1 in;)1 172 3 1440 4548 t +10 B f +(v)2880 4548 w +10 R f +( current)1 314( The)1 212(Page offset.)1 478 3 1296 4704 t +10 I f +(left margin)1 449 1 2332 4704 t +10 R f +(is set to)2 322 1 2814 4704 t +10 S f +(\261)3169 4704 w +10 I f +(N)3232 4704 w +10 R f +(. The)1 238 1 3299 4704 t +10 I f +(troff)3570 4704 w +10 R f +(initial value provides 1 inch of)5 1264 1 3776 4704 t +( current page offset is available in the)7 1499( The)1 205(paper margin on a typical device.)5 1330 3 1296 4824 t +10 C f +(.o)4355 4824 w +10 R f +(register.)4500 4824 w +10 C f +(.ne)720 4980 w +10 I f +(N)925 4980 w +10 R f +(-)1440 4980 w +10 I f +(N)2160 4980 w +10 S f +(=)2227 4980 w +10 R f +(1)2282 4980 w +10 I f +(V)2348 4980 w +10 R f +(D,)2880 4980 w +10 B f +(v)2977 4980 w +10 R f +(Need)1296 5136 w +10 I f +(N)1535 5136 w +10 R f +( the distance)2 509( If)1 121(vertical space.)1 574 3 1631 5136 t +10 I f +(D)2865 5136 w +10 R f +(to the next trap position $see \2477.5$ is less than)9 1877 1 2967 5136 t +10 I f +(N)4874 5136 w +10 R f +(, a)1 99 1 4941 5136 t +(forward vertical space of size)4 1185 1 1296 5256 t +10 I f +(D)2509 5256 w +10 R f +( no remaining)2 559( there are)2 376( If)1 119(occurs, which will spring the trap.)5 1377 4 2609 5256 t +( page,)1 247(traps on the)2 482 2 1296 5376 t +10 I f +(D)2059 5376 w +10 R f +( If)1 125(is the distance to the bottom of the page.)8 1690 2 2165 5376 t +10 I f +(D)4014 5376 w +10 S f +(<)4110 5376 w +10 I f +(V)4181 5376 w +10 R f +(, another line could)3 798 1 4242 5376 t +( a diversion,)2 507( In)1 141(still be output and spring the trap.)6 1395 3 1296 5496 t +10 I f +(D)3371 5496 w +10 R f +(is the distance to the)4 844 1 3475 5496 t +10 I f +(diversion trap)1 571 1 4351 5496 t +10 R f +(, if)1 118 1 4922 5496 t +(any, or is very large.)4 820 1 1296 5616 t +10 C f +(.mk)720 5772 w +10 I f +(R)925 5772 w +10 R f +( D)1 487(none internal)1 1025 2 1440 5772 t +( $both associated with the current diver-)6 1615(Mark the current vertical place in an internal register)8 2129 2 1296 5928 t +(sion level$, or in register)4 979 1 1296 6048 t +10 I f +(R)2300 6048 w +10 R f +( See)1 194(, if given.)2 383 2 2361 6048 t +10 C f +(rt)2963 6048 w +10 R f +(request.)3108 6048 w +10 C f +(.rt)720 6204 w +10 S f +(\261)925 6204 w +10 I f +(N)980 6204 w +10 R f +( D,)1 512(none internal)1 1025 2 1440 6204 t +10 B f +(v)2977 6204 w +10 R f +(Return)1296 6360 w +10 I f +(upward only)1 509 1 1599 6360 t +10 R f +( If)1 123( current diversion.)2 743(to a marked vertical place in the)6 1316 3 2139 6360 t +10 S f +(\261)4353 6360 w +10 I f +(N)4416 6360 w +10 R f +($with respect)1 525 1 4515 6360 t +( given, the place is)4 786(to current place$ is)3 778 2 1296 6480 t +10 S f +(\261)2895 6480 w +10 I f +(N)2958 6480 w +10 R f +(from the top of the page or diversion or, if)9 1776 1 3060 6480 t +10 I f +(N)4871 6480 w +10 R f +(is)4973 6480 w +( previous)1 374(absent, to a place marked by a)6 1229 2 1296 6600 t +10 C f +(mk)2929 6600 w +10 R f +(. The)1 235 1 3049 6600 t +10 C f +(sp)3314 6600 w +10 R f +(request $\2475.3$ may be used in all cases)7 1576 1 3464 6600 t +(instead of)1 405 1 1296 6720 t +10 C f +(rt)1740 6720 w +10 R f +( to the absolute place stored in a explicit register, e.g., using the)12 2697(by spacing)1 444 2 1899 6720 t +(sequence)1296 6840 w +10 CW f +(.mk)1686 6840 w +10 I f +(R)1891 6840 w +10 R f +(...)1977 6840 w +10 CW f +(.sp |\\n)1 385 1 2077 6840 t +10 I f +(R)2462 6840 w +10 CW f +(u)2523 6840 w +10 R f +(; this also works when the motion is downwards.)8 1952 1 2583 6840 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 12 14 +%%Page: 13 15 +/saveobj save def +mark +15 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 13 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +10 B f +( Filling, Adjusting, and Centering)4 1441(4. Text)1 319 2 720 840 t +10 BI f +( and adjusting.)2 622(4.1. Filling)1 485 2 720 996 t +10 R f +( lines and assembled into a out-)6 1284(Normally, words are collected from input text)6 1851 2 1905 996 t +( made to hyphenate the word to put part of it)10 1821( attempt is then)3 629( An)1 177(put text line until some word does not fit.)8 1693 4 720 1116 t +( spaces between the words on the output line are then increased to spread out the)15 3308( The)1 211( output line.)2 493(into the)1 308 4 720 1236 t +( the current)2 458(line to)1 256 2 720 1356 t +10 I f +(line length)1 427 1 1461 1356 t +10 R f +(minus any current)2 725 1 1915 1356 t +10 I f +(indent)2667 1356 w +10 R f +(. A)1 149 1 2917 1356 t +10 I f +(word)3093 1356 w +10 R f +(is any string of characters delimited by the)7 1714 1 3326 1356 t +10 I f +(space)720 1476 w +10 R f +( adjacent pair of words that must be kept)8 1777( Any)1 241( of the input line.)4 762(character or the beginning/end)3 1270 4 990 1476 t +( across output lines nor spread apart in the adjustment process\) can be tied together by)15 3456(together $neither split)2 864 2 720 1596 t +(separating them with the)3 985 1 720 1716 t +10 I f +(unpaddable space)1 724 1 1730 1716 t +10 R f +(character ``)1 455 1 2479 1716 t +10 C f +(\$2934 1716 w +10 R f +( adjusted word spacings)3 957( The)1 205('' $backslash-space$.)1 824 3 3054 1716 t +(are uniform in)2 597 1 720 1836 t +10 I f +(troff)1355 1836 w +10 R f +(and the minimum interword spacing can be controlled with the)9 2619 1 1566 1836 t +10 C f +(ss)4222 1836 w +10 R f +( In)1 145(request $\2472$.)1 516 2 4379 1836 t +10 I f +(nroff)720 1956 w +10 R f +( com-)1 242(, they are normally nonuniform because of quantization to character-size spaces; however, the)12 3883 2 915 1956 t +(mand line option)2 700 1 720 2076 t +10 C f +(-e)1456 2076 w +10 R f +( adjustment, and)2 678( Filling,)1 353(causes uniform spacing with full output device resolution.)7 2397 3 1612 2076 t +( text length on the last line output is available in)10 1962( The)1 209( all be prevented or controlled.)5 1245(hyphenation $\24713$ can)2 904 4 720 2196 t +(the)720 2316 w +10 C f +(.n)874 2316 w +10 R f +(register, and text baseline position on the page for this line is in the)13 2759 1 1025 2316 t +10 C f +(nl)3815 2316 w +10 R f +( text baseline)2 539(register. The)1 535 2 3966 2316 t +( the current page is in the)6 1093(high-water mark $lowest place$ on)4 1426 2 720 2436 t +10 C f +(.h)3278 2436 w +10 R f +( current horizontal output)3 1060(register. The)1 543 2 3437 2436 t +(position is in the)3 665 1 720 2556 t +10 C f +(.k)1410 2556 w +10 R f +(register.)1555 2556 w +(An input text line ending with)5 1208 1 970 2712 t +10 C f +(.)2204 2712 w +10 R f +(,)2272 2712 w +10 C f +(?)2323 2712 w +10 R f +(, or)1 134 1 2383 2712 t +10 C f +(!)2543 2712 w +10 R f +(, optionally followed by any number of)6 1574 1 2603 2712 t +10 CW f +(")4203 2712 w +10 R f +(,)4263 2712 w +10 CW f +(')4314 2712 w +10 R f +(,)4374 2712 w +10 CW f +(\))4425 2712 w +10 R f +(,)4485 2712 w +10 CW f +(])4537 2712 w +10 R f +(,)4597 2712 w +10 CW f +(*)4649 2712 w +10 R f +(, or \262, is)3 331 1 4709 2712 t +( additional space character is automatically provided during filling.)8 2690(taken to be the end of a sentence, and an)9 1630 2 720 2832 t +( add)1 170(To prevent this,)2 630 2 720 2952 t +10 CW f +(\\&)1546 2952 w +10 R f +( inter-word space characters found in the input)7 1866( Multiple)1 396(to the end of the input line.)6 1086 3 1692 2952 t +(are retained, except for trailing spaces; initial spaces also cause a break.)11 2861 1 720 3072 t +(When filling is in effect, a)5 1063 1 970 3228 t +10 C f +(\\p)2061 3228 w +10 R f +( to cause a break at the end of)8 1217(may be embedded or attached to a word)7 1614 2 2209 3228 t +(the word and have the resulting output line spread out to fill the current line length.)15 3324 1 720 3348 t +( that happens to begin with a control character can be made not to look like a control)17 3414(A text input line)3 656 2 970 3504 t +(line by prefixing it with the non-printing, zero-width filler character)9 2721 1 720 3624 t +10 C f +(\\&)3467 3624 w +10 R f +( another way is to specify out-)6 1209(. Still)1 244 2 3587 3624 t +(put translation of some convenient character into the control character using)10 3038 1 720 3744 t +10 C f +(tr)3783 3744 w +10 R f +($\24710.5$.)3928 3744 w +10 BI f +( text.)1 203(4.2. Interrupted)1 673 2 720 3900 t +10 R f +(The copying of a input line in)6 1206 1 1674 3900 t +10 I f +(nofill)2908 3900 w +10 R f +($non-fill$ mode can be interrupted by terminat-)6 1892 1 3148 3900 t +( a)1 73(ing the partial line with)4 953 2 720 4020 t +10 C f +(\\c)1775 4020 w +10 R f +( next encountered input text line will be considered to be a continuation)12 2911(. The)1 234 2 1895 4020 t +( a word within)3 610( Similarly,)1 458( text.)1 210(of the same line of input)5 1019 4 720 4140 t +10 I f +(filled)3052 4140 w +10 R f +(text may be interrupted by terminating the)6 1747 1 3293 4140 t +(word $and line$ with)3 833 1 720 4260 t +10 C f +(\\c)1583 4260 w +10 R f +( taken as a continuation of the interrupted word.)8 1948(; the next encountered text will be)6 1389 2 1703 4260 t +(If the intervening control lines cause a break, any partial line will be forced out along with any partial word.)19 4311 1 720 4380 t +10 C f +(.br)720 4536 w +10 R f +(- - B)2 1507 1 1440 4536 t +( filling of the line currently being collected is stopped and the line is output with-)15 3275(Break. The)1 469 2 1296 4692 t +( characters $but not tabs$ and empty text)7 1710( lines beginning with space)4 1152( Text)1 249(out adjustment.)1 633 4 1296 4812 t +(lines $blank lines$ also cause a break.)6 1488 1 1296 4932 t +10 C f +(.fi)720 5088 w +10 R f +( B,E)1 840( -)1 511(fill on)1 242 3 1440 5088 t +( register)1 324( The)1 205(Fill subsequent output lines.)3 1129 3 1296 5244 t +10 C f +(.u)2979 5244 w +10 R f +(is 1 in fill mode and 0 in nofill mode.)9 1495 1 3124 5244 t +10 C f +(.nf)720 5400 w +10 R f +( B,E)1 840( -)1 511(fill on)1 242 3 1440 5400 t +( text lines are copied)4 878( Input)1 274( adjusted.)1 396( output lines are neither filled nor)6 1409(Nofill. Subsequent)1 787 5 1296 5556 t +(directly to output lines without regard for the current line length.)10 2583 1 1296 5676 t +10 C f +(.ad)720 5832 w +10 I f +(c)925 5832 w +10 R f +( E)1 542( adjust)1 609(adj, both)1 350 3 1440 5832 t +( is)1 93( fill mode is not on, adjustment will be deferred until fill mode)12 2502( If)1 116(Line adjustment is begun.)3 1033 4 1296 5988 t +( the type indicator)3 754( If)1 126(back on.)1 348 3 1296 6108 t +10 I f +(c)2559 6108 w +10 R f +( as shown in the)4 680(is present, the adjustment type is changed)6 1722 2 2638 6108 t +(following table.)1 633 1 1296 6228 t +10 S f +(_ _______________________________)1 1574 1 2381 6308 t +10 R f +( Type)1 230(Indicator Adjust)1 1010 2 2431 6428 t +10 S f +(_ _______________________________)1 1574 1 2381 6448 t +10 C f +(l)2581 6568 w +10 R f +(adjust left margin only)3 908 1 2941 6568 t +10 C f +(r)2581 6688 w +10 R f +(adjust right margin only)3 964 1 2941 6688 t +10 C f +(c)2581 6808 w +10 R f +(center)2941 6808 w +10 C f +(b)2484 6928 w +10 R f +(or)2569 6928 w +10 C f +(n)2677 6928 w +10 R f +(adjust both margins)2 789 1 2941 6928 t +(absent unchanged)1 890 1 2483 7048 t +10 S f +( \347)1 -1574(_ _______________________________)1 1574 2 2381 7068 t +(\347)2381 7008 w +(\347)2381 6908 w +(\347)2381 6808 w +(\347)2381 6708 w +(\347)2381 6608 w +(\347)2381 6508 w +(\347)2381 6408 w +(\347)2866 7068 w +(\347)2866 7008 w +(\347)2866 6908 w +(\347)2866 6808 w +(\347)2866 6708 w +(\347)2866 6608 w +(\347)2866 6508 w +(\347)2866 6408 w +(\347)3955 7068 w +(\347)3955 7008 w +(\347)3955 6908 w +(\347)3955 6808 w +(\347)3955 6708 w +(\347)3955 6608 w +(\347)3955 6508 w +(\347)3955 6408 w +10 R f +(The number register)2 809 1 1296 7248 t +10 CW f +(.j)2130 7248 w +10 R f +(contains the current value of the)5 1283 1 2275 7248 t +10 CW f +(ad)3583 7248 w +10 R f +( recorded)1 374(setting; its value can be)4 938 2 3728 7248 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 13 15 +%%Page: 14 16 +/saveobj save def +mark +16 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 14 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +(and used subsequently to set adjustment.)5 1627 1 1296 840 t +10 C f +(.na)720 996 w +10 R f +( E)1 748(adjust -)1 753 2 1440 996 t +( adjustment type for)3 805( The)1 205( is turned off; the right margin will be ragged.)9 1831(Noadjust. Adjustment)1 903 4 1296 1152 t +10 C f +(ad)1296 1272 w +10 R f +( line filling still occurs if fill mode is on.)9 1623( Output)1 328(is not changed.)2 602 3 1441 1272 t +10 C f +(.ce)720 1428 w +10 I f +(N)925 1428 w +10 R f +(off)1440 1428 w +10 I f +(N)2160 1428 w +10 S f +(=)2251 1428 w +10 R f +(1 B,E)1 711 1 2322 1428 t +(Center the next)2 630 1 1296 1584 t +10 I f +(N)1961 1584 w +10 R f +( current available horizontal space $line-length)5 1914(input text lines within the)4 1063 2 2063 1584 t +( If)1 128(minus indent$.)1 590 2 1296 1704 t +10 I f +(N)2051 1704 w +10 S f +(=)2142 1704 w +10 R f +( each of the)3 495( break occurs after)3 774( A)1 134(0, any residual count is cleared.)5 1321 4 2213 1704 t +10 I f +(N)4973 1704 w +10 R f +( the input line is too long, it will be left adjusted.)11 1948( If)1 116(input lines.)1 445 3 1296 1824 t +10 B f +( Spacing)1 365(5. Vertical)1 468 2 720 2064 t +10 BI f +( spacing.)1 375(5.1. Baseline)1 556 2 720 2220 t +10 R f +(The vertical spacing $)3 891 1 1734 2220 t +10 I f +(V)2633 2220 w +10 R f +( baselines of successive output lines can be)7 1785($ between the)2 553 2 2702 2220 t +(set using the)2 504 1 720 2340 t +10 C f +(vs)1251 2340 w +10 R f +(request.)1398 2340 w +10 I f +(V)1763 2340 w +10 R f +( on the affected out-)4 807(should be large enough to accommodate the character sizes)8 2382 2 1851 2340 t +( $9-12 points$, usual typesetting practice is to set)8 1964( the common type sizes)4 946( For)1 191(put lines.)1 369 4 720 2460 t +10 I f +(V)4218 2460 w +10 R f +(to 2 points greater)3 733 1 4307 2460 t +(than the point size;)3 764 1 720 2580 t +10 I f +(troff)1511 2580 w +10 R f +( current)1 308( The)1 206( in this document\).)3 753(default is 10-point type on a 12-point spacing $as)8 1975 4 1711 2580 t +10 I f +(V)4979 2580 w +10 R f +(is available in the)3 705 1 720 2700 t +10 C f +(.v)1451 2700 w +10 R f +(register. Multiple-)1 753 1 1597 2700 t +10 I f +(V)2350 2700 w +10 R f +(line separation \(e.g., double spacing$ may be requested with)8 2414 1 2454 2700 t +10 C f +(ls)4895 2700 w +10 R f +(,)5015 2700 w +( to use a large)4 554(but it is better)3 556 2 720 2820 t +10 CW f +(vs)1855 2820 w +10 R f +( current line spac-)3 717( The)1 205(instead; certain preprocessors assume single spacing.)5 2118 3 2000 2820 t +(ing is available in the)4 855 1 720 2940 t +10 C f +(.L)1600 2940 w +10 R f +(register.)1745 2940 w +10 BI f +( line-space.)1 471(5.2. Extra)1 434 2 720 3096 t +10 R f +( a vertically tall construct requiring the output line containing it)10 2597(If a word contains)3 738 2 1705 3096 t +( extra vertical space before and/or after it, the)8 1829(to have)1 294 2 720 3216 t +10 I f +(extra-line-space)2870 3216 w +10 R f +(function)3545 3216 w +10 C f +(\\x')3905 3216 w +10 I f +(N)4085 3216 w +10 C f +(')4152 3216 w +10 R f +(can be embedded in)3 801 1 4239 3216 t +( If)1 121(or attached to that word.)4 993 2 720 3336 t +10 I f +(N)1864 3336 w +10 R f +( word will be preceded by)5 1069(is negative, the output line containing the)6 1682 2 1961 3336 t +10 I f +(N)4743 3336 w +10 R f +(extra)4841 3336 w +(vertical space; if)2 687 1 720 3456 t +10 I f +(N)1446 3456 w +10 R f +(is positive, the output line containing the word will be followed by)11 2809 1 1552 3456 t +10 I f +(N)4399 3456 w +10 R f +(extra vertical)1 536 1 4504 3456 t +( The)1 216( to the same line, the maximum values are used.)9 2016( successive requests for extra space apply)6 1716(space. If)1 372 4 720 3576 t +(most recently utilized post-line extra line-space is available in the)9 2621 1 720 3696 t +10 C f +(.a)3366 3696 w +10 R f +(register.)3511 3696 w +(In)970 3852 w +10 CW f +(\\x')1098 3852 w +10 I f +(...)1278 3852 w +10 CW f +(')1353 3852 w +10 R f +( delimiter)1 407(and other functions having a pair of delimiters around their parameter, the)11 3175 2 1458 3852 t +(choice $here)1 489 1 720 3972 t +10 CW f +(')1234 3972 w +10 R f +($ is arbitrary, except that it can not look like the continuation of a number expression for)16 3525 1 1294 3972 t +10 I f +(N)4844 3972 w +10 R f +(.)4911 3972 w +10 BI f +( of vertical space.)3 715(5.3. Blocks)1 478 2 720 4128 t +10 R f +(A block of vertical space is ordinarily requested using)8 2165 1 1988 4128 t +10 C f +(sp)4179 4128 w +10 R f +(, which honors the)3 741 1 4299 4128 t +10 I f +(no-space)720 4248 w +10 R f +( contiguous block of vertical space may be reserved)8 2075( A)1 123(mode and which does not space past a trap.)8 1735 3 1107 4248 t +(using)720 4368 w +10 C f +(sv)962 4368 w +10 R f +(.)1082 4368 w +10 C f +(.vs)720 4524 w +10 I f +(N)960 4524 w +10 R f +( E,)1 462( previous)1 588(12pts; 1/6in)1 476 3 1440 4524 t +10 B f +(p)2966 4524 w +10 R f +(Set vertical baseline spacing size)4 1346 1 1296 4680 t +10 I f +(V)2675 4680 w +10 R f +( is available with)3 707( extra vertical space)3 818(. Transient)1 460 3 2736 4680 t +10 C f +(\\x)4755 4680 w +10 I f +('N ')1 165 1 4875 4680 t +10 R f +($see above$.)1 481 1 1296 4800 t +10 C f +(.ls)720 4956 w +10 I f +(N N)1 547 1 960 4956 t +10 S f +(=)1531 4956 w +10 R f +( E)1 437(1 previous)1 902 2 1602 4956 t +10 I f +(Line)1296 5112 w +10 R f +(spacing set to)2 594 1 1524 5112 t +10 S f +(\261)2168 5112 w +10 I f +(N)2231 5112 w +10 R f +(.)2298 5112 w +10 I f +(N)2398 5112 w +10 S f +(-)2489 5112 w +10 R f +(1)2560 5112 w +10 I f +(V)2660 5112 w +10 R f +( line.)1 226(s $blank lines$ are appended to each output text)8 2085 2 2729 5112 t +( trap)1 184(Appended blank lines are omitted, if the text or previous appended blank line reached a)14 3560 2 1296 5232 t +(position.)1296 5352 w +10 C f +(.sp)720 5508 w +10 I f +(N)960 5508 w +10 R f +(-)1440 5508 w +10 I f +(N)2160 5508 w +10 S f +(=)2251 5508 w +10 R f +(1)2322 5508 w +10 I f +(V)2413 5508 w +10 R f +(B,)2880 5508 w +10 B f +(v)2972 5508 w +10 R f +( If)1 119(Space vertically in either direction.)4 1412 2 1296 5664 t +10 I f +(N)2855 5664 w +10 R f +(is negative, the motion is backward $upward$ and is)8 2090 1 2950 5664 t +( the)1 147( $downward$ motion is truncated to)5 1417( Forward)1 389(limited to the distance to the top of the page.)9 1791 4 1296 5784 t +( the no-space mode is on, no spacing occurs $see)9 2003( If)1 123(distance to the nearest trap.)4 1113 3 1296 5904 t +10 C f +(ns)4567 5904 w +10 R f +(, and)1 201 1 4687 5904 t +10 C f +(rs)4920 5904 w +10 R f +(below$.)1296 6024 w +10 C f +(.sv)720 6180 w +10 I f +(N)925 6180 w +10 R f +(-)1440 6180 w +10 I f +(N)2160 6180 w +10 S f +(=)2251 6180 w +10 R f +(1)2322 6180 w +10 I f +(V)2413 6180 w +10 B f +(v)2880 6180 w +10 R f +(Save a contiguous vertical block of size)6 1586 1 1296 6336 t +10 I f +(N)2907 6336 w +10 R f +( the distance to the next trap is greater than)9 1716(. If)1 141 2 2974 6336 t +10 I f +(N)4856 6336 w +10 R f +(,)4923 6336 w +10 I f +(N)4973 6336 w +10 R f +( this distance is less than)5 996( If)1 118( no effect.)2 405( mode has)2 411( No-space)1 429(vertical space is output.)3 952 6 1296 6456 t +10 I f +(N)4634 6456 w +10 R f +(, no ver-)2 339 1 4701 6456 t +(tical space is immediately output, but)5 1499 1 1296 6576 t +10 I f +(N)2821 6576 w +10 R f +( for later output $see)4 817(is remembered)1 591 2 2914 6576 t +10 C f +(os)4349 6576 w +10 R f +($. Subsequent)1 571 1 4469 6576 t +10 C f +(sv)1296 6696 w +10 R f +(requests will overwrite any still remembered)5 1783 1 1441 6696 t +10 I f +(N)3249 6696 w +10 R f +(.)3316 6696 w +10 C f +(.os)720 6852 w +10 R f +(- - -)2 1473 1 1440 6852 t +( to finally output a block of)6 1112( Used)1 258( effect.)1 279( mode has no)3 536( No-space)1 428(Output saved vertical space.)3 1131 6 1296 7008 t +(vertical space requested by an earlier)5 1475 1 1296 7128 t +10 C f +(sv)2796 7128 w +10 R f +(request.)2941 7128 w +10 C f +(.ns)720 7284 w +10 R f +( D)1 759(space -)1 753 2 1440 7284 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 14 16 +%%Page: 15 17 +/saveobj save def +mark +17 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 15 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +( no-space mode inhibits)3 985( on,)1 160( When)1 298(No-space mode turned on.)3 1083 4 1296 840 t +10 C f +(sp)3858 840 w +10 R f +(requests and)1 507 1 4014 840 t +10 C f +(bp)4557 840 w +10 R f +(requests)4713 840 w +10 I f +(without)1296 960 w +10 R f +( mode is turned off when a line of output occurs, or)11 2140( No-space)1 434( number.)1 363(a next page)2 472 4 1631 960 t +(with)1296 1080 w +10 C f +(rs)1499 1080 w +10 R f +(.)1619 1080 w +10 C f +(.rs)720 1236 w +10 R f +( D)1 759(space -)1 753 2 1440 1236 t +( no-space mode is turned off.)5 1164( The)1 205(Restore spacing.)1 660 3 1296 1392 t +( B)1 754( -)1 859(Blank text line.)2 614 3 720 1548 t +(Causes a break and output of a blank line exactly like)10 2135 1 1296 1704 t +10 C f +(sp 1)1 240 1 3456 1704 t +10 R f +(.)3696 1704 w +10 B f +( Length and Indenting)3 961(6. Line)1 320 2 720 1944 t +10 R f +(The maximum line length for fill mode may be set with)10 2351 1 970 2100 t +10 C f +(ll)3359 2100 w +10 R f +( be set with)3 500( indent may)2 498(. The)1 243 3 3479 2100 t +10 C f +(in)4759 2100 w +10 R f +(; an)1 161 1 4879 2100 t +(indent applicable to only the next output line may be set with)11 2457 1 720 2220 t +10 C f +(ti)3203 2220 w +10 R f +( space but)2 399( line length includes indent)4 1087(. The)1 231 3 3323 2220 t +( line length minus the indent is the basis for centering with)11 2346( The)1 205(not page offset space.)3 864 3 720 2340 t +10 C f +(ce)4160 2340 w +10 R f +( effect of)2 359(. The)1 230 2 4280 2340 t +10 C f +(ll)4895 2340 w +10 R f +(,)5015 2340 w +10 C f +(in)720 2460 w +10 R f +(, or)1 134 1 840 2460 t +10 C f +(ti)1000 2460 w +10 R f +( fill mode the length)4 811( In)1 133( after that line is output.)5 955(is delayed, if a partially collected line exists, until)8 1995 4 1146 2460 t +( and)1 170( current line length)3 757( The)1 205(of text on an output line is less than or equal to the line length minus the indent.)17 3188 4 720 2580 t +( in registers)2 488(indent are available)2 805 2 720 2700 t +10 C f +(.l)2049 2700 w +10 R f +(and)2205 2700 w +10 C f +(.i)2385 2700 w +10 R f +( length of)2 405(respectively. The)1 723 2 2541 2700 t +10 I f +(three-part titles)1 636 1 3705 2700 t +10 R f +(produced by)1 507 1 4377 2700 t +10 C f +(tl)4920 2700 w +10 R f +($see \24714$ is independently set by)5 1312 1 720 2820 t +10 C f +(lt)2057 2820 w +10 R f +(.)2177 2820 w +10 C f +(.ll)720 2976 w +10 S f +(\261)925 2976 w +10 I f +(N)980 2976 w +10 R f +( E,)1 462( previous)1 845(6.5 in)1 219 3 1440 2976 t +10 B f +(m)2966 2976 w +10 R f +(Line length is set to)4 789 1 1296 3132 t +10 S f +(\261)2110 3132 w +10 I f +(N)2165 3132 w +10 R f +(.)2232 3132 w +10 C f +(.in)720 3288 w +10 S f +(\261)925 3288 w +10 I f +(N N)1 527 1 980 3288 t +10 S f +(=)1507 3288 w +10 R f +( B,E,)1 554(0 previous)1 934 2 1570 3288 t +10 B f +(m)3058 3288 w +10 R f +(Indent is set to)3 586 1 1296 3444 t +10 S f +(\261)1907 3444 w +10 I f +(N)1970 3444 w +10 R f +( indent is prepended to each output line.)7 1598(. The)1 230 2 2037 3444 t +10 C f +(.ti)720 3600 w +10 S f +(\261)925 3600 w +10 I f +(N)980 3600 w +10 R f +( B,E,)1 593(- ignored)1 1025 2 1440 3600 t +10 B f +(m)3058 3600 w +10 R f +( distance)1 360( next output text line will be indented a)8 1622( The)1 212(Temporary indent.)1 750 4 1296 3756 t +10 S f +(\261)4273 3756 w +10 I f +(N)4336 3756 w +10 R f +(with respect to)2 604 1 4436 3756 t +( current indent is not)4 843( The)1 209( be negative.)2 515( resulting total indent may not)5 1228( The)1 210(the current indent.)2 739 6 1296 3876 t +(changed.)1296 3996 w +10 B f +( Strings, Diversion, and Position Traps)5 1655(7. Macros,)1 471 2 720 4236 t +10 BI f +( and strings.)2 510(7.1. Macros)1 511 2 720 4392 t +10 R f +(A)1816 4392 w +10 I f +(macro)1913 4392 w +10 R f +(is a named set of arbitrary)5 1039 1 2193 4392 t +10 I f +(lines)3258 4392 w +10 R f +(that may be invoked by name or with a)8 1567 1 3473 4392 t +10 I f +(trap)720 4512 w +10 R f +(. A)1 152 1 887 4512 t +10 I f +(string)1069 4512 w +10 R f +(is a named string of)4 808 1 1333 4512 t +10 I f +(characters)2171 4512 w +10 R f +( interpolated)1 506(, not including a newline character, that may be)8 1936 2 2598 4512 t +( and string names)3 708( Macro)1 311( macro, and string names share the same name list.)9 2036( Request,)1 398(by name at any point.)4 867 5 720 4632 t +( one or two characters long and may usurp previously defined request, macro, or string names; this)16 4023(may be)1 297 2 720 4752 t +( of these entities may be renamed with)7 1560( Any)1 225( be $irrevocably$ redefined.)3 1099(implies that built-in operations may)4 1436 4 720 4872 t +10 C f +(rn)720 4992 w +10 R f +(or removed with)2 660 1 865 4992 t +10 C f +(rm)1550 4992 w +10 R f +(.)1670 4992 w +(Macros are created by)3 882 1 970 5148 t +10 C f +(de)1877 5148 w +10 R f +(and)2023 5148 w +10 C f +(di)2193 5148 w +10 R f +(, and appended to by)4 833 1 2313 5148 t +10 C f +(am)3172 5148 w +10 R f +(and)3318 5148 w +10 C f +(da)3488 5148 w +10 R f +(;)3608 5148 w +10 C f +(di)3662 5148 w +10 R f +(and)3808 5148 w +10 C f +(da)3978 5148 w +10 R f +(cause normal output to)3 916 1 4124 5148 t +( macro is invoked in the same way as a request; a control line beginning)14 2963( A)1 129(be stored in a macro.)4 862 3 720 5268 t +10 C f +(.)4705 5268 w +10 I f +(xx)4765 5268 w +10 R f +(will)4884 5268 w +(interpolate the contents of macro)4 1314 1 720 5388 t +10 I f +(xx)2059 5388 w +10 R f +( remainder of the line may contain up to nine)9 1800(. The)1 230 2 2147 5388 t +10 I f +(arguments)4202 5388 w +10 R f +(.)4624 5388 w +(Strings are created by)3 867 1 970 5544 t +10 C f +(ds)1862 5544 w +10 R f +(and appended to by)3 779 1 2007 5544 t +10 C f +(as)2811 5544 w +10 R f +( strings)1 293(. The)1 230 2 2931 5544 t +10 I f +(x)3480 5544 w +10 R f +(and)3550 5544 w +10 I f +(xx)3720 5544 w +10 R f +(are interpolated at any desired)4 1206 1 3834 5544 t +(point with)1 409 1 720 5664 t +10 C f +(\\)1154 5664 w +10 S f +(*)1214 5664 w +10 I f +(x)1264 5664 w +10 R f +(and)1333 5664 w +10 C f +(\\)1502 5664 w +10 S f +(*)1562 5664 w +10 C f +($)1612 5664 w +10 I f +(xx)1672 5664 w +10 R f +( references and macro invocations may be nested.)7 1983(respectively. String)1 802 2 1785 5664 t +10 BI f +( mode input interpretation.)3 1132(7.2. Copy)1 411 2 720 5820 t +10 R f +(During the definition and extension of strings and macros \(not by)10 2694 1 2346 5820 t +(diversion$ the input is read in)5 1174 1 720 5940 t +10 I f +(copy mode)1 429 1 1919 5940 t +10 R f +( copy mode, input is copied without interpretation except that:)9 2487(. In)1 158 2 2348 5940 t +6 S f +(\267)970 6086 w +10 R f +(The contents of number registers indicated by)6 1830 1 1023 6096 t +10 C f +(\\n)2878 6096 w +10 R f +(are interpolated.)1 648 1 3023 6096 t +6 S f +(\267)970 6206 w +10 R f +(Strings indicated by)2 800 1 1023 6216 t +10 C f +(\\)1848 6216 w +10 S f +(*)1908 6216 w +10 R f +(are interpolated.)1 648 1 1983 6216 t +6 S f +(\267)970 6326 w +10 R f +(Arguments indicated by)2 960 1 1023 6336 t +10 C f +(\\$)2008 6336 w +10 R f +(are interpolated.)1 648 1 2153 6336 t +6 S f +(\267)970 6446 w +10 R f +(Concealed newlines indicated by)3 1317 1 1023 6456 t +10 C f +(\\)2365 6456 w +10 I f +(newline)2425 6456 w +10 R f +(are eliminated.)1 593 1 2761 6456 t +6 S f +(\267)970 6566 w +10 R f +(Comments indicated by)2 950 1 1023 6576 t +10 C f +(\\")1998 6576 w +10 R f +(are eliminated.)1 593 1 2143 6576 t +6 S f +(\267)970 6686 w +10 C f +(\\t)1023 6696 w +10 R f +(and)1168 6696 w +10 C f +(\\a)1337 6696 w +10 R f +(are interpreted as)2 686 1 1482 6696 t +9 R f +(ASCII)2193 6696 w +10 R f +(horizontal tab and)2 721 1 2453 6696 t +9 R f +(SOH)3199 6696 w +10 R f +(respectively $\2479$.)1 698 1 3404 6696 t +6 S f +(\267)970 6806 w +10 C f +(\\\\)1023 6816 w +10 R f +(is interpreted as)2 632 1 1168 6816 t +10 C f +(\\)1825 6816 w +10 R f +(.)1885 6816 w +6 S f +(\267)970 6926 w +10 C f +(\\.)1023 6936 w +10 R f +(is interpreted as ``)3 723 1 1168 6936 t +10 C f +(.)1891 6936 w +10 R f +(''.)1951 6936 w +(These interpretations can be suppressed by prepending a)7 2260 1 720 7092 t +10 C f +(\\)3006 7092 w +10 R f +( example, since)2 620(. For)1 215 2 3066 7092 t +10 C f +(\\\\)3927 7092 w +10 R f +(maps into a)2 465 1 4073 7092 t +10 C f +(\\)4565 7092 w +10 R f +(,)4625 7092 w +10 C f +(\\\\n)4677 7092 w +10 R f +(will)4884 7092 w +(copy as)1 302 1 720 7212 t +10 C f +(\\n)1047 7212 w +10 R f +(, which will be interpreted as a number register indicator when the macro or string is reread.)16 3675 1 1167 7212 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 15 17 +%%Page: 16 18 +/saveobj save def +mark +18 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 16 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +10 BI f +(7.3. Arguments.)1 682 1 720 840 t +10 R f +( to)1 113(When a macro is invoked by name, the remainder of the line is taken to contain up)16 3441 2 1486 840 t +( the space character $not tab$, and arguments may be surrounded)10 2583( argument separator is)3 890( The)1 207(nine arguments.)1 640 4 720 960 t +( may be embedded in)4 942( of double quotes)3 754( Pairs)1 271(by double quotes to permit embedded space characters.)7 2353 4 720 1080 t +( argument)1 406( The)1 209( double-quote character.)2 974(double-quoted arguments to represent a single)5 1869 4 720 1200 t +10 CW f +("")4207 1200 w +10 R f +(is explicitly null.)2 684 1 4356 1200 t +( may be used to continue on the next line.)9 1710(If the desired arguments won't fit on a line, a concealed newline)11 2610 2 720 1320 t +(A trailing double quote may be omitted.)6 1602 1 720 1440 t +(When a macro is invoked the)5 1177 1 970 1596 t +10 I f +(input level)1 421 1 2174 1596 t +10 R f +(is)2622 1596 w +10 I f +(pushed down)1 527 1 2716 1596 t +10 R f +(and any arguments available at the previous)6 1770 1 3270 1596 t +( macro's)1 351( A)1 127( macro is completely read and the previous level is restored.)10 2448(level become unavailable until the)4 1394 4 720 1716 t +( macro with)2 503(own arguments can be interpolated at any point within the)9 2430 2 720 1836 t +10 CW f +(\\$)3691 1836 w +10 I f +(N)3811 1836 w +10 R f +(, which interpolates the)3 971 1 3878 1836 t +10 I f +(N)4887 1836 w +10 R f +(th)4962 1836 w +(argument $1)1 487 1 720 1956 t +10 S f +(\243)1207 1956 w +10 I f +(N)1262 1956 w +10 S f +(\243)1337 1956 w +10 R f +( example, the macro)3 815( For)1 191( an invoked argument does not exist, a null string results.)10 2302(9$. If)1 226 4 1392 1956 t +10 I f +(xx)4952 1956 w +10 R f +(may be defined by)3 740 1 720 2076 t +9 CW f +( begin definition)2 918( \\")1 324(.de xx)1 324 3 1008 2246 t +(Today is \\\\$1 the \\\\$2.)4 1242 1 1008 2356 t +( end definition)2 810(.. \\")1 648 2 1008 2466 t +10 R f +(and called by)2 532 1 720 2646 t +9 CW f +(.xx Monday 14th)2 810 1 1008 2816 t +10 R f +(to produce the text)3 746 1 720 2996 t +9 CW f +(Today is Monday the 14th.)4 1350 1 1008 3166 t +10 R f +(Note that each)2 584 1 720 3346 t +10 C f +(\\$)1333 3346 w +10 R f +(was concealed in the definition with a prepended)7 1982 1 1482 3346 t +10 C f +(\\)3494 3346 w +10 R f +( number of arguments is in the)6 1251(. The)1 235 2 3554 3346 t +10 C f +(.$)720 3466 w +10 R f +(register.)865 3466 w +( the top $non-macro$ level, within a string, or within a trap-invoked)11 2831(No arguments are available at)4 1239 2 970 3622 t +(macro.)720 3742 w +( is advis-)2 373( It)1 117( for reference.)2 572(Arguments are copied in copy mode onto a stack where they are available)12 3008 4 970 3898 t +(able to conceal string references $with an extra)7 1863 1 720 4018 t +10 C f +(\$2608 4018 w +10 R f +(\) to delay interpolation until argument reference time.)7 2146 1 2684 4018 t +10 BI f +(7.4. Diversions.)1 664 1 720 4174 t +10 R f +( for purposes such as footnote processing)6 1677(Processed output may be diverted into a macro)7 1900 2 1463 4174 t +( changing of)2 509($see Tutorial \247T5$ or determining the horizontal and vertical size of some text for conditional)14 3811 2 720 4294 t +( registers)1 366( number)1 332( The)1 207( single diversion trap may be set at a specified vertical position.)11 2563( A)1 124(pages or columns.)2 728 6 720 4414 t +10 C f +(dn)720 4534 w +10 R f +(and)871 4534 w +10 C f +(dl)1046 4534 w +10 R f +( Pro-)1 227(respectively contain the vertical and horizontal size of the most recently ended diversion.)12 3617 2 1196 4534 t +( of each of its lines when reread in)8 1454(cessed text that is diverted into a macro retains the vertical size)11 2619 2 720 4654 t +10 I f +(nofill)4828 4654 w +10 R f +(mode regardless of the current)4 1257 1 720 4774 t +10 I f +(V)2013 4774 w +10 R f +( $)1 69(. Constant-spaced)1 746 2 2074 4774 t +10 C f +(cs)2889 4774 w +10 R f +($ or emboldened $)3 742 1 3009 4774 t +10 C f +(bd)3751 4774 w +10 R f +($ text that is diverted can be)6 1169 1 3871 4774 t +( way to do this is to)6 862( One)1 229( still in effect at reread time.)6 1206(reread correctly only if these modes are again or)8 2023 4 720 4894 t +( appropriate)1 492(embed in the diversion the)4 1116 2 720 5014 t +10 C f +(cs)2366 5014 w +10 R f +(or)2524 5014 w +10 C f +(bd)2645 5014 w +10 R f +(requests with the)2 703 1 2803 5014 t +10 I f +(transparent)3544 5014 w +10 R f +(mechanism described in)2 991 1 4049 5014 t +(\24710.6.)720 5134 w +( and certain parameters and registers are associated with the current diver-)11 3026(Diversions may be nested)3 1044 2 970 5290 t +( are the diver-)3 574( These)1 294( level\).)1 283(sion level $the top non-diversion level may be thought of as the 0th diversion)13 3169 4 720 5410 t +( mode, the internally-saved marked place \(see)6 1837(sion trap and associated macro, no-space)5 1629 2 720 5530 t +10 C f +(mk)4212 5530 w +10 R f +(and)4358 5530 w +10 C f +(rt)4528 5530 w +10 R f +($, the cur-)2 392 1 4648 5530 t +(rent vertical place $)3 778 1 720 5650 t +10 C f +(.d)1498 5650 w +10 R f +(register$, the current high-water text baseline $)6 1865 1 1645 5650 t +10 C f +(.h)3510 5650 w +10 R f +( current diversion)2 706(register$, and the)2 677 2 3657 5650 t +(name $)1 274 1 720 5770 t +10 C f +(.z)994 5770 w +10 R f +(register$.)1139 5770 w +10 BI f +(7.5. Traps.)1 464 1 720 5926 t +10 R f +( are available\320page traps, a diversion trap, and an input-line-)9 2496(Three types of trap mechanisms)4 1283 2 1261 5926 t +( traps may be planted using)5 1131( Macro-invocation)1 772(count trap.)1 434 3 720 6046 t +10 C f +(wh)3089 6046 w +10 R f +( This)1 234(at any page position including the top.)6 1566 2 3240 6046 t +(trap position may be changed using)5 1448 1 720 6166 t +10 C f +(ch)2199 6166 w +10 R f +( of the page have no effect)6 1099( positions at or below the bottom)6 1353(. Trap)1 269 3 2319 6166 t +( traps)1 229( Two)1 243( length.)1 310(unless or until moved to within the page or rendered effective by an increase in page)15 3538 4 720 6286 t +( different positions and then moving one)6 1651(may be planted at the same position only by first planting them at)12 2669 2 720 6406 t +( is moved $see Tuto-)4 833(of the traps; the first planted trap will conceal the second unless and until the first one)16 3487 2 720 6526 t +( macro associated with)3 915( The)1 206( the first one is moved back, it again conceals the second trap.)12 2473( If)1 116(rial Examples$.)1 610 5 720 6646 t +( trap is automatically invoked when a line of text is output whose vertical size reaches or sweeps past)18 4061(a page)1 259 2 720 6766 t +( the top-of-page trap, if any, provided there is a)9 1977( the bottom of a page springs)6 1214( Reaching)1 436(the trap position.)2 693 4 720 6886 t +( distance to the next trap position is available in the)10 2244( The)1 224(next page.)1 429 3 720 7006 t +10 C f +(.t)3660 7006 w +10 R f +(register; if there are no traps)5 1217 1 3823 7006 t +( the bottom of the page, the distance returned is the distance to the page)14 2985(between the current position and)4 1335 2 720 7126 t +(bottom.)720 7246 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 16 18 +%%Page: 17 19 +/saveobj save def +mark +19 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 17 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +( the current diversion may be planted using)7 1749(A macro-invocation trap effective in)4 1465 2 970 840 t +10 C f +(dt)4212 840 w +10 R f +(. The)1 233 1 4332 840 t +10 C f +(.t)4593 840 w +10 R f +(register)4741 840 w +( a description of input-)4 926( For)1 193( a large distance is returned.)5 1139(works in a diversion; if there is no subsequent trap)9 2062 4 720 960 t +(line-count traps, see)2 801 1 720 1080 t +10 C f +(it)1546 1080 w +10 R f +(below.)1691 1080 w +10 C f +(.de)720 1236 w +10 I f +(xx yy)1 201 1 925 1236 t +10 R f +(-)1440 1236 w +10 I f +(.yy=)2160 1236 w +10 C f +(..)2341 1236 w +10 R f +(-)2880 1236 w +(Define or redefine the macro)4 1203 1 1296 1392 t +10 I f +(xx)2537 1392 w +10 R f +( the macro begin on the next input line.)8 1680( contents of)2 492(. The)1 243 3 2625 1392 t +(Input lines are copied in)4 969 1 1296 1512 t +10 I f +(copy mode)1 430 1 2291 1512 t +10 R f +( beginning with)2 628(until the definition is terminated by a line)7 1665 2 2747 1512 t +10 C f +(.)1296 1632 w +10 I f +(yy)1356 1632 w +10 R f +(, whereupon the macro)3 917 1 1444 1632 t +10 I f +(yy)2387 1632 w +10 R f +( the absence of)3 598( In)1 134(is called.)1 356 3 2501 1632 t +10 I f +(yy)3616 1632 w +10 R f +(, the definition is terminated by a)6 1336 1 3704 1632 t +(line beginning with ``)3 875 1 1296 1752 t +10 C f +(..)2171 1752 w +10 R f +( may contain)2 518( macro)1 276(''. A)1 215 3 2291 1752 t +10 C f +(de)3326 1752 w +10 R f +(requests provided the terminating mac-)4 1568 1 3472 1752 t +( ``)1 131(ros differ or the contained definition terminator is concealed.)8 2551 2 1296 1872 t +10 C f +(..)3978 1872 w +10 R f +( be concealed as)3 698('' can)1 244 2 4098 1872 t +10 C f +(\\\\..)1296 1992 w +10 R f +(which will copy as)3 752 1 1561 1992 t +10 C f +(\\..)2338 1992 w +10 R f +(and be reread as ``)4 735 1 2543 1992 t +10 C f +(..)3278 1992 w +10 R f +(''.)3398 1992 w +10 C f +(.am)720 2148 w +10 I f +(xx yy)1 201 1 925 2148 t +10 R f +(-)1440 2148 w +10 I f +(.yy=)2160 2148 w +10 C f +(..)2341 2148 w +10 R f +(-)2880 2148 w +(Append to macro)2 693 1 1296 2304 t +10 I f +(xx)2014 2304 w +10 R f +($append version of)2 748 1 2127 2304 t +10 C f +(de)2900 2304 w +10 R f +($.)3020 2304 w +10 C f +(.ds)720 2460 w +10 I f +(xx string)1 347 1 925 2460 t +10 R f +( -)1 448(- ignored)1 1025 2 1440 2460 t +(Define a string)2 599 1 1296 2616 t +10 I f +(xx)1923 2616 w +10 R f +(containing)2039 2616 w +10 I f +(string)2489 2616 w +10 R f +( initial double quote in)4 918(. Any)1 250 2 2723 2616 t +10 I f +(string)3919 2616 w +10 R f +(is stripped off to per-)4 859 1 4181 2616 t +(mit initial blanks.)2 704 1 1296 2736 t +10 C f +(.as)720 2892 w +10 I f +(xx string)1 347 1 925 2892 t +10 R f +( -)1 448(- ignored)1 1025 2 1440 2892 t +(Append)1296 3048 w +10 I f +(string)1637 3048 w +10 R f +(to string)1 331 1 1896 3048 t +10 I f +(xx)2252 3048 w +10 R f +($append version of)2 748 1 2365 3048 t +10 C f +(ds)3138 3048 w +10 R f +($.)3258 3048 w +10 C f +(.rm)720 3204 w +10 I f +(xx)925 3204 w +10 R f +( -)1 448(- ignored)1 1025 2 1440 3204 t +( name)1 259( The)1 223(Remove request, macro, or string.)4 1428 3 1296 3360 t +10 I f +(xx)3249 3360 w +10 R f +(is removed from the name list and any)7 1660 1 3380 3360 t +( many macros)2 582( If)1 127( references will have no effect.)5 1288( Subsequent)1 523(related storage space is freed.)4 1224 5 1296 3480 t +(and strings are being created dynamically, it may become necessary to remove unused ones)13 3744 1 1296 3600 t +(to recapture internal storage space for newer registers.)7 2159 1 1296 3720 t +10 C f +(.rn)720 3876 w +10 I f +(xx yy)1 201 1 925 3876 t +10 R f +( -)1 448(- ignored)1 1025 2 1440 3876 t +(Rename request, macro, or string)4 1325 1 1296 4032 t +10 I f +(xx)2646 4032 w +10 R f +(to)2759 4032 w +10 I f +(yy)2862 4032 w +10 R f +(. If)1 141 1 2950 4032 t +10 I f +(yy)3116 4032 w +10 R f +(exists, it is first removed.)4 1011 1 3229 4032 t +10 C f +(.di)720 4188 w +10 I f +(xx)925 4188 w +10 R f +( D)1 648(- end)1 864 2 1440 4188 t +(Divert output to macro)3 928 1 1296 4344 t +10 I f +(xx)2254 4344 w +10 R f +( during diversion except that page)5 1386( text processing occurs)3 927(. Normal)1 385 3 2342 4344 t +( diversion ends when the request)5 1316( The)1 207(offsetting is not done.)3 878 3 1296 4464 t +10 C f +(di)3724 4464 w +10 R f +(or)3871 4464 w +10 C f +(da)3981 4464 w +10 R f +(is encountered without)2 912 1 4128 4464 t +( should not appear when nested diversions are)7 1894(an argument; extraneous requests of this type)6 1850 2 1296 4584 t +(being used.)1 455 1 1296 4704 t +10 C f +(.da)720 4860 w +10 I f +(xx)960 4860 w +10 R f +( D)1 648(- end)1 864 2 1440 4860 t +(Divert, appending to macro)3 1098 1 1296 5016 t +10 I f +(xx)2419 5016 w +10 R f +($append version of)2 748 1 2532 5016 t +10 C f +(di)3305 5016 w +10 R f +($.)3425 5016 w +10 C f +(.wh)720 5172 w +10 I f +(N xx)1 180 1 925 5172 t +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 1440 5172 t +10 B f +(v)2880 5172 w +10 R f +(Install a trap to invoke)4 927 1 1296 5328 t +10 I f +(xx)2255 5328 w +10 R f +(at page position)2 649 1 2376 5328 t +10 I f +(N)3058 5328 w +10 R f +(; a negative N will be interpreted as a distance)9 1915 1 3125 5328 t +( macro previously planted at)4 1145( Any)1 224(from the page bottom.)3 894 3 1296 5448 t +10 I f +(N)3586 5448 w +10 R f +(is replaced by)2 556 1 3680 5448 t +10 I f +(xx)4262 5448 w +10 R f +( zero)1 197(. A)1 148 2 4350 5448 t +10 I f +(N)4721 5448 w +10 R f +(refers)4814 5448 w +( the absence of)3 595( In)1 133(to the top of a page.)5 793 3 1296 5568 t +10 I f +(xx)2842 5568 w +10 R f +(, the first trap found at)5 893 1 2930 5568 t +10 I f +(N)3848 5568 w +10 R f +(, if any, is removed.)4 796 1 3915 5568 t +10 C f +(.ch)720 5724 w +10 I f +(xx N)1 180 1 925 5724 t +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 1440 5724 t +10 B f +(v)2880 5724 w +10 R f +(Change the trap position for macro)5 1480 1 1296 5880 t +10 I f +(xx)2818 5880 w +10 R f +(to be)1 214 1 2948 5880 t +10 I f +(N)3204 5880 w +10 R f +( the absence of)3 646(. In)1 175 2 3271 5880 t +10 I f +(N)4134 5880 w +10 R f +(, the trap, if any, is)5 839 1 4201 5880 t +(removed.)1296 6000 w +10 C f +(.dt)720 6156 w +10 I f +(N xx)1 180 1 925 6156 t +10 R f +( D,)1 701(- off)1 836 2 1440 6156 t +10 B f +(v)2977 6156 w +10 R f +(Install a diversion trap at position)5 1341 1 1296 6312 t +10 I f +(N)2663 6312 w +10 R f +(in the)1 226 1 2756 6312 t +10 I f +(current)3008 6312 w +10 R f +(diversion to invoke macro)3 1049 1 3328 6312 t +10 I f +(xx)4403 6312 w +10 R f +(. Another)1 403 1 4491 6312 t +10 C f +(dt)4920 6312 w +10 R f +( no arguments are given, the diversion trap is removed.)9 2199( If)1 116(will redefine the diversion trap.)4 1256 3 1296 6432 t +10 C f +(.it)720 6588 w +10 I f +(N xx)1 180 1 925 6588 t +10 R f +( E)1 665(- off)1 836 2 1440 6588 t +(Set an input-line-count trap to invoke the macro)7 1945 1 1296 6744 t +10 I f +(xx)3270 6744 w +10 R f +(after)3387 6744 w +10 I f +(N)3598 6744 w +10 R f +(lines of)1 301 1 3694 6744 t +10 I f +(text)4024 6744 w +10 R f +(input have been read)3 843 1 4197 6744 t +( text may be inline text or text interpolated by)9 1928( The)1 216($control or request lines do not count$.)6 1600 3 1296 6864 t +(inline or trap-invoked macros.)3 1209 1 1296 6984 t +10 C f +(.em)720 7140 w +10 I f +(xx)925 7140 w +10 R f +(none none -)2 1473 1 1440 7140 t +(The macro)1 448 1 1296 7296 t +10 I f +(xx)1788 7296 w +10 R f +( effect is almost as if the)6 1096( The)1 225( ended.)1 308(will be invoked when all input has)6 1491 4 1920 7296 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 17 19 +%%Page: 18 20 +/saveobj save def +mark +20 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 18 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +(contents of)1 448 1 1296 840 t +10 I f +(xx)1776 840 w +10 R f +( processing ceases at the)4 999(had been at the end of the last file processed, but all)11 2145 2 1896 840 t +(next page eject.)2 623 1 1296 960 t +10 B f +( Registers)1 418(8. Number)1 480 2 720 1200 t +10 R f +( user as predefined)3 762(A variety of parameters are available to the)7 1746 2 970 1356 t +10 I f +(number registers)1 684 1 3507 1356 t +10 R f +($see Summary, page)2 820 1 4220 1356 t +( names are one or two characters long and do)9 1812( Register)1 384( may define their own registers.)5 1269( addition, users)2 612(0$. In)1 243 5 720 1476 t +( for certain predefined read-only registers, a num-)7 2009( Except)1 330( or string names.)3 675(not conflict with request, macro,)4 1306 4 720 1596 t +( or decremented, and interpolated into the input)7 1918(ber register can be read, written, automatically incremented)7 2402 2 720 1716 t +( to automatically number sections,)4 1430( common use of user-defined registers is)6 1697( One)1 229(in a variety of formats.)4 964 4 720 1836 t +( or desired and)3 599( number register may be used any time numerical input is expected)11 2720( A)1 126(paragraphs, lines, etc.)2 875 4 720 1956 t +(may be used in numerical)4 1026 1 720 2076 t +10 I f +(expressions)1771 2076 w +10 R f +($\2471.4$.)2262 2076 w +( created and modified using)4 1121(Number registers are)2 840 2 970 2232 t +10 C f +(nr)2959 2232 w +10 R f +(, which specifies the name, numerical value, and)7 1961 1 3079 2232 t +( If)1 126( are also modified, if accessed with an auto-incrementing sequence.)9 2786( Registers)1 432(the auto-increment size.)2 976 4 720 2352 t +(the registers)1 492 1 720 2472 t +10 I f +(x)1244 2472 w +10 R f +(and)1320 2472 w +10 I f +(xx)1496 2472 w +10 R f +(both contain)1 504 1 1616 2472 t +10 I f +(N)2153 2472 w +10 R f +(and have the auto-increment size)4 1345 1 2253 2472 t +10 I f +(M)3631 2472 w +10 R f +(, the following access sequences)4 1326 1 3714 2472 t +(have the effect shown:)3 900 1 720 2592 t +10 S f +(_ ________________________________________)1 2019 1 1870 2672 t +10 R f +( Value)1 704(Effect on)1 368 2 2645 2792 t +(Sequence Register Interpolated)2 1919 1 1920 2912 t +10 S f +(_ ________________________________________)1 2019 1 1870 2932 t +10 C f +(\\n)1920 3052 w +10 I f +(x)2040 3052 w +10 R f +(none)2732 3052 w +10 I f +(N)3564 3052 w +10 C f +(\\n\()1920 3172 w +10 I f +(xx)2100 3172 w +10 R f +(none)2732 3172 w +10 I f +(N)3564 3172 w +10 C f +(\\n+)1920 3292 w +10 I f +(x x)1 346 1 2100 3292 t +10 R f +(incremented by)1 618 1 2471 3292 t +10 I f +(M N+M)1 593 1 3114 3292 t +10 C f +(\\n\261)1920 3412 w +10 I f +(x x)1 346 1 2100 3412 t +10 R f +(decremented by)1 634 1 2471 3412 t +10 I f +(M N\261M)1 568 1 3130 3412 t +10 C f +(\\n+\()1920 3532 w +10 I f +(xx xx)1 330 1 2160 3532 t +10 R f +(incremented by)1 618 1 2515 3532 t +10 I f +(M N+M)1 549 1 3158 3532 t +10 C f +(\\n\261$)1920 3652 w +10 I f +(xx xx)1 330 1 2160 3652 t +10 R f +(decremented by)1 634 1 2515 3652 t +10 I f +(M N\261M)1 524 1 3174 3652 t +10 S f +( \347)1 -2019(_ ________________________________________)1 2019 2 1870 3672 t +(\347)1870 3572 w +(\347)1870 3472 w +(\347)1870 3372 w +(\347)1870 3272 w +(\347)1870 3172 w +(\347)1870 3072 w +(\347)1870 2972 w +(\347)1870 2872 w +(\347)1870 2772 w +(\347)2352 3672 w +(\347)2352 3572 w +(\347)2352 3472 w +(\347)2352 3372 w +(\347)2352 3272 w +(\347)2352 3172 w +(\347)2352 3072 w +(\347)2352 2972 w +(\347)2352 2872 w +(\347)2352 2772 w +(\347)3307 3672 w +(\347)3307 3572 w +(\347)3307 3472 w +(\347)3307 3372 w +(\347)3307 3272 w +(\347)3307 3172 w +(\347)3307 3072 w +(\347)3307 2972 w +(\347)3307 2872 w +(\347)3307 2772 w +(\347)3889 3672 w +(\347)3889 3572 w +(\347)3889 3472 w +(\347)3889 3372 w +(\347)3889 3272 w +(\347)3889 3172 w +(\347)3889 3072 w +(\347)3889 2972 w +(\347)3889 2872 w +(\347)3889 2772 w +10 R f +( decimal \(default$, decimal with leading zeros, lower-)7 2184(When interpolated, a number register is converted to)7 2136 2 720 3852 t +(case Roman, upper-case Roman, lower-case sequential alphabetic, or upper-case sequential alphabetic)10 4320 1 720 3972 t +(according to the format specified by)5 1444 1 720 4092 t +10 C f +(af)2189 4092 w +10 R f +(.)2309 4092 w +10 C f +(.nr)720 4248 w +10 I f +(R)925 4248 w +10 S f +(\261)1011 4248 w +10 I f +(N M)1 175 1 1066 4248 t +10 R f +(-)2160 4248 w +10 B f +(u)2880 4248 w +10 R f +(The number register)2 829 1 1296 4404 t +10 I f +(R)2160 4404 w +10 R f +( value)1 252(is assigned the)2 603 2 2256 4404 t +10 S f +(\261)3147 4404 w +10 I f +(N)3210 4404 w +10 R f +(with respect to the previous value, if any.)7 1727 1 3313 4404 t +(The increment for auto-incrementing is set to)6 1808 1 1296 4524 t +10 I f +(M)3129 4524 w +10 R f +(.)3212 4524 w +10 C f +(.af)720 4680 w +10 I f +(R c)1 130 1 925 4680 t +10 R f +( -)1 720(arabic -)1 753 2 1440 4680 t +(Assign format)1 569 1 1296 4836 t +10 I f +(c)1890 4836 w +10 R f +(to register)1 402 1 1959 4836 t +10 I f +(R)2386 4836 w +10 R f +( available formats are:)3 889(. The)1 230 2 2447 4836 t +10 S f +(_ ____________________________________________)1 2202 1 2067 4916 t +10 R f +(Numbering)3135 5036 w +(Format Sequence)1 1436 1 2117 5156 t +10 S f +(_ ____________________________________________)1 2202 1 2067 5176 t +10 C f +(1)2231 5296 w +10 R f +(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...)6 675 1 2506 5296 t +10 C f +(001)2171 5416 w +10 R f +(000, 001, 002, 003, 004, 005, ...)6 1275 1 2506 5416 t +10 C f +(i)2231 5536 w +10 R f +(0, i, ii, iii, iv, v, ...)6 721 1 2506 5536 t +10 C f +(I)2231 5656 w +10 R f +(0, I, II, III, IV, V, ...)6 800 1 2506 5656 t +10 C f +(a)2231 5776 w +10 R f +(0, a, b, c, ..., z, aa, ab, ..., zz, aaa, ...)11 1409 1 2506 5776 t +10 C f +(A)2231 5896 w +10 R f +(0, A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ..., ZZ, AAA, ...)11 1713 1 2506 5896 t +10 S f +( \347)1 -2202(_ ____________________________________________)1 2202 2 2067 5916 t +(\347)2067 5816 w +(\347)2067 5716 w +(\347)2067 5616 w +(\347)2067 5516 w +(\347)2067 5416 w +(\347)2067 5316 w +(\347)2067 5216 w +(\347)2067 5116 w +(\347)2067 5016 w +(\347)2456 5916 w +(\347)2456 5816 w +(\347)2456 5716 w +(\347)2456 5616 w +(\347)2456 5516 w +(\347)2456 5416 w +(\347)2456 5316 w +(\347)2456 5216 w +(\347)2456 5116 w +(\347)2456 5016 w +(\347)4269 5916 w +(\347)4269 5816 w +(\347)4269 5716 w +(\347)4269 5616 w +(\347)4269 5516 w +(\347)4269 5416 w +(\347)4269 5316 w +(\347)4269 5216 w +(\347)4269 5116 w +(\347)4269 5016 w +10 R f +(An arabic format having)3 990 1 1296 6096 t +10 I f +(N)2316 6096 w +10 R f +(digits specifies a field width of)5 1260 1 2413 6096 t +10 I f +(N)3703 6096 w +10 R f +( The)1 210(digits $example 2 above$.)3 1030 2 3800 6096 t +( width function)2 619(read-only registers and the)3 1076 2 1296 6216 t +10 CW f +(\\w)3020 6216 w +10 R f +( the value)2 396( Warning:)1 431($\24711.2$ are always arabic.)3 1044 3 3169 6216 t +( non-arabic format is not numeric, and will not produce the expected)11 2761(of a number register in a)5 983 2 1296 6336 t +(results in expressions.)2 880 1 1296 6456 t +(The function)1 514 1 1296 6612 t +10 CW f +(\\g)1836 6612 w +10 I f +(x)1956 6612 w +10 R f +(or)2026 6612 w +10 CW f +(\\g\()2135 6612 w +10 I f +(xx)2315 6612 w +10 R f +(returns the format of a number register in a form suitable for)11 2436 1 2429 6612 t +10 CW f +(af)4892 6612 w +10 R f +(;)5012 6612 w +(it returns nothing if the register has not been used.)9 2003 1 1296 6732 t +10 C f +(.rr)720 6888 w +10 I f +(R)925 6888 w +10 R f +( -)1 448(- ignored)1 1025 2 1440 6888 t +(Remove number register)2 995 1 1296 7044 t +10 I f +(R)2320 7044 w +10 R f +( being created dynamically, it may become)6 1746( many registers are)3 768(. If)1 145 3 2381 7044 t +( registers to recapture internal storage space for newer registers.)9 2601(necessary to remove unused)3 1143 2 1296 7164 t +(The register)1 479 1 1296 7284 t +10 CW f +(.R)1800 7284 w +10 R f +(contains the number of number registers still available.)7 2197 1 1945 7284 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 18 20 +%%Page: 19 21 +/saveobj save def +mark +21 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 19 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +10 B f +( Leaders, and Fields)3 862(9. Tabs,)1 362 2 720 840 t +10 BI f +( and leaders.)2 531(9.1. Tabs)1 400 2 720 996 t +10 R f +(The)1729 996 w +9 R f +(ASCII)1912 996 w +10 R f +( the)1 151(horizontal tab character and)3 1119 2 2175 996 t +9 R f +(ASCII SOH)1 442 1 3474 996 t +10 R f +($control-A, hereafter called)2 1095 1 3945 996 t +(the)720 1116 w +10 I f +(leader)875 1116 w +10 R f +( or a string of repeated charac-)6 1259(character$ can both be used to generate either horizontal motion)9 2618 2 1163 1116 t +( length of the generated entity is governed by internal)9 2183(ters. The)1 379 2 720 1236 t +10 I f +(tab stops)1 364 1 3312 1236 t +10 R f +(specifiable with)1 640 1 3706 1236 t +10 C f +(ta)4376 1236 w +10 R f +( default)1 308(. The)1 236 2 4496 1236 t +(difference is that tabs generate motion and leaders generate a string of periods;)12 3190 1 720 1356 t +10 C f +(tc)3939 1356 w +10 R f +(and)4088 1356 w +10 C f +(lc)4261 1356 w +10 R f +(offer the choice)2 631 1 4409 1356 t +( are three types of internal tab stops\320)7 1550( There)1 286( or motion.)2 450(of repeated character)2 840 4 720 1476 t +10 I f +(left)3846 1476 w +10 R f +(adjusting,)4003 1476 w +10 I f +(right)4424 1476 w +10 R f +(adjusting,)4648 1476 w +(and)720 1596 w +10 I f +(centering)892 1596 w +10 R f +( the following table,)3 814(. In)1 161 2 1269 1596 t +10 I f +(D)2272 1596 w +10 R f +(is the distance from the current position on the)8 1883 1 2372 1596 t +10 I f +(input)4283 1596 w +10 R f +(line $where a)2 524 1 4516 1596 t +( stop,)1 224(tab or leader was found$ to the next tab)8 1611 2 720 1716 t +10 I f +(next-string)2587 1716 w +10 R f +(consists of the input characters following the tab)7 1988 1 3052 1716 t +($or leader$ up to the next tab $or leader$ or end of line, and)13 2332 1 720 1836 t +10 I f +(W)3077 1836 w +10 R f +(is the width of)3 575 1 3185 1836 t +10 I f +(next-string)3785 1836 w +10 R f +(.)4218 1836 w +10 S f +(_ __________________________________________________)1 2541 1 1609 1916 t +10 R f +( of)1 108( Location)1 760( of motion or)3 525(Tab Length)1 641 4 1761 2036 t +( characters)1 428(type repeated)1 724 2 1753 2156 t +10 I f +(next-string)3347 2156 w +10 S f +(_ __________________________________________________)1 2541 1 1609 2176 t +10 R f +(Left)1756 2296 w +10 I f +(D)2487 2296 w +10 R f +(Following)3027 2296 w +10 I f +(D)3464 2296 w +10 R f +(Right)1727 2416 w +10 I f +(D\261W)2420 2416 w +10 R f +(Right adjusted within)2 862 1 3027 2416 t +10 I f +(D)3914 2416 w +10 R f +(Centered)1659 2536 w +10 I f +(D\261W/)2381 2536 w +10 R f +( on right end of)4 616(2 Centered)1 773 2 2614 2536 t +10 I f +(D)4028 2536 w +10 S f +( \347)1 -2541(_ __________________________________________________)1 2541 2 1609 2556 t +(\347)1609 2516 w +(\347)1609 2416 w +(\347)1609 2316 w +(\347)1609 2216 w +(\347)1609 2116 w +(\347)1609 2016 w +(\347)2069 2556 w +(\347)2069 2516 w +(\347)2069 2416 w +(\347)2069 2316 w +(\347)2069 2216 w +(\347)2069 2116 w +(\347)2069 2016 w +(\347)2977 2556 w +(\347)2977 2516 w +(\347)2977 2416 w +(\347)2977 2316 w +(\347)2977 2216 w +(\347)2977 2116 w +(\347)2977 2016 w +(\347)4150 2556 w +(\347)4150 2516 w +(\347)4150 2416 w +(\347)4150 2316 w +(\347)4150 2216 w +(\347)4150 2116 w +(\347)4150 2016 w +10 R f +( cannot be.)2 445(The length of generated motion is allowed to be negative, but that of a repeated character string)16 3875 2 720 2736 t +( integer number of characters, and any residual distance is prepended)10 2806(Repeated character strings contain an)4 1514 2 720 2856 t +( as)1 110( or leaders found after the last tab stop are ignored, but may be used)14 2722( Tabs)1 245(as motion.)1 418 4 720 2976 t +10 I f +(next-string)4242 2976 w +10 R f +(termina-)4702 2976 w +(tors.)720 3096 w +( are not interpreted in copy mode.)6 1368(Tabs and leaders)2 674 2 970 3252 t +10 C f +(\\t)3065 3252 w +10 R f +(and)3213 3252 w +10 C f +(\\a)3385 3252 w +10 R f +(always generate a non-interpreted tab)4 1507 1 3533 3252 t +(and leader respectively, and are equivalent to actual tabs and leaders in copy mode.)13 3322 1 720 3372 t +10 BI f +(9.2. Fields.)1 481 1 720 3528 t +10 R f +(A)1285 3528 w +10 I f +(field)1391 3528 w +10 R f +( a pair of)3 387(is contained between)2 855 2 1603 3528 t +10 I f +(field delimiter)1 574 1 2880 3528 t +10 R f +(characters, and consists of sub-strings)4 1551 1 3489 3528 t +(separated by)1 506 1 720 3648 t +10 I f +(padding)1256 3648 w +10 R f +( field length is the distance on the)7 1381( The)1 210(indicator characters.)1 813 3 1614 3648 t +10 I f +(input)4048 3648 w +10 R f +(line from the posi-)3 756 1 4284 3648 t +( length of all the sub-)5 922( difference between the total)4 1187( The)1 218(tion where the field begins to the next tab stop.)9 1993 4 720 3768 t +( is divided among the indicated)5 1272(strings and the field length is incorporated as horizontal padding space that)11 3048 2 720 3888 t +( example, if the field delimiter is)6 1337( For)1 194( incorporated padding is allowed to be negative.)7 1954( The)1 210(padding places.)1 625 5 720 4008 t +10 C f +(#)720 4128 w +10 R f +(and the padding indicator is)4 1114 1 806 4128 t +10 C f +(\303)1946 4128 w +10 R f +(,)2006 4128 w +10 C f +(#\303)2057 4128 w +10 I f +(xxx)2177 4128 w +10 C f +(\303)2309 4128 w +10 I f +(right)2369 4128 w +10 C f +(#)2580 4128 w +10 R f +( right-adjusted string with the string)5 1436(specifies a)1 419 2 2666 4128 t +10 I f +(xxx)4546 4128 w +10 R f +(centered)4703 4128 w +(in the remaining space.)3 926 1 720 4248 t +10 C f +(.ta)720 4404 w +10 I f +(Nt ...)1 195 1 925 4404 t +10 R f +( E,)1 612( none)1 533(0.8; 0.5in)1 381 3 1440 4404 t +10 B f +(m)2966 4404 w +10 R f +(Set tab stops and types.)4 972 1 1296 4560 t +10 I f +(t=)2327 4560 w +10 C f +(R)2423 4560 w +10 R f +(, right adjusting;)2 677 1 2483 4560 t +10 I f +(t=)3194 4560 w +10 C f +(C)3290 4560 w +10 R f +(, centering;)1 458 1 3350 4560 t +10 I f +(t)3842 4560 w +10 R f +(absent, left adjusting.)2 875 1 3904 4560 t +10 I f +(Troff)4839 4560 w +10 R f +(tab stops are preset every 0.5in.,)5 1316 1 1296 4680 t +10 I f +(nroff)2642 4680 w +10 R f +( stop values are separated by spaces,)6 1484( The)1 210(every 0.8in.)1 479 3 2867 4680 t +(and a value preceded by)4 963 1 1296 4800 t +10 C f +(+)2284 4800 w +10 R f +(is treated as an increment to the previous stop value.)9 2091 1 2369 4800 t +10 C f +(.tc)720 4956 w +10 I f +(c)925 4956 w +10 R f +(none none E)2 1501 1 1440 4956 t +(The tab repetition character becomes)4 1473 1 1296 5112 t +10 I f +(c)2794 5112 w +10 R f +(, or is removed, thus specifying motion.)6 1591 1 2838 5112 t +10 C f +(.lc)720 5268 w +10 I f +(c)925 5268 w +10 C f +(.)1440 5268 w +10 R f +(none E)1 781 1 2160 5268 t +(The leader repetition character becomes)4 1594 1 1296 5424 t +10 I f +(c)2915 5424 w +10 R f +(, or is removed, thus specifying motion.)6 1591 1 2959 5424 t +10 C f +(.fc)720 5580 w +10 I f +(a b)1 125 1 925 5580 t +10 R f +(off off -)2 1473 1 1440 5580 t +(The field delimiter is set to)5 1125 1 1296 5736 t +10 I f +(a)2455 5736 w +10 R f +( space character or to)4 886(; the padding indicator is set to the)7 1443 2 2505 5736 t +10 I f +(b)4869 5736 w +10 R f +(, if)1 121 1 4919 5736 t +( the absence of arguments the field mechanism is turned off.)10 2409(given. In)1 380 2 1296 5856 t +10 B f +( and Output Conventions and Character Translations)6 2297(10. Input)1 415 2 720 6096 t +10 BI f +( character translations.)2 964(10.1. Input)1 479 2 720 6252 t +10 R f +( The)1 207(Ways of inputting the valid character set were discussed in \2472.1.)10 2593 2 2240 6252 t +9 R f +(ASCII)720 6372 w +10 R f +(control characters horizontal tab $\2479.1$,)4 1599 1 986 6372 t +9 R f +(SOH)2613 6372 w +10 R f +($\2479.1$, and backspace $\24710.3$ are discussed elsewhere.)6 2217 1 2823 6372 t +( addition,)1 389( In)1 144( lines.)1 250(The newline delimits input)3 1105 4 720 6492 t +9 R f +(STX)2642 6492 w +10 R f +(,)2812 6492 w +9 R f +(ETX)2873 6492 w +10 R f +(,)3048 6492 w +9 R f +(ENQ)3109 6492 w +10 R f +(,)3294 6492 w +9 R f +(ACK)3355 6492 w +10 R f +(, and)1 205 1 3545 6492 t +9 R f +(BEL)3786 6492 w +10 R f +(are accepted, and may be)4 1048 1 3992 6492 t +(used as delimiters or translated into a graphic with)8 2014 1 720 6612 t +10 C f +(tr)2759 6612 w +10 R f +( others are ignored.)3 770($\24710.5$. All)1 494 2 2904 6612 t +(The)970 6768 w +10 I f +(escape)1161 6768 w +10 R f +(character)1468 6768 w +10 C f +(\\)1868 6768 w +10 R f +(introduces)1964 6768 w +10 I f +(escape sequences)1 711 1 2416 6768 t +10 R f +( to mean)2 368(, which cause the following character)5 1545 2 3127 6768 t +( such sequences is given in the Summary)7 1647( complete list of)3 653( A)1 124(another character, or to indicate some function.)6 1896 4 720 6888 t +( escape character)2 705( The)1 218(on page -1.)2 472 3 720 7008 t +10 C f +(\\)2153 7008 w +10 R f +( confused with the)3 777(should not be)2 565 2 2251 7008 t +9 R f +(ASCII)3632 7008 w +10 R f +(control character)1 686 1 3906 7008 t +9 R f +(ESC)4631 7008 w +10 R f +(. The)1 244 1 4796 7008 t +(escape character)1 660 1 720 7128 t +10 C f +(\\)1411 7128 w +10 R f +(can be input with the sequence)5 1253 1 1502 7128 t +10 C f +(\\\\)2785 7128 w +10 R f +( escape character can be changed with)6 1551(. The)1 235 2 2905 7128 t +10 C f +(ec)4721 7128 w +10 R f +(, and)1 199 1 4841 7128 t +(all that has been said about the default)7 1598 1 720 7248 t +10 C f +(\\)2353 7248 w +10 R f +( escape character.)2 726(becomes true for the new)4 1048 2 2448 7248 t +10 C f +(\\e)4283 7248 w +10 R f +(can be used to)3 601 1 4439 7248 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 19 21 +%%Page: 20 22 +/saveobj save def +mark +22 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 20 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +( with)1 217( escape mechanism may be turned off)6 1597( The)1 220(print whatever the current escape character is.)6 1919 4 720 840 t +10 C f +(eo)4712 840 w +10 R f +(, and)1 208 1 4832 840 t +(restored with)1 524 1 720 960 t +10 C f +(ec)1269 960 w +10 R f +(.)1389 960 w +10 C f +(.ec)720 1116 w +10 I f +(c)925 1116 w +10 C f +(\\ \\)1 780 1 1440 1116 t +10 R f +(-)2880 1116 w +(Set escape character to)3 910 1 1296 1272 t +10 C f +(\\)2231 1272 w +10 R f +(, or to)2 236 1 2291 1272 t +10 I f +(c)2552 1272 w +10 R f +(, if given.)2 383 1 2596 1272 t +10 C f +(.eo)720 1428 w +10 R f +( -)1 720(on -)1 753 2 1440 1428 t +(Turn escape mechanism off.)3 1130 1 1296 1584 t +10 BI f +(10.2. Ligatures.)1 670 1 720 1740 t +10 R f +( \257,)1 112(The set of available ligatures is device and font dependent, but is often a subset of \256,)16 3458 2 1470 1740 t +10 S1 f +()720 1860 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_ff { + pop + size .05 mul neg 0 (ff) ashow +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +720 1860 m +60 build_ff +780 1860 m +10 R f +(,)780 1860 w +10 S1 f +()843 1860 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_Fi { + pop + size .05 mul neg 0 (ffi) ashow +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +843 1860 m +84 build_Fi +927 1860 m +10 R f +(, and)1 207 1 927 1860 t +10 S1 f +()1172 1860 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_Fl { + pop + size .05 mul neg 0 (ffl) ashow +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +1172 1860 m +84 build_Fl +1256 1860 m +10 R f +( input by)2 380( may be)2 342(. They)1 293 3 1256 1860 t +10 C f +(\\\(fi)2308 1860 w +10 R f +(,)2548 1860 w +10 C f +(\\\(fl)2610 1860 w +10 R f +(,)2850 1860 w +10 C f +(\\\(ff)2912 1860 w +10 R f +(,)3152 1860 w +10 C f +(\\\(Fi)3214 1860 w +10 R f +(, and)1 206 1 3454 1860 t +10 C f +(\\\(Fl)3697 1860 w +10 R f +( ligature)1 342(respectively. The)1 724 2 3974 1860 t +(mode is normally on in)4 928 1 720 1980 t +10 I f +(troff)1673 1980 w +10 R f +(, and automatically invokes ligatures during input.)6 2010 1 1846 1980 t +10 C f +(.lg)720 2136 w +10 I f +(N)925 2136 w +10 R f +( -)1 653( on)1 551(on; off)1 269 3 1440 2136 t +(Ligature mode is turned on if)5 1188 1 1296 2292 t +10 I f +(N)2513 2292 w +10 R f +( non-zero, and turned off if)5 1105(is absent or)2 463 2 2609 2292 t +10 I f +(N)4207 2292 w +10 S f +(=)4298 2292 w +10 R f +(0. If)1 196 1 4369 2292 t +10 I f +(N)4595 2292 w +10 S f +(=)4686 2292 w +10 R f +(2, only)1 283 1 4757 2292 t +( is inhibited for request,)4 952( mode)1 248( Ligature)1 389(the two-character ligatures are automatically invoked.)5 2155 4 1296 2412 t +( effect in)2 354( No)1 172(macro, string, register, or \256le names, and in copy mode.)9 2230 3 1296 2532 t +10 I f +(nroff)4077 2532 w +10 R f +(.)4272 2532 w +10 BI f +( underlining, overstriking, etc.)3 1252(10.3. Backspacing,)1 803 2 720 2688 t +10 R f +(Unless in copy mode, the)4 1013 1 2850 2688 t +9 R f +(ASCII)3888 2688 w +10 R f +(backspace character is)2 892 1 4148 2688 t +( as a form)3 414( Underlining)1 539( a backward horizontal motion having the width of the space character.)11 2898(replaced by)1 469 4 720 2808 t +( generalized overstriking function is described in \24712.1.)7 2227( A)1 122(of line-drawing is discussed in \24712.4.)5 1496 3 720 2928 t +10 I f +(Nroff)970 3084 w +10 R f +(automatically underlines characters in the)4 1675 1 1210 3084 t +10 I f +(underline)2913 3084 w +10 R f +(font, speci\256able with)2 847 1 3324 3084 t +10 C f +(uf)4199 3084 w +10 R f +( on)1 129(, normally that)2 592 2 4319 3084 t +( addition to)2 460( In)1 135(font position 2.)2 613 3 720 3204 t +10 C f +(ft)1955 3204 w +10 R f +(and)2102 3204 w +10 CW f +(\\f)2273 3204 w +10 I f +(F)2393 3204 w +10 R f +(, the underline font may be selected by)7 1561 1 2454 3204 t +10 C f +(ul)4042 3204 w +10 R f +(and)4189 3204 w +10 C f +(cu)4360 3204 w +10 R f +(. Underlining)1 560 1 4480 3204 t +(is restricted to an output-device-dependent subset of reasonable characters.)8 2989 1 720 3324 t +10 C f +(.ul)720 3480 w +10 I f +(N)925 3480 w +10 R f +(off)1440 3480 w +10 I f +(N)2160 3480 w +10 S f +(=)2251 3480 w +10 R f +(1 E)1 619 1 2322 3480 t +(Italicize in)1 426 1 1296 3636 t +10 I f +(troff)1749 3636 w +10 R f +($underline in)1 515 1 1949 3636 t +10 I f +(nroff)2491 3636 w +10 R f +($ the next)2 383 1 2686 3636 t +10 I f +(N)3097 3636 w +10 R f +( switch to underline)3 800( Actually,)1 422(input text lines.)2 626 3 3192 3636 t +( changes within the span of a)6 1189(font, saving the current font for later restoration; other font)9 2405 2 1296 3756 t +10 C f +(ul)4920 3756 w +10 R f +( generated by)2 547( Output)1 333( undo the last change.)4 888(will take effect, but the restoration will)6 1580 4 1296 3876 t +10 C f +(tl)4674 3876 w +10 R f +($\24714$)4824 3876 w +(is affected by the font change, but does not decrement)9 2174 1 1296 3996 t +10 I f +(N)3497 3996 w +10 R f +(. If)1 143 1 3564 3996 t +10 I f +(N)3734 3996 w +10 S f +(>)3825 3996 w +10 R f +(1, there is the risk that a trap)7 1144 1 3896 3996 t +( pre-)1 196(interpolated macro may provide text lines within the span; environment switching can)11 3548 2 1296 4116 t +(vent this.)1 367 1 1296 4236 t +10 C f +(.cu)720 4392 w +10 I f +(N)925 4392 w +10 R f +(off)1440 4392 w +10 I f +(N)2160 4392 w +10 S f +(=)2251 4392 w +10 R f +(1 E)1 619 1 2322 4392 t +( of)1 113( variant)1 306( A)1 126(Continuous underline.)1 893 4 1296 4548 t +10 C f +(ul)2764 4548 w +10 R f +(that causes)1 440 1 2914 4548 t +10 I f +(every)3384 4548 w +10 R f +(character to be underlined in)4 1161 1 3629 4548 t +10 I f +(nroff)4820 4548 w +10 R f +(.)5015 4548 w +(Identical to)1 452 1 1296 4668 t +10 C f +(ul)1773 4668 w +10 R f +(in)1918 4668 w +10 I f +(troff)2021 4668 w +10 R f +(.)2194 4668 w +10 C f +(.uf)720 4824 w +10 I f +(F)925 4824 w +10 R f +(Italic Italic -)2 1473 1 1440 4824 t +(Underline font set to)3 824 1 1296 4980 t +10 I f +(F)2145 4980 w +10 R f +(. In)1 158 1 2206 4980 t +10 I f +(nroff)2389 4980 w +10 R f +(,)2584 4980 w +10 I f +(F)2634 4980 w +10 R f +(may not be on position 1.)5 1017 1 2720 4980 t +10 BI f +( characters.)1 502(10.4. Control)1 568 2 720 5136 t +10 R f +(Both the control character)3 1096 1 1884 5136 t +10 C f +(.)3024 5136 w +10 R f +(and the)1 310 1 3128 5136 t +10 I f +(no-break)3482 5136 w +10 R f +(control character)1 692 1 3887 5136 t +10 C f +(')4624 5136 w +10 R f +(may be)1 311 1 4729 5136 t +( used in the span of the change,)7 1267( a change must be compatible with the design of any macros)11 2443(changed. Such)1 610 3 720 5256 t +(and particularly of any trap-invoked macros.)5 1779 1 720 5376 t +10 C f +(.cc)720 5532 w +10 I f +(c)925 5532 w +10 C f +(. .)1 780 1 1440 5532 t +10 R f +(E)2880 5532 w +(The basic control character is set to)6 1413 1 1296 5688 t +10 I f +(c)2734 5688 w +10 R f +(, or reset to ``)4 540 1 2778 5688 t +10 C f +(.)3318 5688 w +10 R f +(''.)3378 5688 w +10 C f +(.c2)720 5844 w +10 I f +(c)925 5844 w +10 C f +(' ')1 780 1 1440 5844 t +10 R f +(E)2880 5844 w +(The)1296 6000 w +10 I f +(no-break)1476 6000 w +10 R f +(control character is set to)4 1003 1 1861 6000 t +10 I f +(c)2889 6000 w +10 R f +(, or reset to ``)4 540 1 2933 6000 t +10 C f +(')3473 6000 w +10 R f +(''.)3533 6000 w +10 BI f +( translation.)1 508(10.5. Output)1 540 2 720 6156 t +10 R f +(One character can be made a stand-in for another character using)10 2650 1 1849 6156 t +10 C f +(tr)4530 6156 w +10 R f +( text)1 181(. All)1 209 2 4650 6156 t +( character which appears to)4 1138(processing $e.g., character comparisons$ takes place with the input $stand-in$)9 3182 2 720 6276 t +( $including)1 448( graphic translation occurs at the moment of output)8 2130( The)1 216(have the width of the \256nal character.)6 1526 4 720 6396 t +(diversion$.)720 6516 w +10 C f +(.tr)720 6672 w +10 I f +(abcd....)925 6672 w +10 R f +( O)1 759(none -)1 753 2 1440 6672 t +(Translate)1296 6828 w +10 I f +(a)1696 6828 w +10 R f +(into)1775 6828 w +10 I f +(b)1960 6828 w +10 R f +(,)2010 6828 w +10 I f +(c)2064 6828 w +10 R f +(into)2137 6828 w +10 I f +(d)2322 6828 w +10 R f +( be)1 124( an odd number of characters is given, the last one will)11 2229( If)1 120(, etc.)1 195 4 2372 6828 t +( effect)1 252( be consistent, a particular translation must stay in)8 2017( To)1 163(mapped into the space character.)4 1312 4 1296 6948 t +(from)1296 7068 w +10 I f +(input)1515 7068 w +10 R f +(to)1746 7068 w +10 I f +(output)1849 7068 w +10 R f +(time.)2130 7068 w +10 BI f +( throughput.)1 519(10.6. Transparent)1 762 2 720 7224 t +10 R f +(An input line beginning with a)5 1225 1 2076 7224 t +10 C f +(\\!)3326 7224 w +10 R f +( copy mode and)3 638(is read in)2 366 2 3471 7224 t +10 I f +(transparently)4501 7224 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 20 22 +%%Page: 21 23 +/saveobj save def +mark +23 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 21 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +(output $without the initial)3 1035 1 720 840 t +10 C f +(\\!)1783 840 w +10 R f +( mecha-)1 320( This)1 230($; the text processor is otherwise unaware of the line's presence.)10 2587 3 1903 840 t +( a post-processor or to embed control lines in a macro cre-)11 2369(nism may be used to pass control information to)8 1951 2 720 960 t +(ated by a diversion.)3 782 1 720 1080 t +10 BI f +( output)1 296(10.7. Transparent)1 762 2 720 1236 t +10 R f +(The sequence)1 548 1 1856 1236 t +10 CW f +(\\X')2433 1236 w +10 I f +(anything)2613 1236 w +10 CW f +(')2963 1236 w +10 R f +(copies)3052 1236 w +10 I f +(anything)3336 1236 w +10 R f +(to the output, as a device control)6 1325 1 3715 1236 t +(function of the form)3 807 1 720 1356 t +10 CW f +(x X)1 145 1 1552 1356 t +10 I f +(anything)1722 1356 w +10 R f +( sequences in)2 532($\24722$. Escape)1 573 2 2097 1356 t +10 I f +(anything)3227 1356 w +10 R f +(are processed.)1 564 1 3602 1356 t +10 BI f +( and concealed newlines.)3 1034(10.8. Comments)1 690 2 720 1512 t +10 R f +( one line $e.g.,)3 580(An uncomfortably long input line that must stay)7 1939 2 2521 1512 t +( with)1 203(a string de\256nition, or no\256lled text$ can be split into several physical lines by ending all but the last one)19 4117 2 720 1632 t +(the escape)1 415 1 720 1752 t +10 C f +(\\)1163 1752 w +10 R f +( sequence)1 393(. The)1 233 2 1223 1752 t +10 C f +(\\)1877 1752 w +10 I f +(newline)1937 1752 w +10 R f +( may be embed-)3 652( Comments)1 488( in a comment.)3 606(is always ignored, except)3 1018 4 2276 1752 t +(ded at the end of any line by prefacing them with)10 1983 1 720 1872 t +10 C f +(\\")2730 1872 w +10 R f +( be con-)2 323( newline at the end of a comment cannot)8 1635(. The)1 232 3 2850 1872 t +( line beginning with)3 806(cealed. A)1 402 2 720 1992 t +10 C f +(\\")1954 1992 w +10 R f +(will appear as a blank line and behave like)8 1704 1 2100 1992 t +10 CW f +(.sp 1)1 300 1 3830 1992 t +10 R f +( comment can be on)4 812(; a)1 98 2 4130 1992 t +(a line by itself by beginning the line with)8 1644 1 720 2112 t +10 C f +(.\\")2389 2112 w +10 R f +(.)2569 2112 w +10 B f +( Horizontal and Vertical Motions, and the Width Function)8 2493(11. Local)1 414 2 720 2352 t +10 BI f +( Motions.)1 404(11.1. Local)1 483 2 720 2508 t +10 R f +(The functions)1 567 1 1696 2508 t +10 C f +(\\v')2303 2508 w +10 I f +(N)2483 2508 w +10 C f +(')2550 2508 w +10 R f +(and)2650 2508 w +10 C f +(\\h')2834 2508 w +10 I f +(N)3014 2508 w +10 C f +(')3081 2508 w +10 R f +(can be used for)3 651 1 3181 2508 t +10 I f +(local)3872 2508 w +10 R f +(vertical and horizontal)2 928 1 4112 2508 t +( distance)1 355( The)1 208(motion respectively.)1 819 3 720 2628 t +10 I f +(N)2130 2628 w +10 R f +( downward.)1 473(may be negative; the positive directions are rightward and)8 2342 2 2225 2628 t +( avoid unexpected vertical dislocations, it is necessary)7 2240( To)1 172( contained within a line.)4 1007(A local motion is one)4 901 4 720 2748 t +( motion within a word in \256lled text and otherwise within a line balance to zero.)15 3293(that the net vertical local)4 1027 2 720 2868 t +( and certain other escape sequences providing local motion are summarized in the following)13 3887(The above)1 433 2 720 2988 t +(table.)720 3108 w +10 S f +(_ __________________________________________________________________________)1 3722 1 1019 3188 t +10 R f +( in)1 103( Effect)1 811( Horizontal)1 947( in)1 103(Vertical Effect)1 1137 5 1182 3308 t +(Local Motion)1 547 1 1069 3428 t +10 I f +(troff nroff)1 767 1 1864 3428 t +10 R f +(Local Motion)1 547 1 2882 3428 t +10 I f +(troff nroff)1 815 1 3728 3428 t +10 S f +(_ __________________________________________________________________________)1 3722 1 1019 3448 t +10 C f +(\\v')1249 3616 w +10 I f +(N)1429 3616 w +10 C f +(')1512 3616 w +10 R f +(Move distance)1 585 1 1716 3616 t +10 I f +(N)2326 3616 w +10 C f +(\\h')3062 3616 w +10 I f +(N)3242 3616 w +10 C f +(')3325 3616 w +10 R f +(Move distance)1 585 1 3529 3616 t +10 I f +(N)4139 3616 w +10 S f +(_ ____________________________________)1 1803 1 1019 3686 t +10 C f +(\\)3062 3736 w +10 I f +(space)3122 3736 w +10 R f +(Unpaddable space-size space)2 1162 1 3529 3736 t +10 C f +(\\u)1249 3856 w +10 S1 f +()1716 3856 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_12 { + pop + /optsize ptsize def + /osize size def + /ofont font def + + optsize 2 div dup R exch R f + 0 size 2 mul 3 div dup neg exch 0 exch rmoveto + + (1) show + rmoveto + optsize R f + (\244) show + f + (2) show + + optsize ofont f +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +1716 3856 m +75 build_12 +1791 3856 m +10 R f +(em up)1 247 1 1816 3856 t +10 S1 f +()2285 3856 w +2285 3856 m +75 build_12 +2360 3856 m +10 R f +(line up)1 275 1 2385 3856 t +10 C f +(\\0)3062 3856 w +10 R f +(Digit-size space)1 640 1 3529 3856 t +10 C f +(\\d)1249 3976 w +10 S1 f +()1716 3976 w +1716 3976 m +75 build_12 +1791 3976 m +10 R f +(em down)1 369 1 1816 3976 t +10 S1 f +()2285 3976 w +2285 3976 m +75 build_12 +2360 3976 m +10 R f +(line down)1 397 1 2385 3976 t +10 S f +(______________________________________)2842 3926 w +10 C f +(\\r)1249 4096 w +10 R f +( line up)2 300( 1)1 297(1 em up)2 322 3 1716 4096 t +10 C f +(\\|)3062 4096 w +10 R f +( ignored)1 455(1/6 em space)2 521 2 3529 4096 t +10 C f +(\\\303)3062 4216 w +10 R f +( ignored)1 405(1/12 em space)2 571 2 3529 4216 t +10 S f +( \347)1 -3722(_ __________________________________________________________________________)1 3722 2 1019 4284 t +(\347)1019 4188 w +(\347)1019 4088 w +(\347)1019 3988 w +(\347)1019 3888 w +(\347)1019 3788 w +(\347)1019 3688 w +(\347)1019 3588 w +(\347)1019 3488 w +(\347)1019 3388 w +(\347)1019 3288 w +(\347)1666 4284 w +(\347)1666 4188 w +(\347)1666 4088 w +(\347)1666 3988 w +(\347)1666 3888 w +(\347)1666 3788 w +(\347)1666 3688 w +(\347)1666 3588 w +(\347)1666 3488 w +(\347)1666 3388 w +(\347)1666 3288 w +(\347)2235 4284 w +(\347)2235 4186 w +(\347)2235 4086 w +(\347)2235 3986 w +(\347)2235 3886 w +(\347)2235 3786 w +(\347)2822 4284 w +(\347)2822 4188 w +(\347)2822 4088 w +(\347)2822 3988 w +(\347)2822 3888 w +(\347)2822 3788 w +(\347)2822 3688 w +(\347)2822 3588 w +(\347)2822 3488 w +(\347)2822 3388 w +(\347)2822 3288 w +(\347)2842 4284 w +(\347)2842 4188 w +(\347)2842 4088 w +(\347)2842 3988 w +(\347)2842 3888 w +(\347)2842 3788 w +(\347)2842 3688 w +(\347)2842 3588 w +(\347)2842 3488 w +(\347)2842 3388 w +(\347)2842 3288 w +(\347)3479 4284 w +(\347)3479 4188 w +(\347)3479 4088 w +(\347)3479 3988 w +(\347)3479 3888 w +(\347)3479 3788 w +(\347)3479 3688 w +(\347)3479 3588 w +(\347)3479 3488 w +(\347)3479 3388 w +(\347)3479 3288 w +(\347)4150 4284 w +(\347)4150 4226 w +(\347)4150 4126 w +(\347)4150 4026 w +(\347)4741 4284 w +(\347)4741 4188 w +(\347)4741 4088 w +(\347)4741 3988 w +(\347)4741 3888 w +(\347)4741 3788 w +(\347)4741 3688 w +(\347)4741 3588 w +(\347)4741 3488 w +(\347)4741 3388 w +(\347)4741 3288 w +10 R f +(As an example,)2 632 1 720 4464 t +10 C f +(E)1384 4464 w +8 C f +(2)1444 4432 w +10 R f +(could be generated by the sequence)5 1450 1 1524 4464 t +10 C f +(E\\s\2612\\v'\2610.4m'2\\v'0.4m'\\s+2)3006 4464 w +10 R f +(; note that)2 414 1 4626 4464 t +(the 0.4 em vertical motions are at the smaller size.)9 2005 1 720 4584 t +10 BI f +( Function.)1 442(11.2. Width)1 501 2 720 4740 t +10 R f +(The)1745 4740 w +10 I f +(width)1932 4740 w +10 R f +(function)2187 4740 w +10 C f +(\\w')2552 4740 w +10 I f +(string)2732 4740 w +10 C f +(')2966 4740 w +10 R f +(generates the numerical width of)4 1336 1 3058 4740 t +10 I f +(string)4426 4740 w +10 R f +($in basic)1 348 1 4692 4740 t +( changes may be embedded in)5 1215( and font)2 363(units$. Size)1 479 3 720 4860 t +10 I f +(string)2805 4860 w +10 R f +( For)1 192(, and will not affect the current environment.)7 1809 2 3039 4860 t +(example,)720 4980 w +10 C f +(.ti \261\\w'\\fB1. 'u)2 960 1 1113 4980 t +10 R f +( to temporarily indent leftward a distance equal to the size)10 2378(could be used)2 559 2 2103 4980 t +(of the string ``)3 574 1 720 5100 t +10 C f +(1.)1294 5100 w +10 R f +('' in font)2 355 1 1474 5100 t +10 CW f +(B)1854 5100 w +10 R f +(.)1914 5100 w +( registers)1 368( The)1 210(The width function also sets three number registers.)7 2104 3 970 5256 t +10 C f +(st)3682 5256 w +10 R f +(and)3832 5256 w +10 C f +(sb)4006 5256 w +10 R f +( respectively to)2 622(are set)1 262 2 4156 5256 t +(the highest and lowest extent of)5 1328 1 720 5376 t +10 I f +(string)2085 5376 w +10 R f +( then, for example, the total height of the)8 1719(relative to the baseline;)3 965 2 2356 5376 t +(string is)1 321 1 720 5496 t +10 C f +(\\n$stu\261\\n\(sbu)1067 5496 w +10 R f +(. In)1 159 1 1847 5496 t +10 I f +(troff)2032 5496 w +10 R f +(the number register)2 778 1 2231 5496 t +10 C f +(ct)3035 5496 w +10 R f +( value 0)2 320( The)1 207( to a value between 0 and 3.)7 1128(is set)1 204 4 3181 5496 t +(means that all of the characters in)6 1407 1 720 5616 t +10 I f +(string)2163 5616 w +10 R f +( lower case characters without descenders \(like)6 1937(were short)1 429 2 2433 5616 t +10 C f +(e)4834 5616 w +10 R f +($; 1)1 146 1 4894 5616 t +(means that at least one character has a descender $like)9 2160 1 720 5736 t +10 C f +(y)2906 5736 w +10 R f +( means that at least one character is tall \(like)9 1789($; 2)1 137 2 2966 5736 t +10 C f +(H)4919 5736 w +10 R f +(\);)4979 5736 w +(and 3 means that both tall characters and characters with descenders are present.)12 3204 1 720 5856 t +10 BI f +( place.)1 271( horizontal)1 453(11.3. Mark)1 478 3 720 6012 t +10 R f +(The function)1 518 1 2002 6012 t +10 C f +(\\k)2550 6012 w +10 I f +(x)2670 6012 w +10 R f +(causes the current horizontal position in the)6 1772 1 2744 6012 t +10 I f +(input line)1 386 1 4546 6012 t +10 R f +(to)4962 6012 w +( in register)2 431(be stored)1 366 2 720 6132 t +10 I f +(x)1544 6132 w +10 R f +( example, the construction)3 1060(. For)1 216 2 1588 6132 t +10 C f +(\\kx)2891 6132 w +10 I f +(word)3071 6132 w +10 C f +(\\h'|\\nxu+3u')3277 6132 w +10 I f +(word)3997 6132 w +10 R f +(will embolden)1 577 1 4230 6132 t +10 I f +(word)4834 6132 w +10 R f +(by backing up to almost its beginning and overprinting it, resulting in)11 2778 1 720 6252 t +10 I f +(word word)1 209 1 3523 6252 t +10 R f +(.)3732 6252 w +10 B f +( Bracket, Line-drawing, Graphics, and Zero-width Functions)6 2610(12. Overstrike,)1 660 2 720 6492 t +10 BI f +(12.1. Overstriking.)1 792 1 720 6648 t +10 R f +( characters is provided by the)5 1202(Automatically centered overstriking of up to nine)6 2005 2 1592 6648 t +10 I f +(over-)4830 6648 w +(strike)720 6768 w +10 R f +(function)969 6768 w +10 C f +(\\o')1329 6768 w +10 I f +(string)1509 6768 w +10 C f +(')1759 6768 w +10 R f +( characters in)2 535(. The)1 232 2 1819 6768 t +10 I f +(string)2613 6768 w +10 R f +(are overprinted with centers aligned; the total width is)8 2166 1 2874 6768 t +(that of the widest character.)4 1145 1 720 6888 t +10 I f +(string)1926 6888 w +10 R f +( examples,)1 438( As)1 172(may not contain local vertical motion.)5 1576 3 2196 6888 t +10 C f +(\\o'e\\'')4418 6888 w +10 R f +(pro-)4874 6888 w +( and)1 169( ,)1 31( \302)1 -5(duces e)1 296 4 720 7008 t +10 C f +(\\o'\\\(mo\\\(sl')1236 7008 w +10 R f +(produces)1981 7008 w +10 S f +(\316 /)1 50 1 2366 7008 t +10 R f +(.)2437 7008 w +10 BI f +( characters.)1 488(12.2. Zero-width)1 706 2 720 7164 t +10 R f +(The function)1 518 1 1994 7164 t +10 CW f +(\\z)2542 7164 w +10 I f +(c)2662 7164 w +10 R f +(will output)1 443 1 2737 7164 t +10 I f +(c)3211 7164 w +10 R f +(without spacing over it, and can be used to)8 1754 1 3286 7164 t +( examples,)1 474( As)1 208(produce left-aligned overstruck combinations.)3 1982 3 720 7284 t +10 C f +(\\z\\\(ci\\\(pl)3455 7284 w +10 R f +(will produce)1 548 1 4126 7284 t +10 S1 f +()4745 7284 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_ci { + pop + size 3 mul 8 div /rad exch def + currentpoint + newpath + rad add exch rad add exch rad 0 360 arc + stroke +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +4745 7284 m +75 build_ci +4820 7284 m +10 S f +(+)4745 7284 w +10 R f +(, and)1 240 1 4800 7284 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 21 23 +%%Page: 22 24 +/saveobj save def +mark +24 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 22 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +10 C f +(\\$br\\z\\\(rn\\\(ul\\\(br)720 840 w +10 R f +(will produce a small constructed box)5 1473 1 1825 840 t +10 S f +(\347` _\347)1 50 1 3323 840 t +10 R f +(.)3389 840 w +10 BI f +( Brackets.)1 441(12.3. Large)1 494 2 720 996 t +10 R f +( contains a number of bracket construction pieces)7 2193(The Special Font usually)3 1087 2 1760 996 t +10 S f +(\354 \356 \374 \376 \355 \375 \357 \353 \373 \351 \371)10 839 1 752 1116 t +10 R f +( function)1 362( The)1 209(that can be combined into various bracket styles.)7 1975 3 1652 1116 t +10 C f +(\\b')4227 1116 w +10 I f +(string)4407 1116 w +10 C f +(')4657 1116 w +10 R f +(may be)1 294 1 4746 1116 t +(used to pile up vertically the characters in)7 1708 1 720 1236 t +10 I f +(string)2459 1236 w +10 R f +( the last at the bottom$; the)6 1114($the \256rst character on top and)5 1202 2 2724 1236 t +( above the current baseline)4 1089(characters are vertically separated by 1 em and the total pile is centered 1/2 em)14 3231 2 720 1356 t +(\()720 1476 w +10 S1 f +()753 1476 w +753 1476 m +75 build_12 +828 1476 m +10 R f +(line in)1 253 1 853 1476 t +10 I f +(nroff)1131 1476 w +10 R f +( example,)1 388($. For)1 247 2 1326 1476 t +9 CW f +(\\b'\\$lc\\\(lf'E\\b'\\\(rc\\\(rf'\\x'\2610.5m'\\x'0.5m')1008 1646 w +10 R f +(produces)720 1876 w +10 S f +(\351)1105 1826 w +(\353)1105 1926 w +10 R f +(E)1155 1876 w +10 S f +(\371)1216 1826 w +(\373)1216 1926 w +10 R f +(.)1254 1876 w +10 BI f +( drawing.)1 391(12.4. Line)1 439 2 720 2082 t +10 R f +(The function)1 514 1 1626 2082 t +10 C f +(\\l')2166 2082 w +10 I f +(Nc)2346 2082 w +10 C f +(')2457 2082 w +10 R f +(\(backslash-ell$ draws a string of repeated)5 1647 1 2543 2082 t +10 I f +(c)4216 2082 w +10 R f +('s towards the right)3 780 1 4260 2082 t +(for a distance)2 553 1 720 2202 t +10 I f +(N)1306 2202 w +10 R f +(. If)1 149 1 1373 2202 t +10 I f +(c)1555 2202 w +10 R f +(looks like a continuation of an expression for)7 1862 1 1632 2202 t +10 I f +(N)3526 2202 w +10 R f +(, it may be insulated from)5 1062 1 3593 2202 t +10 I f +(N)4687 2202 w +10 R f +(with a)1 254 1 4786 2202 t +10 C f +(\\&)720 2322 w +10 R f +(. If)1 141 1 840 2322 t +10 I f +(c)1006 2322 w +10 R f +(is not speci\256ed, the)3 772 1 1075 2322 t +10 S1 f +(_)1872 2322 w +10 R f +( is used $underline character in)5 1232(\(baseline rule$)1 573 2 1947 2322 t +10 I f +(nroff)3778 2322 w +10 R f +(\). If)1 175 1 3973 2322 t +10 I f +(N)4174 2322 w +10 R f +(is negative, a back-)3 773 1 4267 2322 t +(ward horizontal motion of size)4 1234 1 720 2442 t +10 I f +(N)1981 2442 w +10 R f +( space resulting from)3 846( Any)1 224(is made before drawing the string.)5 1374 3 2075 2442 t +10 I f +(N)4545 2442 w +10 R f +(/$size of)1 325 1 4612 2442 t +10 I f +(c)4963 2442 w +10 R f +($)5007 2442 w +( If)1 117(having a remainder is put at the beginning $left end$ of the string.)12 2622 2 720 2562 t +10 I f +(N)3485 2562 w +10 R f +(is less than the width of)5 957 1 3579 2562 t +10 I f +(c)4563 2562 w +10 R f +(, a single)2 362 1 4607 2562 t +10 I f +(c)4996 2562 w +10 R f +(is centered on a distance)4 1007 1 720 2682 t +10 I f +(N)1760 2682 w +10 R f +( the case of characters that are designed to be connected, such as baseline-)13 3048(. In)1 165 2 1827 2682 t +(rule)720 2802 w +10 S1 f +(_)900 2802 w +10 R f +(, under-rule)1 483 1 966 2802 t +10 S f +(_)1474 2802 w +10 R f +(, and root-en)2 543 1 1540 2802 t +10 S f +(`)2108 2802 w +10 R f +( an example, a)3 630( As)1 179(, the remainder space is covered by overlapping.)7 2057 3 2174 2802 t +(macro to underscore a string can be written)7 1726 1 720 2922 t +9 CW f +(.de us)1 324 1 1008 3092 t +(\\\\$1\\ l '|0\\$ul')2 786 1 1008 3202 t +(..)1008 3312 w +10 R f +(or one to draw a box around a string)8 1447 1 720 3492 t +9 CW f +(.de bx)1 324 1 1008 3662 t +(\\\(br\\|\\\\$1\\|\\\(br\\ l '|0\\\(rn'\\ l '|0\\\(ul')4 2004 1 1008 3772 t +(..)1008 3882 w +10 R f +(such that)1 358 1 720 4062 t +9 CW f +(.ul "underlined words")2 1188 1 1008 4232 t +10 R f +(and)720 4412 w +9 CW f +(.bx "words in a box")4 1080 1 1008 4582 t +10 R f +(yield underlined words)2 921 1 720 4762 t +10 S f +(_ _____________)1 696 1 945 4762 t +10 R f +(and)1666 4762 w +10 S f +(\347)1835 4762 w +10 R f +(words in a box)3 591 1 1851 4762 t +10 S f +( ____________)1 573( _)1 -573( ````````````)1 573(\347 `)1 -573 4 2458 4762 t +10 R f +(.)2458 4762 w +(The function)1 517 1 970 4918 t +10 C f +(\\L')1516 4918 w +10 I f +(Nc)1696 4918 w +10 C f +(')1807 4918 w +10 R f +( \(optional$ character)2 818(draws a vertical line consisting of the)6 1516 2 1896 4918 t +10 I f +(c)4260 4918 w +10 R f +(stacked vertically)1 706 1 4334 4918 t +( in)1 105( $1 line)2 289( em)1 138(apart 1)1 277 4 720 5038 t +10 I f +(nroff)1556 5038 w +10 R f +($, with the \256rst two characters overlapped, if necessary, to form a continuous line.)13 3289 1 1751 5038 t +(The default character is the)4 1105 1 720 5158 t +10 I f +(box rule)1 335 1 1855 5158 t +10 S f +(\347)2236 5158 w +10 R f +($)2282 5158 w +10 C f +(\\\(br)2331 5158 w +10 R f +( is the)2 251($; the other suitable character)4 1183 2 2571 5158 t +10 I f +(bold vertical)1 514 1 4036 5158 t +10 S f +(\357)4597 5158 w +10 R f +($)4693 5158 w +10 C f +(\\\(bv)4742 5158 w +10 R f +($.)4982 5158 w +( positive)1 349( A)1 129( to the current baseline.)4 962(The line is begun without any initial motion relative)8 2147 4 720 5278 t +10 I f +(N)4339 5278 w +10 R f +(speci\256es a line)2 602 1 4438 5278 t +(drawn downward and a negative)4 1304 1 720 5398 t +10 I f +(N)2051 5398 w +10 R f +( the line is drawn no compensating)6 1411( After)1 263( drawn upward.)2 629(speci\256es a line)2 592 4 2145 5398 t +(motions are made; the instantaneous baseline is at the end of the line.)12 2766 1 720 5518 t +( in combination to produce large)5 1391(The horizontal and vertical line drawing functions may be used)9 2679 2 970 5674 t +( zero-width)1 462(boxes. The)1 468 2 720 5794 t +10 I f +(box-rule)1680 5794 w +10 R f +(and the)1 296 1 2048 5794 t +10 S1 f +()2374 5794 w +2374 5794 m +75 build_12 +2449 5794 m +10 R f +(-em wide)1 379 1 2449 5794 t +10 I f +(under-rule)2858 5794 w +10 R f +( using)1 246(were designed to form corners when)5 1479 2 3315 5794 t +( example the macro)3 784( For)1 189(1-em vertical spacings.)2 923 3 720 5914 t +9 CW f +(.de eb)1 324 1 828 6024 t +( for next automatic baseline spacing)5 1944( \\"compensate)1 756(.sp \2611)1 324 3 828 6134 t +( possibly overflowing word buffer)4 1782(.nf \\"avoid)1 810 2 828 6244 t +( box)1 216(\\h'-.5n'\\L'|\\\\nau\2611'\\l'\\\\n$.lu+1n\\\(ul'\\L'-|\\\\nau+1'\\l'|0u-.5n\\\(ul' \\"draw)1 3996 2 828 6354 t +(.fi)828 6464 w +(..)828 6574 w +10 R f +( was saved in number register)5 1259(will draw a box around some text whose beginning vertical place)10 2731 2 720 6694 t +10 I f +(a)4749 6694 w +10 R f +(\(e.g.,)4838 6694 w +(using)720 6814 w +10 C f +(.mk a)1 300 1 962 6814 t +10 R f +($ as was done for this paragraph.)6 1299 1 1262 6814 t +10 S f +(\347)695 6814 w +(\347)695 6755 w +(\347)695 6655 w +(\347)695 6555 w +(\347)695 6455 w +(\347)695 6355 w +(\347)695 6255 w +(\347)695 6155 w +(\347)695 6055 w +(\347)695 5955 w +(\347)695 5855 w +(\347)695 5755 w +(\347)695 5655 w +(_ _______________________________________________________________________________________)1 4370 1 695 5555 t +(\347)5065 5655 w +(\347)5065 5714 w +(\347)5065 5814 w +(\347)5065 5914 w +(\347)5065 6014 w +(\347)5065 6114 w +(\347)5065 6214 w +(\347)5065 6314 w +(\347)5065 6414 w +(\347)5065 6514 w +(\347)5065 6614 w +(\347)5065 6714 w +( _______________________________________________________________________________________)1 4320(\347 _)1 -4320 2 5065 6814 t +10 BI f +(12.5. Graphics.)1 653 1 720 6970 t +10 R f +(The function)1 513 1 1448 6970 t +10 CW f +(\\D')1986 6970 w +10 I f +(c.)2166 6970 w +10 R f +(..)2235 6970 w +10 CW f +(')2285 6970 w +10 R f +(draws a graphic object of type)5 1205 1 2370 6970 t +10 I f +(c)3600 6970 w +10 R f +( param-)1 308(according to a sequence of)4 1063 2 3669 6970 t +(eters, which are generally pairs of numbers.)6 1745 1 720 7090 t +10 C f +(\\D'l)970 7246 w +10 I f +(dh dv)1 270 1 1270 7246 t +10 C f +(')1540 7246 w +10 R f +(draw line from current position by)5 1373 1 2194 7246 t +10 I f +(dh)3592 7246 w +10 R f +(,)3700 7246 w +10 I f +(dv)3766 7246 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 22 24 +%%Page: 23 25 +/saveobj save def +mark +25 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 23 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +10 C f +(\\D'c)970 840 w +10 I f +(d)1270 840 w +10 C f +(')1320 840 w +10 R f +(draw circle of diameter)3 927 1 2194 840 t +10 I f +(d)3146 840 w +10 R f +(with left side at current position)5 1274 1 3221 840 t +10 C f +(\\D'e)970 960 w +10 I f +(d)1270 960 w +7 R f +(1)1331 980 w +10 I f +(d)1382 960 w +7 R f +(2)1443 980 w +10 C f +(')1486 960 w +10 R f +(draw ellipse of diameters)3 1006 1 2194 960 t +10 I f +(d)3225 960 w +7 R f +(1)3286 980 w +10 R f +(and)3354 960 w +10 I f +(d)3523 960 w +7 R f +(2)3584 980 w +10 C f +(\\D'a)970 1080 w +10 I f +(dh)1270 1080 w +7 R f +(1)1381 1100 w +10 I f +(dv)1500 1080 w +7 R f +(1)1605 1100 w +10 I f +(dh)1724 1080 w +7 R f +(2)1835 1100 w +10 I f +(dv)1954 1080 w +7 R f +(2)2059 1100 w +10 C f +(')2102 1080 w +10 R f +(draw arc from current position to)5 1322 1 2194 1080 t +10 I f +(dh)3541 1080 w +7 R f +(1)3652 1100 w +10 S f +(+)3711 1080 w +10 I f +(dh)3782 1080 w +7 R f +(2)3893 1100 w +10 R f +(,)3936 1080 w +10 I f +(dv)3986 1080 w +7 R f +(1)4091 1100 w +10 S f +(+)4150 1080 w +10 I f +(dv)4221 1080 w +7 R f +(2)4326 1100 w +10 R f +(,)4369 1080 w +(with center at)2 543 1 2374 1200 t +10 I f +(dh)2942 1200 w +7 R f +(1)3053 1220 w +10 R f +(,)3104 1200 w +10 I f +(dv)3170 1200 w +7 R f +(1)3275 1220 w +10 R f +(from current position)2 849 1 3343 1200 t +10 C f +(\\D'\304)970 1320 w +10 I f +(dh)1270 1320 w +7 R f +(1)1381 1340 w +10 I f +(dv)1432 1320 w +7 R f +(1)1537 1340 w +10 I f +(dh)1588 1320 w +7 R f +(2)1699 1340 w +10 I f +(dv)1750 1320 w +7 R f +(2)1855 1340 w +10 I f +(...)1906 1320 w +10 C f +(')1981 1320 w +10 R f +(draw B-spline from current position by)5 1562 1 2194 1320 t +10 I f +(dh)3781 1320 w +7 R f +(1 ,)1 58 1 3892 1340 t +10 I f +(dv)3966 1320 w +7 R f +(1)4071 1340 w +10 R f +(,)4114 1320 w +(then by)1 297 1 2374 1440 t +10 I f +(dh)2696 1440 w +7 R f +(2)2807 1460 w +10 R f +(,)2858 1440 w +10 I f +(dv)2891 1440 w +7 R f +(2)2996 1460 w +10 R f +(, then by)2 347 1 3039 1440 t +10 I f +(dh)3411 1440 w +7 R f +(2)3522 1460 w +10 R f +(,)3573 1440 w +10 I f +(dv)3606 1440 w +7 R f +(2)3711 1460 w +10 R f +(, then ...)2 322 1 3754 1440 t +(For example,)1 527 1 720 1596 t +10 CW f +(\\D'e0.2i 0.1i')1 840 1 1272 1596 t +10 R f +(draws the ellipse)2 671 1 2137 1596 t +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +% +% Version 3.3.1 drawing procedures for dpost. Automatically pulled in when +% needed. +% + +/inpath false def +/savematrix matrix def + +/Dl { + inpath + {pop pop neg lineto} + {newpath neg moveto neg lineto stroke} + ifelse +} bind def + +/De { + /y1 exch 2 div def + /x1 exch 2 div def + /savematrix savematrix currentmatrix def + neg exch x1 add exch translate + x1 y1 scale + 0 0 1 0 360 + inpath + {1 0 moveto arc savematrix setmatrix} + {newpath arc savematrix setmatrix stroke} + ifelse +} bind def + +/Da { + /dy2 exch def + /dx2 exch def + /dy1 exch def + /dx1 exch def + dy1 add neg exch dx1 add exch + dx1 dx1 mul dy1 dy1 mul add sqrt + dy1 dx1 neg atan + dy2 neg dx2 atan + inpath + {arc} + {newpath arc stroke} + ifelse +} bind def + +/DA { + /dy2 exch def + /dx2 exch def + /dy1 exch def + /dx1 exch def + dy1 add neg exch dx1 add exch + dx1 dx1 mul dy1 dy1 mul add sqrt + dy1 dx1 neg atan + dy2 neg dx2 atan + inpath + {arcn} + {newpath arcn stroke} + ifelse +} bind def + +/Ds { + /y2 exch def + /x2 exch def + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + /y0 exch def + /x0 exch def + x0 5 x1 mul add 6 div + y0 5 y1 mul add -6 div + x2 5 x1 mul add 6 div + y2 5 y1 mul add -6 div + x1 x2 add 2 div + y1 y2 add -2 div + inpath + {curveto} + {newpath x0 x1 add 2 div y0 y1 add -2 div moveto curveto stroke} + ifelse +} bind def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 R f +2833 1596 144 72 De +(, and)1 195 1 2993 1596 t +10 CW f +(\\D'l.2i -.1i'\\D'l.1i .1i')2 1502 1 3214 1596 t +10 R f +(the line)1 298 1 4742 1596 t +864 1644 720 1716 Dl +936 1716 864 1644 Dl +(. A)1 154 1 952 1716 t +10 CW f +(\\D)1138 1716 w +10 R f +(with an unknown)2 708 1 1290 1716 t +10 I f +(c)2030 1716 w +10 R f +( and copied through to the output for unspeci\256ed interpreta-)9 2442(is processed)1 492 2 2106 1716 t +(tion.)720 1836 w +( have default scaling of ems; vertical numbers $second,)8 2230(Numbers taken as horizontal \(\256rst, third, etc.$)6 1840 2 970 1992 t +(fourth, etc.\) have default scaling of)5 1409 1 720 2112 t +10 I f +(V)2156 2112 w +10 R f +( been drawn is at its)5 801( position after a graphical object has)6 1459( The)1 207(s $\2471.3$.)1 332 4 2241 2112 t +(end; for circles and ellipses, the ``end'' is at the right side.)11 2326 1 720 2232 t +10 B f +(13. Hyphenation.)1 757 1 720 2472 t +10 R f +( on with)2 352( switched)1 391( When)1 299(Automatic hyphenation may be switched off and on.)7 2174 4 970 2628 t +10 C f +(hy)4223 2628 w +10 R f +(, several variants)2 697 1 4343 2628 t +( A)1 125(may be set.)2 458 2 720 2748 t +10 I f +(hyphenation indicator)1 889 1 1331 2748 t +10 R f +( specify desired hyphenation)3 1151(character may be embedded in a word to)7 1641 2 2248 2748 t +( may specify a small list of)6 1167( addition, the user)3 758( In)1 147(points, or may be prepended to suppress hyphenation.)7 2248 4 720 2868 t +(exception words.)1 682 1 720 2988 t +( null\) non-alphabetic)2 862(Only words that consist of a central alphabetic string surrounded by $usually)11 3208 2 970 3144 t +( that contain hyphens \(minus$, em-dashes $)6 1729( Words)1 318( for automatic hyphenation.)3 1110(strings are candidates)2 865 4 720 3264 t +10 C f +(\\\(em)4742 3264 w +10 R f +($,)4982 3264 w +( are always subject to splitting after those characters, whether automatic)10 2904(or hyphenation indicator characters)3 1416 2 720 3384 t +(hyphenation is on or off.)4 985 1 720 3504 t +10 C f +(.nh)720 3660 w +10 R f +( E)1 748(hyphenate -)1 753 2 1440 3660 t +(Automatic hyphenation is turned off.)4 1479 1 1296 3816 t +10 C f +(.hy)720 3972 w +10 I f +(N)933 3972 w +10 R f +(on,)1440 3972 w +10 I f +(N)1590 3972 w +10 S f +(=)1681 3972 w +10 R f +(1 on,)1 533 1 1752 3972 t +10 I f +(N)2310 3972 w +10 S f +(=)2401 3972 w +10 R f +(1 E)1 469 1 2472 3972 t +( is turned on for)4 658(Automatic hyphenation)1 945 2 1296 4128 t +10 I f +(N)2929 4128 w +10 S f +(\263)3020 4128 w +10 R f +(1, or off for)3 480 1 3091 4128 t +10 I f +(N)3601 4128 w +10 S f +(=)3692 4128 w +10 R f +(0. If)1 196 1 3763 4128 t +10 I f +(N)3989 4128 w +10 S f +(=)4080 4128 w +10 R f +(2, last lines $ones that)4 889 1 4151 4128 t +( For)1 207( not hyphenated.)2 699(will cause a trap$ are)4 906 3 1296 4248 t +10 I f +(N)3151 4248 w +10 S f +(=)3242 4248 w +10 R f +(4 and 8, the last and \256rst two characters)8 1727 1 3313 4248 t +( values are additive; i.e.,)4 985( These)1 291(respectively of a word are not split off.)7 1566 3 1296 4368 t +10 I f +(N)4166 4368 w +10 S f +(=)4257 4368 w +10 R f +(14 will invoke all)3 712 1 4328 4368 t +(three restrictions.)1 693 1 1296 4488 t +10 C f +(.hc)720 4644 w +10 I f +(c)925 4644 w +10 C f +(\\% \\%)1 840 1 1440 4644 t +10 R f +(E)2880 4644 w +( is set to)3 388(Hyphenation indicator character)2 1321 2 1296 4800 t +10 I f +(c)3049 4800 w +10 R f +(or to the default)3 692 1 3137 4800 t +10 C f +(\\%)3873 4800 w +10 R f +( indicator does not)3 798(. The)1 249 2 3993 4800 t +(appear in the output.)3 821 1 1296 4920 t +10 C f +(.hw)720 5076 w +10 I f +(word ...)1 306 1 925 5076 t +10 R f +(ignored -)1 753 1 2160 5076 t +( of a word with)4 642( Versions)1 413( embedded minus signs.)3 985(Specify hyphenation points in words with)5 1704 4 1296 5232 t +(terminal)1296 5352 w +10 I f +(s)1663 5352 w +10 R f +(are implied; i.e.,)2 670 1 1736 5352 t +10 CW f +(dig-it)2439 5352 w +10 R f +(implies)2832 5352 w +10 CW f +(dig-its)3160 5352 w +10 R f +( list is examined initially and)5 1199(. This)1 261 2 3580 5352 t +( space available is small\320about 128 characters.)6 1915( The)1 205(after each suf\256x stripping.)3 1048 3 1296 5472 t +10 B f +( Titles.)1 289(14. Three-Part)1 651 2 720 5712 t +10 R f +(The titling function)2 790 1 970 5868 t +10 C f +(tl)1791 5868 w +10 R f +( placement of three \256elds at the left, center, and right)10 2182(provides for automatic)2 916 2 1942 5868 t +(of a line with a title length speci\256able with)8 1750 1 720 5988 t +10 C f +(lt)2500 5988 w +10 R f +(.)2620 5988 w +10 C f +(tl)2699 5988 w +10 R f +(may be used anywhere, and is independent of the nor-)9 2192 1 2848 5988 t +( common use is in header and footer macros.)8 1788( A)1 122(mal text collecting process.)3 1093 3 720 6108 t +10 C f +(.tl ')1 300 1 720 6264 t +10 I f +(left)1020 6264 w +10 C f +(')1148 6264 w +10 I f +(center)1208 6264 w +10 C f +(')1457 6264 w +10 I f +(right)1517 6264 w +10 C f +(')1712 6264 w +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 2880 6264 t +(The strings)1 455 1 1296 6420 t +10 I f +(left)1784 6420 w +10 R f +(,)1912 6420 w +10 I f +(center)1970 6420 w +10 R f +(, and)1 202 1 2219 6420 t +10 I f +(right)2454 6420 w +10 R f +(are respectively left-adjusted, centered, and right-adjusted)5 2358 1 2682 6420 t +( If)1 118( of the strings may be empty, and overlapping is permitted.)10 2379( Any)1 224( title length.)2 485(in the current)2 538 5 1296 6540 t +(the page-number character $initially)3 1447 1 1296 6660 t +10 C f +(%)2773 6660 w +10 R f +( within any of the \256elds it is replaced by the)10 1814($ is found)2 393 2 2833 6660 t +(current page number in the format assigned to register)8 2290 1 1296 6780 t +10 C f +(%)3627 6780 w +10 R f +( character may be used in)5 1091(. Any)1 262 2 3687 6780 t +(place of)1 318 1 1296 6900 t +10 CW f +(')1639 6900 w +10 R f +(as the string delimiter.)3 894 1 1724 6900 t +10 C f +(.pc)720 7056 w +10 I f +(c)925 7056 w +10 C f +(%)1440 7056 w +10 R f +(off -)1 753 1 2160 7056 t +(The page number character is set to)6 1418 1 1296 7212 t +10 I f +(c)2739 7212 w +10 R f +( page number register remains)4 1208( The)1 205(, or removed.)2 532 3 2783 7212 t +10 C f +(%)4753 7212 w +10 R f +(.)4813 7212 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 23 25 +%%Page: 24 26 +/saveobj save def +mark +26 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 24 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +10 C f +(.lt)720 840 w +10 S f +(\261)925 840 w +10 I f +(N)980 840 w +10 R f +( E,)1 462( previous)1 845(6.5 in)1 219 3 1440 840 t +10 B f +(m)2966 840 w +10 R f +( to)1 108(Length of title is set)4 816 2 1296 996 t +10 S f +(\261)2250 996 w +10 I f +(N)2313 996 w +10 R f +( do)1 130( Indents)1 349( line length and the title length are independent.)8 1946(. The)1 235 4 2380 996 t +(not apply to titles; page offsets do.)6 1380 1 1296 1116 t +10 B f +( Line Numbering.)2 759(15. Output)1 487 2 720 1356 t +10 R f +( output lines may be requested with)6 1493(Automatic sequence numbering of)3 1411 2 1170 1512 t +10 C f +(nm)4111 1512 w +10 R f +( in effect, a)3 484(. When)1 325 2 4231 1512 t +( thus)1 197( text lines are)3 553( The)1 211(three-digit, arabic number plus a digit-space is prepended to output text lines.)11 3159 4 920 1632 t +( digit-spaces, and otherwise retain their line length; a reduction in line length may be)14 3555( by four)2 338(3 offset)1 327 3 820 1752 t +( lines, other vertical spaces, and)5 1282( Blank)1 291( keep the right margin aligned with an earlier margin.)9 2153(desired to)1 394 4 920 1872 t +(lines generated by)2 738 1 920 1992 t +10 C f +(tl)1689 1992 w +10 R f +( can be temporarily suspended with)5 1452( Numbering)1 511(are not numbered.)2 735 3 1840 1992 t +10 C f +(nn)4570 1992 w +10 R f +(, or with)2 350 1 4690 1992 t +(6 an)1 194 1 820 2112 t +10 C f +(.nm)1042 2112 w +10 R f +(followed by a later)3 760 1 1250 2112 t +10 C f +(.nm +0)1 363 1 2038 2112 t +10 R f +( addition, a line number indent)5 1242(. In)1 161 2 2401 2112 t +10 I f +(I)3832 2112 w +10 R f +( the number-text separa-)3 978(, and)1 197 2 3865 2112 t +(tion)920 2232 w +10 I f +(S)1107 2232 w +10 R f +( it can be speci\256ed that only those line numbers that)10 2146( Further,)1 376(may be speci\256ed in digit-spaces.)4 1329 3 1189 2232 t +(are multiples of some number)4 1193 1 920 2352 t +10 I f +(M)2138 2352 w +10 R f +(are to be printed $the others will appear as blank number \256elds$.)11 2556 1 2246 2352 t +10 C f +(.nm)720 2508 w +10 S f +(\261)925 2508 w +10 I f +(N M S I)3 308 1 980 2508 t +10 R f +(off E)1 781 1 2160 2508 t +( If)1 128(Line number mode.)2 809 2 1296 2664 t +10 S f +(\261)2270 2664 w +10 I f +(N)2333 2664 w +10 R f +( is turned on, and the next output line)8 1595(is given, line numbering)3 1008 2 2437 2664 t +(numbered is numbered)2 949 1 1296 2784 t +10 S f +(\261)2287 2784 w +10 I f +(N)2350 2784 w +10 R f +( values are)2 460(. Default)1 391 2 2417 2784 t +10 I f +(M)3310 2784 w +10 S f +(=)3417 2784 w +10 R f +(1,)3488 2784 w +10 I f +(S)3604 2784 w +10 S f +(=)3678 2784 w +10 R f +(1, and)1 260 1 3749 2784 t +10 I f +(I)4050 2784 w +10 S f +(=)4107 2784 w +10 R f +( corre-)1 278(0. Parameters)1 584 2 4178 2784 t +( is considered miss-)3 815(sponding to missing arguments are unaffected; a non-numeric argument)8 2929 2 1296 2904 t +( of all arguments, numbering is turned off; the next line number is pre-)13 2941( the absence)2 507(ing. In)1 296 3 1296 3024 t +(served for possible further use in number register)7 1965 1 1296 3144 t +10 C f +(ln)3286 3144 w +10 R f +(.)3406 3144 w +10 C f +(.nn)720 3300 w +10 I f +(N)925 3300 w +10 R f +(-)1440 3300 w +10 I f +(N)2160 3300 w +10 S f +(=)2251 3300 w +10 R f +(1 E)1 619 1 2322 3300 t +(The next)1 352 1 1296 3456 t +10 I f +(N)1673 3456 w +10 R f +(text output lines are not numbered.)5 1393 1 1765 3456 t +( numbered with)2 639( an example, the paragraph portions of this section are)9 2207(9 As)1 461 3 820 3612 t +10 I f +(M=)4158 3612 w +10 R f +(3:)4325 3612 w +10 C f +(.nm 1 3)2 420 1 4434 3612 t +10 R f +(was)4885 3612 w +(placed at the beginning;)3 969 1 920 3732 t +10 C f +(.nm)1918 3732 w +10 R f +(was placed at the end of the \256rst paragraph; and)9 1945 1 2127 3732 t +10 C f +(.nm +0)1 360 1 4101 3732 t +10 R f +( in)1 106(was placed)1 444 2 4490 3732 t +(front of this paragraph; and)4 1180 1 920 3852 t +10 C f +(.nm)2147 3852 w +10 R f +( $by)1 181( lengths were also changed)4 1163( Line)1 255(\256nally placed at the end.)4 1067 4 2374 3852 t +(12)770 3972 w +10 C f +(\\w'0000'u)920 3972 w +10 R f +( example is)2 457( Another)1 378( aligned.)1 345($ to keep the right side)5 906 4 1460 3972 t +10 CW f +(.nm +5 5 x 3)4 584 1 3572 3972 t +10 R f +(, which turns on num-)4 884 1 4156 3972 t +(bering with the line number of the next line to be 5 greater than the last numbered line, with)18 3832 1 920 4092 t +10 I f +(M)4787 4092 w +10 S f +(=)4894 4092 w +10 R f +(5,)4965 4092 w +(with spacing)1 508 1 920 4212 t +10 I f +(S)1453 4212 w +10 R f +(untouched, and with the indent)4 1235 1 1528 4212 t +10 I f +(I)2788 4212 w +10 R f +(set to 3.)2 314 1 2846 4212 t +10 B f +( Acceptance of Input)3 885(16. Conditional)1 682 2 720 4452 t +10 R f +(In the following,)2 707 1 970 4608 t +10 I f +(c)1721 4608 w +10 R f +(is a one-character built-in)3 1082 1 1810 4608 t +10 I f +(condition)2937 4608 w +10 R f +(name,)3360 4608 w +10 C f +(!)3646 4608 w +10 R f +(signi\256es)3751 4608 w +10 I f +(not)4130 4608 w +10 R f +(,)4258 4608 w +10 I f +(N)4328 4608 w +10 R f +(is a numerical)2 600 1 4440 4608 t +(expression,)720 4728 w +10 I f +(string1)1209 4728 w +10 R f +(and)1530 4728 w +10 I f +(string2)1711 4728 w +10 R f +( character not in the)4 836(are strings delimited by any non-blank, non-numeric)6 2172 2 2032 4728 t +(strings, and)1 461 1 720 4848 t +10 I f +(anything)1206 4848 w +10 R f +(represents what is conditionally accepted.)4 1666 1 1581 4848 t +10 C f +(.if)720 5004 w +10 I f +(c anything)1 419 1 925 5004 t +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 2160 5004 t +(If condition)1 469 1 1296 5160 t +10 I f +(c)1790 5160 w +10 R f +(true, accept)1 459 1 1859 5160 t +10 I f +(anything)2343 5160 w +10 R f +(as input; in multi-line case use)5 1219 1 2718 5160 t +10 I f +(\\{anything \\})1 502 1 3962 5160 t +10 R f +(.)4464 5160 w +10 C f +(.if !)1 300 1 720 5316 t +10 I f +(c anything)1 419 1 1020 5316 t +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 1440 5316 t +(If condition)1 469 1 1296 5472 t +10 I f +(c)1790 5472 w +10 R f +(false, accept)1 492 1 1859 5472 t +10 I f +(anything)2376 5472 w +10 R f +(.)2726 5472 w +10 C f +(.if)720 5628 w +10 I f +(N anything)1 442 1 925 5628 t +10 R f +(-)2160 5628 w +10 B f +(u)2880 5628 w +10 R f +(If expression)1 518 1 1296 5784 t +10 I f +(N)1839 5784 w +10 S f +(>)1931 5784 w +10 R f +(0, accept)1 354 1 2011 5784 t +10 I f +(anything)2390 5784 w +10 R f +(.)2740 5784 w +10 C f +(.if !)1 300 1 720 5940 t +10 I f +(N anything)1 442 1 1020 5940 t +10 R f +(-)2160 5940 w +10 B f +(u)2880 5940 w +10 R f +(If expression)1 518 1 1296 6096 t +10 I f +(N)1839 6096 w +10 S f +(\243)1931 6096 w +10 R f +(0, accept)1 354 1 2011 6096 t +10 I f +(anything)2390 6096 w +10 R f +(.)2740 6096 w +10 C f +(.if ')1 300 1 720 6252 t +10 I f +(string1)1020 6252 w +10 C f +(')1304 6252 w +10 I f +(string2)1364 6252 w +10 C f +(')1648 6252 w +10 I f +(anything)1733 6252 w +10 R f +(-)2880 6252 w +(If)1296 6408 w +10 I f +(string1)1387 6408 w +10 R f +(identical to)1 447 1 1696 6408 t +10 I f +(string2)2168 6408 w +10 R f +(, accept)1 304 1 2452 6408 t +10 I f +(anything)2781 6408 w +10 R f +(.)3131 6408 w +10 C f +(.if !')1 360 1 720 6564 t +10 I f +(string1)1080 6564 w +10 C f +(')1364 6564 w +10 I f +(string2)1424 6564 w +10 C f +(')1708 6564 w +10 I f +(anything)1793 6564 w +10 R f +(-)2880 6564 w +(If)1296 6720 w +10 I f +(string1)1387 6720 w +10 R f +(not identical to)2 600 1 1696 6720 t +10 I f +(string2)2321 6720 w +10 R f +(, accept)1 304 1 2605 6720 t +10 I f +(anything)2934 6720 w +10 R f +(.)3284 6720 w +10 C f +(.ie)720 6876 w +10 I f +(c anything)1 419 1 925 6876 t +10 R f +(-)2160 6876 w +10 B f +(u)2880 6876 w +10 R f +(If portion of if-else; all of the forms for)8 1569 1 1296 7032 t +10 C f +(if)2890 7032 w +10 R f +(above are valid.)2 634 1 3035 7032 t +10 C f +(.el)720 7188 w +10 I f +(anything)925 7188 w +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 2160 7188 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 24 26 +%%Page: 25 27 +/saveobj save def +mark +27 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 25 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +(Else portion of if-else.)3 893 1 1296 840 t +(The built-in condition names are:)4 1332 1 970 996 t +10 S f +(_ ___________________________________)1 1754 1 2003 1076 t +10 R f +(Condition)2053 1196 w +( If)1 91(Name True)1 1045 2 2134 1316 t +10 S f +(_ ___________________________________)1 1754 1 2003 1336 t +10 C f +(o)2223 1456 w +10 R f +(Current page number is odd)4 1115 1 2554 1456 t +10 C f +(e)2223 1576 w +10 R f +(Current page number is even)4 1153 1 2554 1576 t +10 C f +(t)2223 1696 w +10 R f +(Formatter is)1 486 1 2554 1696 t +10 I f +(troff)3065 1696 w +10 C f +(n)2223 1816 w +10 R f +(Formatter is)1 486 1 2554 1816 t +10 I f +(nroff)3065 1816 w +10 S f +( \347)1 -1754(_ ___________________________________)1 1754 2 2003 1836 t +(\347)2003 1776 w +(\347)2003 1676 w +(\347)2003 1576 w +(\347)2003 1476 w +(\347)2003 1376 w +(\347)2003 1276 w +(\347)2003 1176 w +(\347)2504 1836 w +(\347)2504 1776 w +(\347)2504 1676 w +(\347)2504 1576 w +(\347)2504 1476 w +(\347)2504 1376 w +(\347)2504 1276 w +(\347)2504 1176 w +(\347)3757 1836 w +(\347)3757 1776 w +(\347)3757 1676 w +(\347)3757 1576 w +(\347)3757 1476 w +(\347)3757 1376 w +(\347)3757 1276 w +(\347)3757 1176 w +10 R f +(If the condition)2 646 1 720 2016 t +10 I f +(c)1406 2016 w +10 R f +(is true, or if the number)5 1023 1 1490 2016 t +10 I f +(N)2554 2016 w +10 R f +(is greater than zero, or if the strings compare identically)9 2378 1 2662 2016 t +($including motions and character size and font$,)6 1958 1 720 2136 t +10 I f +(anything)2711 2136 w +10 R f +( a)1 77( If)1 124(is accepted as input.)3 828 3 3094 2136 t +10 C f +(!)4156 2136 w +10 R f +(precedes the condi-)2 791 1 4249 2136 t +(tion, number, or string comparison, the sense of the acceptance is reversed.)11 2996 1 720 2256 t +(Any spaces between the condition and the beginning of)8 2229 1 970 2412 t +10 I f +(anything)3226 2412 w +10 R f +( The)1 207(are skipped over.)2 688 2 3603 2412 t +10 I f +(anything)4525 2412 w +10 R f +(can)4902 2412 w +( the)1 147( the multi-line case,)3 791( In)1 134(be either a single input line $text, macro, or whatever$ or a number of input lines.)15 3248 4 720 2532 t +(\256rst line must begin with a left delimiter)7 1614 1 720 2652 t +10 C f +(\\{)2359 2652 w +10 R f +(and the last line must end with a right delimiter)9 1891 1 2504 2652 t +10 C f +(\\})4420 2652 w +10 R f +(.)4540 2652 w +(The request)1 473 1 970 2808 t +10 C f +(ie)1473 2808 w +10 R f +($if-else$ is identical to)3 894 1 1623 2808 t +10 C f +(if)2548 2808 w +10 R f +( subse-)1 286( A)1 128(except that the acceptance state is remembered.)6 1927 3 2699 2808 t +(quent and matching)2 788 1 720 2928 t +10 C f +(el)1533 2928 w +10 R f +($else$ request then uses the reverse sense of that state.)9 2144 1 1678 2928 t +10 C f +(ie)3872 2928 w +10 R f +(-)3992 2928 w +10 C f +(el)4025 2928 w +10 R f +(pairs may be nested.)3 815 1 4170 2928 t +(Some examples are:)2 804 1 970 3084 t +9 CW f +( Page %''')2 540( Even)1 231(.if e .tl ')3 594 3 1008 3254 t +10 R f +(which outputs a title if the page number is even; and)10 2092 1 720 3434 t +9 CW f +(.ie \\n%>1 \\{\\)2 702 1 1008 3604 t +( 0.5i)1 270(' sp)1 540 2 1008 3714 t +( 'Page %''')2 594(. tl)1 540 2 1008 3824 t +( |1.2i \\})2 486(' sp)1 540 2 1008 3934 t +(.el .sp |2.5i)2 702 1 1008 4044 t +10 R f +(which treats page 1 differently from other pages.)7 1945 1 720 4224 t +10 B f +( Switching.)1 473(17. Environment)1 742 2 720 4464 t +10 R f +(A number of the parameters that control the text processing are gathered together into an)14 3696 1 970 4620 t +10 I f +(environ-)4702 4620 w +(ment)720 4740 w +10 R f +( environment parameters are those associated with requests)7 2413( The)1 213(, which can be switched by the user.)7 1500 3 914 4740 t +(noting E in their)3 695 1 720 4860 t +10 I f +(Notes)1454 4860 w +10 R f +( addition, partially collected lines and words are in the environment.)10 2874(column; in)1 445 2 1721 4860 t +( number)1 341(Everything else is global; examples are page-oriented parameters, diversion-oriented parameters,)9 3979 2 720 4980 t +( environments are initialized with default parameter values.)7 2373( All)1 178(registers, and macro and string de\256nitions.)5 1701 3 720 5100 t +10 C f +(.ev)720 5256 w +10 I f +(N N)1 582 1 925 5256 t +10 S f +(=)1531 5256 w +10 R f +( -)1 409(0 previous)1 902 2 1602 5256 t +(Environment switched to environment 0)4 1622 1 1296 5412 t +10 S f +(\243)2934 5412 w +10 I f +(N)3005 5412 w +10 S f +(\243)3096 5412 w +10 R f +( done in push-down fashion so)5 1244( is)1 95(2. Switching)1 534 3 3167 5412 t +(that restoring a previous environment)4 1526 1 1296 5532 t +10 I f +(must)2854 5532 w +10 R f +(be done with)2 528 1 3074 5532 t +10 C f +(.ev)3633 5532 w +10 R f +(rather than speci\256c reference.)3 1196 1 3844 5532 t +(Note that what is pushed down and restored is the environment)10 2519 1 1296 5652 t +10 I f +(number,)3840 5652 w +10 R f +(not its contents.)2 631 1 4195 5652 t +10 B f +( from the Standard Input)4 1084(18. Insertions)1 603 2 720 5892 t +10 R f +( be temporarily switched to the system standard input with)9 2376(The input can)2 555 2 970 6048 t +10 C f +(rd)3930 6048 w +10 R f +(, which will switch back)4 990 1 4050 6048 t +( mechanism is intended for)4 1082( This)1 228( newlines are found $the extra blank line is not used$.)10 2121(when two consecutive)2 889 4 720 6168 t +( On)1 184(insertions in form-letter-like documentation.)3 1812 2 720 6288 t +9 R f +(UNIX)2753 6288 w +10 R f +( can be the user's keyboard, a)6 1260(, the standard input)3 802 2 2978 6288 t +(pipe, or a \256le.)3 552 1 720 6408 t +10 C f +(.rd)720 6564 w +10 I f +(prompt)925 6564 w +10 R f +(-)1440 6564 w +10 I f +(prompt=)2160 6564 w +9 R f +(BEL)2517 6564 w +10 R f +(-)2880 6564 w +( standard)1 366( the)1 149( If)1 118(Read insertion from the standard input until two newlines in a row are found.)13 3111 4 1296 6720 t +(input is the user's keyboard,)4 1205 1 1296 6840 t +10 I f +(prompt)2544 6840 w +10 R f +($or a)1 203 1 2876 6840 t +9 R f +(BEL)3122 6840 w +10 R f +($ is written onto the standard output.)6 1560 1 3292 6840 t +10 C f +(rd)4920 6840 w +10 R f +(behaves like a macro, and arguments may be placed after)9 2282 1 1296 6960 t +10 I f +(prompt)3603 6960 w +10 R f +(.)3892 6960 w +10 C f +(.ex)720 7116 w +10 R f +(- - -)2 1473 1 1440 7116 t +(Exit from)1 386 1 1296 7272 t +10 I f +(nroff)1707 7272 w +10 R f +(/)1902 7272 w +10 I f +(troff)1930 7272 w +10 R f +( processing is terminated exactly as if all input had ended.)10 2316(. Text)1 258 2 2103 7272 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 25 27 +%%Page: 26 28 +/saveobj save def +mark +28 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 26 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +( be taken from the terminal keyboard while output is being printed on the terminal,)14 3338(If insertions are to)3 732 2 970 840 t +(the command line option)3 1021 1 720 960 t +10 C f +(\261q)1774 960 w +10 R f +( the echoing of keyboard input and prompt only with)9 2175(will turn off)2 499 2 1927 960 t +9 R f +(BEL)4633 960 w +10 R f +(. The)1 237 1 4803 960 t +(regular input and insertion input cannot simultaneously come from the standard input.)11 3436 1 720 1080 t +( letter may be prepared by entering the insertions for all the)11 2403(As an example, multiple copies of a form)7 1667 2 970 1236 t +( causing the \256le containing the letter to reinvoke itself)9 2156(copies in one \256le to be used as the standard input, and)11 2164 2 720 1356 t +(with)720 1476 w +10 C f +(nx)923 1476 w +10 R f +($\24719$; the process would ultimately be ended by an)8 2047 1 1068 1476 t +10 C f +(ex)3140 1476 w +10 R f +(in the insertion \256le.)3 778 1 3285 1476 t +10 B f +( File Switching)2 634(19. Input/Output)1 755 2 720 1716 t +10 C f +(.so)720 1872 w +10 I f +(\256lename)925 1872 w +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 2160 1872 t +( top input $\256le reading$ level is switched to)8 1753( The)1 209(Switch source \256le.)2 749 3 1296 2028 t +10 I f +(\256lename)4036 2028 w +10 R f +( the new)2 348(. When)1 318 2 4374 2028 t +(\256le ends, input is again taken from the original \256le.)9 2046 1 1296 2148 t +10 C f +(so)3392 2148 w +10 R f +('s may be nested.)3 693 1 3512 2148 t +10 C f +(.nx)720 2304 w +10 I f +(\256lename)925 2304 w +10 R f +(end-of-\256le -)1 753 1 2160 2304 t +( is)1 110(Next \256le)1 364 2 1296 2460 t +10 I f +(\256lename)1813 2460 w +10 R f +( current \256le is considered ended, and the input is immediately)10 2641(. The)1 248 2 2151 2460 t +(switched to)1 458 1 1296 2580 t +10 I f +(\256lename)1779 2580 w +10 R f +(.)2117 2580 w +10 C f +(.sy)720 2736 w +10 I f +(string)925 2736 w +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 2160 2736 t +(Execute program from)2 911 1 1296 2892 t +10 I f +(string)2237 2892 w +10 R f +( output is not collected)4 931( The)1 210(, which is the rest of the input line.)8 1428 3 2471 2892 t +( number register)2 676(automatically. The)1 785 2 1296 3012 t +10 CW f +($$)2793 3012 w +10 R f +(, which contains the process id of the)7 1558 1 2913 3012 t +10 I f +(troff)4507 3012 w +10 R f +(process,)4716 3012 w +(may be useful in generating unique \256lenames for output.)8 2261 1 1296 3132 t +10 C f +(.pi)720 3288 w +10 I f +(string)925 3288 w +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 2160 3288 t +(Pipe output to)2 570 1 1296 3444 t +10 I f +(string)1895 3444 w +10 R f +( request must occur before any)5 1252( This)1 233( the rest of the input line.)6 1032(, which is)2 394 4 2129 3444 t +(printing occurs.)1 627 1 1296 3564 t +10 C f +(.cf)720 3720 w +10 I f +(\256lename)925 3720 w +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 2160 3720 t +(Copy contents of \256le)3 836 1 1296 3876 t +10 I f +(\256lename)2157 3876 w +10 R f +( \256le is assumed to con-)5 919( The)1 205(to output, completely unprocessed.)3 1396 3 2520 3876 t +(tain something meaningful to subsequent processes.)5 2076 1 1296 3996 t +10 B f +(20. Miscellaneous)1 775 1 720 4236 t +10 C f +(.mc)720 4392 w +10 I f +(c N)1 136 1 925 4392 t +10 R f +( E,)1 690(- off)1 836 2 1440 4392 t +10 B f +(m)2966 4392 w +12 S f +(\347)5140 4392 w +10 R f +(Speci\256es that a)2 617 1 1296 4548 t +10 I f +(margin)1944 4548 w +10 R f +(character)2265 4548 w +10 I f +(c)2661 4548 w +10 R f +(appear a distance)2 700 1 2737 4548 t +10 I f +(N)3469 4548 w +10 R f +(to the right of the right margin after)7 1472 1 3568 4548 t +12 S f +(\347)5140 4548 w +10 R f +( produced by)2 521(each non-empty text line $except those)5 1549 2 1296 4668 t +10 C f +(tl)3391 4668 w +10 R f +( the output line is too long \(as can)8 1355($. If)1 174 2 3511 4668 t +12 S f +(\347)5140 4668 w +10 R f +( If)1 117( line.)1 201(happen in no\256ll mode\) the character will be appended to the)10 2401 3 1296 4788 t +10 I f +(N)4041 4788 w +10 R f +(is not given, the previ-)4 906 1 4134 4788 t +12 S f +(\347)5140 4788 w +10 R f +(ous)1296 4908 w +10 I f +(N)1461 4908 w +10 R f +(is used; the initial)3 712 1 1554 4908 t +10 I f +(N)2292 4908 w +10 R f +(is 0.2 inches in)3 603 1 2385 4908 t +10 I f +(nroff)3014 4908 w +10 R f +(and 1 em in)3 472 1 3235 4908 t +10 I f +(troff)3732 4908 w +10 R f +( margin character used)3 905(. The)1 230 2 3905 4908 t +12 S f +(\347)5140 4908 w +10 R f +(with this paragraph was a 12-point box-rule.)6 1772 1 1296 5028 t +12 S f +(\347)5140 5028 w +10 C f +(.tm)720 5184 w +10 I f +(string)925 5184 w +10 R f +( -)1 437(- newline)1 1036 2 1440 5184 t +(After skipping initial blanks,)3 1159 1 1296 5340 t +10 I f +(string)2483 5340 w +10 R f +($rest of the line$ is read in copy mode and written on the)12 2294 1 2746 5340 t +(standard error.)1 581 1 1296 5460 t +10 C f +(.ab)720 5616 w +10 I f +(string)925 5616 w +10 R f +( -)1 437(- newline)1 1036 2 1440 5616 t +(After skipping initial blanks,)3 1159 1 1296 5772 t +10 I f +(string)2483 5772 w +10 R f +($rest of the line$ is read in copy mode and written on the)12 2294 1 2746 5772 t +(standard error.)1 581 1 1296 5892 t +10 I f +(Troff)1927 5892 w +10 R f +(or)2153 5892 w +10 I f +(nroff)2261 5892 w +10 R f +(then exit.)1 372 1 2481 5892 t +10 C f +(.ig)720 6048 w +10 I f +(yy)925 6048 w +10 R f +(-)1440 6048 w +10 I f +(.yy=)2160 6048 w +10 C f +(..)2341 6048 w +10 R f +(-)2880 6048 w +(Ignore input lines.)2 744 1 1296 6204 t +10 C f +(ig)2097 6204 w +10 R f +(behaves exactly like)2 823 1 2249 6204 t +10 C f +(de)3104 6204 w +10 R f +( The)1 213( discarded.)1 440($\2477$ except that the input is)5 1131 3 3256 6204 t +(input is read in copy mode, and any auto-incremented registers will be affected.)12 3182 1 1296 6324 t +10 C f +(.lf)720 6480 w +10 I f +(N \256lename)1 430 1 925 6480 t +10 R f +(- -)1 753 1 2160 6480 t +(Set line number to)3 769 1 1296 6636 t +10 I f +(N)2101 6636 w +10 R f +(and \256lename to)2 638 1 2204 6636 t +10 I f +(f ilename)1 352 1 2878 6636 t +10 R f +( messages,)1 439(for purposes of subsequent error)4 1335 2 3266 6636 t +( number register [sic])3 871(etc. The)1 351 2 1296 6756 t +10 CW f +(.F)2548 6756 w +10 R f +( as set by com-)4 615(contains the name of the current input \256le,)7 1727 2 2698 6756 t +(mand line argument,)2 840 1 1296 6876 t +10 CW f +(so)2169 6876 w +10 R f +(,)2289 6876 w +10 CW f +(nx)2347 6876 w +10 R f +(, or)1 141 1 2467 6876 t +10 CW f +(lf)2641 6876 w +10 R f +( number register)2 670(. The)1 238 2 2761 6876 t +10 CW f +(.c)3702 6876 w +10 R f +(contains the number of input)4 1185 1 3855 6876 t +(lines read from the current \256le, again perhaps as modi\256ed by)10 2426 1 1296 6996 t +10 CW f +(lf)3747 6996 w +10 R f +(.)3867 6996 w +10 C f +(.pm)720 7152 w +10 I f +(t)925 7152 w +10 R f +( -)1 653(- all)1 820 2 1440 7152 t +( and sizes of all of the de\256ned macros and strings are printed on the)14 2723( names)1 281( The)1 206(Print macros.)1 534 4 1296 7308 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 26 28 +%%Page: 27 29 +/saveobj save def +mark +29 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 27 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +(standard error; if)2 676 1 1296 840 t +10 I f +(t)2000 840 w +10 R f +( is given in blocks)4 736( sizes)1 222( The)1 208(is given, only the total of the sizes is printed.)9 1818 4 2056 840 t +(of 128 characters.)2 711 1 1296 960 t +10 C f +(.fl)720 1116 w +10 R f +(- - B)2 1507 1 1440 1116 t +( output, including any pending position information.)6 2095( Force)1 277(Flush output buffer.)2 797 3 1296 1272 t +10 B f +( and Error Messages.)3 910(21. Output)1 487 2 720 1512 t +10 R f +(The output from)2 659 1 970 1668 t +10 C f +(tm)1656 1668 w +10 R f +(,)1776 1668 w +10 C f +(pm)1828 1668 w +10 R f +( from)1 222(, and the prompt)3 661 2 1948 1668 t +10 C f +(rd)2859 1668 w +10 R f +(, as well as various error messages are written onto)9 2061 1 2979 1668 t +( default,)1 331( By)1 172( latter is different from the standard output, where formatted text goes.)11 2869( The)1 210(the standard error.)2 738 5 720 1788 t +(both are written onto the user's terminal, but they can be independently redirected.)12 3299 1 720 1908 t +( occur during the operation of)5 1194(Various error conditions may)3 1173 2 970 2064 t +10 I f +(nroff)3363 2064 w +10 R f +(and)3584 2064 w +10 I f +(troff)3754 2064 w +10 R f +( less serious errors)3 743(. Certain)1 370 2 3927 2064 t +( examples are)2 564( Two)1 241( local impact do not cause processing to terminate.)8 2086(having only)1 484 4 720 2184 t +10 I f +(word over\257ow)1 583 1 4128 2184 t +10 R f +(, caused)1 329 1 4711 2184 t +( into the word buffer $in \256ll mode$, and)8 1613(by a word that is too large to \256t)8 1287 2 720 2304 t +10 I f +(line over\257ow)1 524 1 3650 2304 t +10 R f +(, caused by an output)4 866 1 4174 2304 t +( both cases, a message is printed, the offending excess is)10 2287( In)1 137(line that grew too large to \256t in the line buffer.)10 1896 3 720 2424 t +( affected word or line is marked at the point of truncation with a)13 2663(discarded, and the)2 737 2 720 2544 t +10 S f +(*)4153 2544 w +10 R f +(in)4236 2544 w +10 I f +(nroff)4347 2544 w +10 R f +(and a)1 221 1 4575 2544 t +10 S1 f +()4829 2544 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_lh { +pop +gsave +size .0022 mul dup scale +currentpoint translate + +16 177 moveto +16 188 lineto +21 193 lineto +30 193 lineto +34 189 lineto +36 183 lineto +36 180 lineto +34 174 lineto +27 170 lineto +19 172 lineto +16 177 lineto +stroke + +38 194 moveto +38 196 lineto +53 199 lineto +68 201 lineto +83 202 lineto +98 203 lineto +113 204 lineto +128 204 lineto +143 205 lineto +158 205 lineto +173 205 lineto +188 204 lineto +203 203 lineto +218 202 lineto +233 200 lineto +248 198 lineto +263 196 lineto +278 194 lineto +293 190 lineto +308 186 lineto +323 181 lineto +338 176 lineto +353 168 lineto +361 162 lineto +364 153 lineto +366 138 lineto +367 126 lineto +368 106 lineto +369 80 lineto +369 74 lineto +368 60 lineto +367 54 lineto +362 43 lineto +348 34 lineto +333 28 lineto +318 25 lineto +303 26 lineto +288 29 lineto +273 31 lineto +258 32 lineto +243 32 lineto +228 30 lineto +213 27 lineto +198 24 lineto +183 23 lineto +168 23 lineto +153 27 lineto +148 34 lineto +148 47 lineto +153 54 lineto +168 58 lineto +183 58 lineto +198 58 lineto +213 59 lineto +226 60 lineto +228 62 lineto +228 67 lineto +223 71 lineto +208 71 lineto +193 70 lineto +178 70 lineto +163 70 lineto +148 70 lineto +133 71 lineto +123 76 lineto +120 84 lineto +120 91 lineto +122 98 lineto +129 104 lineto +144 106 lineto +159 107 lineto +174 107 lineto +189 107 lineto +202 108 lineto +204 110 lineto +204 117 lineto +201 119 lineto +186 119 lineto +171 119 lineto +156 119 lineto +141 119 lineto +126 119 lineto +111 121 lineto +103 128 lineto +101 137 lineto +101 142 lineto +103 150 lineto +111 158 lineto +126 161 lineto +141 161 lineto +156 162 lineto +171 163 lineto +186 163 lineto +191 165 lineto +192 167 lineto +192 171 lineto +190 174 lineto +176 175 lineto +161 175 lineto +146 175 lineto +131 174 lineto +116 174 lineto +101 174 lineto +86 173 lineto +71 172 lineto +56 171 lineto +41 171 lineto +41 174 lineto +43 178 lineto +43 187 lineto +38 194 lineto +stroke + +373 169 moveto +373 176 lineto +375 182 lineto +386 190 lineto +401 193 lineto +408 191 lineto +411 185 lineto +412 181 lineto +414 167 lineto +415 158 lineto +416 144 lineto +417 128 lineto +418 110 lineto +418 60 lineto +417 45 lineto +415 37 lineto +409 34 lineto +394 31 lineto +381 35 lineto +379 42 lineto +379 52 lineto +380 67 lineto +380 77 lineto +379 77 lineto +378 106 lineto +377 121 lineto +376 133 lineto +375 147 lineto +374 158 lineto +373 169 lineto + +stroke +grestore +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +4829 2544 m +100 build_lh +4929 2544 m +10 R f +(in)4962 2544 w +10 I f +(troff)720 2664 w +10 R f +( output useful for debugging may be produced.)7 1917( continues if possible, on the grounds that)7 1715(. Processing)1 515 3 893 2664 t +( a message is printed, along with a list of the macro)11 2185(If a serious error occurs, processing terminates, and)7 2135 2 720 2784 t +( of serious errors include the inability to create, read, or write \256les, and)13 2924( Examples)1 452(names currently active.)2 944 3 720 2904 t +(the exceeding of certain internal limits that make future output unlikely to be useful.)13 3368 1 720 3024 t +10 B f +( Language)1 448(22. Output)1 487 2 720 3264 t +10 I f +(Troff)970 3420 w +10 R f +( independent of any speci\256c output device, except that)8 2219(produces its output in a language that is)7 1620 2 1201 3420 t +( and)1 172(the numbers in it have been computed on the basis of the resolution of the device, and the sizes, fonts,)19 4148 2 720 3540 t +( it is quite possible to interpret that output on a different)11 2290( Nevertheless)1 570(characters that that device can print.)5 1460 3 720 3660 t +(device, within the latter's capabilities.)4 1520 1 720 3780 t +10 CW f +(s)978 3936 w +10 I f +(n)1046 3936 w +10 R f +(set point size to)3 625 1 1474 3936 t +10 I f +(n)2124 3936 w +10 CW f +(f)978 4056 w +10 I f +(n)1046 4056 w +10 R f +(set font to)2 400 1 1474 4056 t +10 I f +(n)1899 4056 w +10 CW f +(c)978 4176 w +10 I f +(c)1046 4176 w +10 R f +(print)1474 4176 w +9 R f +(ASCII)1688 4176 w +10 R f +(character)1948 4176 w +10 I f +(c)2337 4176 w +10 CW f +(C)978 4296 w +10 I f +(xx)1046 4296 w +10 R f +(print character)1 578 1 1474 4296 t +10 I f +(xx)2077 4296 w +10 R f +(; terminate)1 455 1 2165 4296 t +10 I f +(xx)2645 4296 w +10 R f +(by white space)2 593 1 2758 4296 t +10 CW f +(N)978 4416 w +10 I f +(n)1046 4416 w +10 R f +(print character)1 578 1 1474 4416 t +10 I f +(n)2077 4416 w +10 R f +(on current font)2 593 1 2152 4416 t +10 CW f +(H)978 4536 w +10 I f +(n)1046 4536 w +10 R f +(go to absolute horizontal position)4 1339 1 1474 4536 t +10 I f +(n)2838 4536 w +10 R f +($)2913 4536 w +10 I f +(n)2946 4536 w +10 S f +(\263)3020 4536 w +10 R f +(0$)3091 4536 w +10 CW f +(V)978 4656 w +10 I f +(n)1046 4656 w +10 R f +(go to absolute vertical position)4 1233 1 1474 4656 t +10 I f +(n)2732 4656 w +10 R f +($)2807 4656 w +10 I f +(n)2840 4656 w +10 S f +(\263)2914 4656 w +10 R f +(0, down is positive$)3 789 1 2985 4656 t +10 CW f +(h)978 4776 w +10 I f +(n)1046 4776 w +10 R f +(go)1474 4776 w +10 I f +(n)1599 4776 w +10 R f +(units horizontally;)1 731 1 1674 4776 t +10 I f +(n)2430 4776 w +10 S f +(<)2504 4776 w +10 R f +(0 is to the left)4 550 1 2575 4776 t +10 CW f +(v)978 4896 w +10 I f +(n)1046 4896 w +10 R f +(go)1474 4896 w +10 I f +(n)1599 4896 w +10 R f +(units vertically;)1 625 1 1674 4896 t +10 I f +(n)2324 4896 w +10 S f +(<)2398 4896 w +10 R f +(0 is up)2 267 1 2469 4896 t +10 I f +(nnc)970 5016 w +10 R f +(move right)1 436 1 1474 5016 t +10 I f +(nn)1935 5016 w +10 R f +(, then print)2 436 1 2035 5016 t +9 R f +(ASCII)2496 5016 w +10 R f +(character)2756 5016 w +10 I f +(c)3145 5016 w +10 R f +(;)3189 5016 w +10 I f +(nn)3267 5016 w +10 R f +(must be exactly 2 digits)4 950 1 3392 5016 t +10 CW f +(p)978 5136 w +10 I f +(n)1046 5136 w +10 R f +(new page)1 379 1 1474 5136 t +10 I f +(n)1878 5136 w +10 R f +(begins\320set vertical position to 0)4 1322 1 1953 5136 t +10 CW f +(n)978 5256 w +10 I f +(b a)1 141 1 1046 5256 t +10 R f +(end of line $information only\320no action$;)5 1690 1 1474 5256 t +10 I f +(b)3214 5256 w +10 R f +(= space before line,)3 781 1 3289 5256 t +10 I f +(a)4095 5256 w +10 R f +(= after)1 263 1 4170 5256 t +10 CW f +(w)978 5376 w +10 R f +(paddable word space $information only\320no action$)5 2071 1 1474 5376 t +10 CW f +(D)978 5496 w +10 I f +(c)1046 5496 w +10 R f +( function)1 358(...\\n graphics)1 697 2 1115 5496 t +10 I f +(c)2195 5496 w +10 R f +(; see below)2 449 1 2239 5496 t +10 CW f +(x)978 5616 w +10 R f +( control functions; see below)4 1154(...\\n device)1 671 2 1063 5616 t +10 CW f +(#)978 5736 w +10 R f +(...\\n comment)1 783 1 1063 5736 t +( tabs)1 188( Blanks,)1 355( that end in digits must be followed by a non-digit.)10 2045( Sequences)1 473( values are in units.)4 782(All position)1 477 6 720 5892 t +( may occur as separators in the input, and are mandatory to separate constructions that would)15 3790(and newlines)1 530 2 720 6012 t +( and comments extend to the end of)7 1493( functions, device control functions,)4 1473( Graphics)1 419(otherwise be confused.)2 935 4 720 6132 t +(the line they occur on.)4 890 1 720 6252 t +( and graphics commands are intended as open-ended families, to be expanded as)12 3308(The device control)2 762 2 970 6408 t +( graphics functions coincide directly with the)6 1803(needed. The)1 512 2 720 6528 t +10 CW f +(\\D)3060 6528 w +10 R f +(sequences:)3205 6528 w +10 CW f +(Dl)978 6684 w +10 I f +(dh dv)1 219 1 1123 6684 t +10 R f +(draw line from current position by)5 1373 1 2194 6684 t +10 I f +(dh)3592 6684 w +10 R f +(,)3700 6684 w +10 I f +(dv)3766 6684 w +10 CW f +(Dc)978 6804 w +10 I f +(d)1123 6804 w +10 R f +(draw circle of diameter)3 927 1 2194 6804 t +10 I f +(d)3146 6804 w +10 R f +(with left side here)3 718 1 3221 6804 t +10 CW f +(De)978 6924 w +10 I f +(dh)1123 6924 w +7 R f +(1)1234 6944 w +10 I f +(dv)1318 6924 w +7 R f +(2)1423 6944 w +10 R f +(draw ellipse of diameters)3 1006 1 2194 6924 t +10 I f +(dh)3225 6924 w +7 R f +(1)3336 6944 w +10 R f +(and)3404 6924 w +10 I f +(dv)3573 6924 w +7 R f +(2)3678 6944 w +10 CW f +(Da)978 7044 w +10 I f +(dh)1139 7044 w +7 R f +(1)1250 7064 w +10 I f +(dv)1334 7044 w +7 R f +(1)1439 7064 w +10 I f +(dh)1523 7044 w +7 R f +(2)1634 7064 w +10 I f +(dv)1718 7044 w +7 R f +(2)1823 7064 w +10 R f +(draw arc from current position to)5 1322 1 2194 7044 t +10 I f +(dh)3541 7044 w +7 R f +(1)3652 7064 w +10 S f +(+)3711 7044 w +10 I f +(dh)3782 7044 w +7 R f +(2)3893 7064 w +10 R f +(,)3944 7044 w +10 I f +(dv)4010 7044 w +7 R f +(1)4115 7064 w +10 S f +(+)4174 7044 w +10 I f +(dv)4245 7044 w +7 R f +(2)4350 7064 w +10 R f +(,)4393 7044 w +(center at)1 340 1 2269 7164 t +10 I f +(dh)2634 7164 w +7 R f +(1)2745 7184 w +10 R f +(,)2796 7164 w +10 I f +(dv)2862 7164 w +7 R f +(1)2967 7184 w +10 R f +(from current position)2 849 1 3035 7164 t +10 CW f +(D\304)978 7284 w +10 I f +(dh)1139 7284 w +7 R f +(1)1250 7304 w +10 I f +(dv)1334 7284 w +7 R f +(1)1439 7304 w +10 I f +(dh)1523 7284 w +7 R f +(2)1634 7304 w +10 I f +(dv)1718 7284 w +7 R f +(2)1823 7304 w +10 R f +( B-spline from current position to)5 1341(... draw)1 502 2 1891 7284 t +10 I f +(dh)3759 7284 w +7 R f +(1)3870 7304 w +10 R f +(,)3921 7284 w +10 I f +(dv)3987 7284 w +7 R f +(1)4092 7304 w +10 R f +(,)4135 7284 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 27 29 +%%Page: 28 30 +/saveobj save def +mark +30 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 28 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +(then to)1 275 1 2269 840 t +10 I f +(dh)2569 840 w +7 R f +(2)2680 860 w +10 R f +(,)2731 840 w +10 I f +(dv)2797 840 w +7 R f +(2)2902 860 w +10 R f +(, then to ...)3 425 1 2945 840 t +10 CW f +(D)978 960 w +10 I f +(z dh)1 180 1 1046 960 t +7 R f +(1)1237 980 w +10 I f +(dv)1321 960 w +7 R f +(1)1426 980 w +10 I f +(dh)1510 960 w +7 R f +(2)1621 980 w +10 I f +(dv)1705 960 w +7 R f +(2)1810 980 w +10 R f +( any other)2 399(... for)1 432 2 1878 960 t +10 I f +(z)2734 960 w +10 R f +(is uninterpreted)1 624 1 2798 960 t +(In all of these,)3 589 1 720 1116 t +10 I f +(dh)1340 1116 w +10 R f +(,)1448 1116 w +10 I f +(dv)1514 1116 w +10 R f +( position, with down and right)5 1241(is an increment on the current horizontal and vertical)8 2160 2 1639 1116 t +( distances and dimensions are in units.)6 1535(positive. All)1 520 2 720 1236 t +(The device control functions begin with)5 1595 1 970 1392 t +10 CW f +(x)2590 1392 w +10 R f +(, then a command, then other parameters.)6 1649 1 2650 1392 t +10 CW f +(x T)1 180 1 970 1548 t +10 I f +(s)1210 1548 w +10 R f +(name of typesetter is)3 829 1 1546 1548 t +10 I f +(s)2400 1548 w +10 C f +(x r)1 180 1 970 1668 t +10 I f +(n h v)2 194 1 1210 1668 t +10 R f +(resolution is)1 492 1 1546 1668 t +10 I f +(n)2063 1668 w +10 R f +(units/inch;)2138 1668 w +10 I f +(h)2681 1668 w +10 R f +(= minimum horizontal motion,)3 1235 1 2756 1668 t +10 I f +(v)4016 1668 w +10 R f +(= minimum vertical)2 795 1 4085 1668 t +10 C f +(x i)1 180 1 970 1788 t +10 R f +(initialize)1546 1788 w +10 C f +(x f)1 180 1 970 1908 t +10 I f +(n s)1 114 1 1210 1908 t +10 R f +(mount font)1 442 1 1546 1908 t +10 I f +(s)2013 1908 w +10 R f +(on font position)2 634 1 2077 1908 t +10 I f +(n)2736 1908 w +10 C f +(x p)1 180 1 970 2028 t +10 R f +(pause\320can restart)1 739 1 1546 2028 t +10 C f +(x s)1 180 1 970 2148 t +10 R f +(stop\320done forever)1 773 1 1546 2148 t +10 C f +(x t)1 180 1 970 2268 t +10 R f +(generate trailer information, if any)4 1377 1 1546 2268 t +10 C f +(x H)1 180 1 970 2388 t +10 I f +(n)1210 2388 w +10 R f +(set character height to)3 878 1 1546 2388 t +10 I f +(n)2449 2388 w +10 C f +(x S)1 180 1 970 2508 t +10 I f +(n)1210 2508 w +10 R f +(set slant to)2 428 1 1546 2508 t +10 I f +(n)1999 2508 w +10 C f +(x X)1 180 1 970 2628 t +10 I f +(any)1210 2628 w +10 R f +(generated by the)2 659 1 1546 2628 t +10 C f +(\\X)2230 2628 w +10 R f +(function)2375 2628 w +10 C f +(x)970 2748 w +10 I f +(any)1090 2748 w +10 R f +(to be ignored if not recognized)5 1228 1 1546 2748 t +(Subcommands like ``)2 855 1 720 2904 t +10 CW f +(i)1575 2904 w +10 R f +('' may be spelled out like ``)6 1109 1 1635 2904 t +10 CW f +(init)2744 2904 w +10 R f +(''.)2984 2904 w +(The commands)1 618 1 970 3060 t +10 CW f +(x T)1 185 1 1618 3060 t +10 R f +(,)1803 3060 w +10 CW f +(x r)1 186 1 1858 3060 t +10 R f +(..., and)1 275 1 2110 3060 t +10 CW f +(x i)1 186 1 2416 3060 t +10 R f +(must occur \256rst; fonts must be mounted before they can be)10 2407 1 2633 3060 t +(used;)720 3180 w +10 CW f +(x s)1 180 1 956 3180 t +10 R f +( are no other order requirements.)5 1307( There)1 282(comes last.)1 444 3 1161 3180 t +( is the output from ``)5 850(The following)1 572 2 970 3336 t +10 CW f +(hello, world)1 689 1 2392 3336 t +10 R f +('' for a typical Postscript printer, as described in)8 1959 1 3081 3336 t +(\24723:)720 3456 w +9 CW f +(x T post)2 432 1 1008 3626 t +(x res 720 1 1)4 702 1 1008 3736 t +(x init)1 324 1 1008 3846 t +(V0)1008 3956 w +(p1)1008 4066 w +(x font 1 R)3 540 1 1008 4296 t +(x font 2 I)3 540 1 1008 4406 t +(x font 3 B)3 540 1 1008 4516 t +(x font 4 BI)3 594 1 1008 4626 t +(x font 5 CW)3 594 1 1008 4736 t +(x font 6 H)3 540 1 1008 4846 t +(x font 7 HB)3 594 1 1008 4956 t +(x font 8 HX)3 594 1 1008 5066 t +(x font 9 S1)3 594 1 1008 5176 t +(x font 10 S)3 594 1 1008 5286 t +(s10)1008 5516 w +(f1)1008 5626 w +(H0)1008 5736 w +(s10)1008 5846 w +(f1)1008 5956 w +(V0)1008 6066 w +(H720)1008 6176 w +(V120)1008 6286 w +(ch)1008 6396 w +(50e44l28l28o50,w58w72o50r33l28dn120 0)1 1998 1 1008 6506 t +(x trailer)1 486 1 1008 6616 t +(V7920)1008 6726 w +(x stop)1 324 1 1008 6836 t +10 I f +(Troff)970 7052 w +10 R f +( information are not)3 865(output is normally not redundant; size and font changes and position)10 2957 2 1218 7052 t +( the bene\256t of postprocessors that re-)6 1487( each page is self-contained, for)5 1283( Nevertheless,)1 593(included unless needed.)2 957 4 720 7172 t +(order pages or process only a subset.)6 1466 1 720 7292 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 28 30 +%%Page: 29 31 +/saveobj save def +mark +31 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 29 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +10 B f +( and Font Description Files)4 1156(23. Device)1 457 2 720 840 t +10 R f +(The parameters that describe a output device)6 2258 1 970 996 t +10 I f +(name)3332 996 w +10 R f +(are read from the directory)4 1388 1 3652 996 t +10 CW f +(/usr/lib/font/dev)720 1116 w +10 I f +(name)1740 1116 w +10 R f +(, each time)2 445 1 1956 1116 t +10 I f +(troff)2431 1116 w +10 R f +( device name is provided by default, by the)8 1754( The)1 209(is invoked.)1 443 3 2634 1116 t +(environment variable)1 851 1 720 1236 t +10 CW f +(TYPESETTER)1596 1236 w +10 R f +(, or by a command-line argument)5 1331 1 2196 1236 t +10 CW f +(-T)3552 1236 w +10 I f +(name)3672 1236 w +10 R f +( name is)2 335( default device)2 587(. The)1 230 3 3888 1236 t +10 CW f +(post)720 1356 w +10 R f +( string)1 261( pre-de\256ned)1 488( The)1 214(, for Postscript.)2 629 4 960 1356 t +10 CW f +(.T)2585 1356 w +10 R f +( The)1 213(contains the name of the device.)5 1326 2 2738 1356 t +10 CW f +(-F)4310 1356 w +10 R f +(command-line)4463 1356 w +(option may be used to change the default directory.)8 2049 1 720 1476 t +10 BI f +( description \256le.)2 677(23.1. Device)1 526 2 720 1632 t +10 R f +(The \256le)1 317 1 2007 1632 t +10 CW f +(DESC)2359 1632 w +10 R f +(in)2634 1632 w +10 CW f +(/usr/lib/font/dev)2747 1632 w +10 I f +(name)3767 1632 w +10 R f +(contains general parame-)2 1022 1 4018 1632 t +( the device, one per line, as a sequence of names and values.)12 2455(ters of)1 257 2 720 1752 t +10 I f +(Troff)3486 1752 w +10 R f +(recognizes these parameters, and)3 1324 1 3716 1752 t +(ignores any others that may be present for speci\256c drivers:)9 2337 1 720 1872 t +10 CW f +(fonts)978 2028 w +10 I f +(n F)1 152 1 1319 2028 t +7 R f +(1)1482 2048 w +10 I f +(F)1566 2028 w +7 R f +(2)1638 2048 w +10 I f +( F)1 102(. . .)2 91 2 1722 2028 t +7 I f +(n)1926 2048 w +10 CW f +(sizes)978 2148 w +10 I f +(s)1319 2148 w +7 R f +(1)1369 2168 w +10 I f +(s)1453 2148 w +7 R f +(2)1503 2168 w +10 I f +(. . .)2 91 1 1587 2148 t +10 CW f +(0)1694 2148 w +(res)978 2268 w +10 I f +(n)1199 2268 w +10 CW f +(hor)978 2388 w +10 I f +(n)1199 2388 w +10 CW f +(vert)978 2508 w +10 I f +(n)1259 2508 w +10 CW f +(unitwidth)978 2628 w +10 I f +(n)1559 2628 w +10 CW f +(charset)978 2748 w +10 I f +(list of multi-character character names $optional$)5 1996 1 970 2868 t +10 R f +(The)720 3024 w +10 I f +(F)902 3024 w +7 I f +(i)974 3044 w +10 R f +( list of sizes is a set of integers representing some or all)12 2244( The)1 208( mounted.)1 403(are font names to be initially)5 1156 4 1029 3024 t +( The)1 209(of the legal sizes the device can produce, terminated by a zero.)11 2545 2 720 3144 t +10 CW f +(res)3503 3144 w +10 R f +( resolution of)2 539(parameter gives the)2 789 2 3712 3144 t +(the machine in units per inch;)5 1190 1 720 3264 t +10 CW f +(hor)1936 3264 w +10 R f +(and)2142 3264 w +10 CW f +(ver)2312 3264 w +10 R f +( be moved horizon-)3 785(give the minimum number of units that can)7 1737 2 2518 3264 t +(tally and vertically.)2 774 1 720 3384 t +( be given in machine units at point size)8 1608(Character widths for each font are assumed to)7 1866 2 970 3540 t +10 CW f +(unitwidth)4475 3540 w +10 R f +(.)5015 3540 w +($In other words, a character with a width of)8 1731 1 720 3660 t +10 I f +(n)2476 3660 w +10 R f +(is)2551 3660 w +10 I f +(n)2643 3660 w +10 R f +(units wide at size)3 691 1 2718 3660 t +10 CW f +(unitwidth)3434 3660 w +10 R f +(.$)3974 3660 w +(A list of valid character names may be introduced by)9 2115 1 970 3816 t +10 CW f +(charset)3110 3816 w +10 R f +(; the list of names is optional.)6 1181 1 3530 3816 t +(A line whose \256rst non-blank character is)6 1685 1 970 3972 t +10 CW f +(#)2691 3972 w +10 R f +( that)1 187( Except)1 338(is a comment.)2 580 3 2787 3972 t +10 CW f +(charset)3929 3972 w +10 R f +(must occur last,)2 654 1 4386 3972 t +(parameters may appear in any order.)5 1456 1 720 4092 t +(Here is a subset of the)5 884 1 970 4248 t +10 CW f +(DESC)1879 4248 w +10 R f +(\256le for a typical Postscript printer:)5 1374 1 2144 4248 t +9 CW f +(# Description file for Postscript printers.)5 2322 1 1008 4418 t +(fonts 10 R I B BI CW H HB HX S1 S)11 1782 1 1008 4638 t +(sizes 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23)20 3186 1 1008 4748 t +(24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 40 44 48 54 60 72 0)20 3294 1 1170 4858 t +(res 720)1 378 1 1008 4968 t +(hor 1)1 270 1 1008 5078 t +(vert 1)1 324 1 1008 5188 t +(unitwidth 10)1 648 1 1008 5298 t +(charset)1008 5408 w +(hy ct fi fl ff Fi Fl dg em 14 34 12 en aa)13 2214 1 1008 5518 t +(ga ru sc dd -> br Sl ps cs cy as os =. ld)13 2214 1 1008 5628 t +(rd le ge pp -+ ob vr)6 1080 1 1008 5738 t +(sq bx ci fa te ** pl mi eq \304= *A *B *X *D)13 2214 1 1008 5848 t +(*E *F *G *Y *I *K *L *M *N *O *P *R *H *S *T *U *W)16 2700 1 1008 5958 t +(*C *Q *Z ul rn *a *b *x *d *e *f *g *y *i *k)14 2376 1 1008 6068 t +(*l *m *n *o *p *h *r *s *t *u *w *c *q *z)13 2214 1 1008 6178 t +10 BI f +( description \256les.)2 716(23.2. Font)1 451 2 720 6394 t +10 R f +( an analogous description \256le, which begins with)7 2024(Each font is described by)4 1045 2 1971 6394 t +( \256le for font)3 528( The)1 221( font, one per line, followed by a list of characters and widths.)12 2668(parameters of the)2 726 4 720 6514 t +10 I f +(f)4904 6514 w +10 R f +(is)4973 6514 w +10 CW f +(/usr/lib/font/dev)720 6634 w +10 I f +(name)1740 6634 w +10 CW f +(/)1956 6634 w +10 I f +(f)2016 6634 w +10 R f +(.)2044 6634 w +10 CW f +(name)978 6790 w +10 I f +(str)1259 6790 w +10 R f +(name of font is)3 602 1 2194 6790 t +10 I f +(str)2821 6790 w +10 CW f +(ligatures)978 6910 w +10 I f +(. . .)2 125 1 1559 6910 t +10 CW f +(0)1733 6910 w +10 R f +(list of ligatures)2 600 1 2194 6910 t +10 CW f +(spacewidth)978 7030 w +10 I f +(n)1619 7030 w +10 R f +(width of a space on this font)6 1132 1 2194 7030 t +10 CW f +(special)978 7150 w +10 R f +(this is a special font)4 794 1 2194 7150 t +10 CW f +(charset)978 7270 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 29 31 +%%Page: 30 32 +/saveobj save def +mark +32 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 30 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +10 I f +(list of character name, width, ascender/descender, code)6 2233 1 970 840 t +10 R f +(The)720 996 w +10 CW f +(name)908 996 w +10 R f +(and)1181 996 w +10 CW f +(charset)1358 996 w +10 R f +(\256elds are mandatory;)2 859 1 1811 996 t +10 CW f +(charset)2703 996 w +10 R f +( are permitted, as are)4 869( Comments)1 493(must be last.)2 521 3 3157 996 t +(other unrecognized parameters.)2 1254 1 720 1116 t +(Each line following)2 824 1 970 1272 t +10 CW f +(charset)1837 1272 w +10 R f +( its width in units as described)6 1325(describes one character: its name,)4 1415 2 2300 1272 t +( octal or hexadecimal value by which the output)8 2047(above, ascender/descender information, and a decimal,)5 2273 2 720 1392 t +(device knows it $the)3 846 1 720 1512 t +10 CW f +(\\N)1604 1512 w +10 R f +( character name is arbitrary, except that)6 1659( The)1 219(``number'' of the character$.)3 1181 3 1762 1512 t +10 CW f +(---)4860 1512 w +10 R f +( the width \256eld contains)4 973( If)1 119(signi\256es an unnamed character.)3 1267 3 720 1632 t +10 CW f +(")3107 1632 w +10 R f +( a synonym for the previous char-)6 1359(, the name is)3 514 2 3167 1632 t +( baseline, like)2 560( ascender/descender \256eld is 1 if the character has a descender $hangs below the)13 3187(acter. The)1 426 3 720 1752 t +10 CW f +(y)4922 1752 w +10 R f +($,)4982 1752 w +( like)1 176(is 2 if it has an ascender $is tall,)8 1278 2 720 1872 t +10 CW f +(Y)2200 1872 w +10 R f +( value is returned in the)5 945( The)1 206($, is 3 if both, and is 0 if neither.)9 1297 3 2260 1872 t +10 CW f +(ct)4734 1872 w +10 R f +(reg-)4880 1872 w +(ister, as computed by the)4 996 1 720 1992 t +10 CW f +(\\w)1741 1992 w +10 R f +(function $\24711.2$.)1 674 1 1886 1992 t +(Here are excerpts from a typical font description \256le for the same Postscript printer.)13 3343 1 970 2148 t +9 CW f +( \\\(hy)1 270( hyphen)1 648( 45)1 486(hy 33 0)2 918 4 1008 2318 t +( is a synonym for \\\(hy)5 1188( -)1 1296(- ")1 486 3 1008 2428 t +( 81)1 486( 3)1 378(Q 72)1 540 3 1008 2571 t +( 97)1 486( 0)1 378(a 44)1 540 3 1008 2714 t +( 98)1 486( 2)1 378(b 50)1 540 3 1008 2824 t +( 99)1 486( 0)1 378(c 44)1 540 3 1008 2934 t +( 100)1 540( 2)1 378(d 50)1 540 3 1008 3044 t +( 121)1 540( 1)1 378(y 50)1 540 3 1008 3154 t +( 208)1 540( 0)1 324(em 100)1 594 3 1008 3297 t +( pound currency symbol \\N'220')4 1620( English)1 648( 220)1 540( 2)1 378(--- 44)1 540 5 1008 3407 t +( dot \\N'221')2 648( centered)1 702( 221)1 540( 0)1 378(--- 36)1 540 5 1008 3517 t +10 R f +(This says, for example, that the width of the letter)9 2016 1 720 3697 t +10 CW f +(a)2764 3697 w +10 R f +( of)1 112(is 44 units at point size 10, the value)8 1482 2 2852 3697 t +10 CW f +(unitwidth)4475 3697 w +10 R f +(.)5015 3697 w +( rounded, so the width of)5 1004(Point sizes are scaled linearly and)5 1360 2 720 3817 t +10 CW f +(a)3110 3817 w +10 R f +(will be 44 at size 10, 40 at size 9, 35 at size 8,)13 1844 1 3196 3817 t +(and so on.)2 408 1 720 3937 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 30 32 +%%Page: 31 33 +/saveobj save def +mark +33 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 31 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +12 B f +(Tutorial Examples)1 959 1 2400 840 t +10 B f +(Introduction)720 960 w +10 R f +(It is almost always necessary to prepare at)7 1766 1 970 1116 t +(least a small set of macro de\256nitions to describe a)9 2016 1 720 1236 t +( common formatting needs as)4 1314(document. Such)1 702 2 720 1356 t +(page margins and footnotes are deliberately not)6 2016 1 720 1476 t +(built into)1 375 1 720 1596 t +10 I f +(nroff)1130 1596 w +10 R f +(and)1361 1596 w +10 I f +(troff)1541 1596 w +10 R f +( the macro and)3 623(. Instead,)1 399 2 1714 1596 t +( diversion, envi-)2 660(string de\256nition, number register,)3 1356 2 720 1716 t +( condi-)1 285(ronment switching, page-position trap, and)4 1731 2 720 1836 t +( the basis for)3 609(tional input mechanisms provide)3 1407 2 720 1956 t +(user-de\256ned implementations.)1 1210 1 720 2076 t +(For most uses, a standard package like)6 1557 1 970 2232 t +10 CW f +(-ms)2556 2232 w +10 R f +(or)720 2352 w +10 CW f +(-mm)842 2352 w +10 R f +( is to)2 221( next stage)2 455( The)1 219(is the right choice.)3 780 4 1061 2352 t +( to selectively replace macros)4 1304(augment that, or)2 712 2 720 2472 t +( last stage, much)3 693( The)1 214( package.)1 385(from the standard)2 724 4 720 2592 t +(harder, is to write one's own from scratch.)7 1693 1 720 2712 t +(The examples discussed here are intended)5 1766 1 970 2868 t +( and somewhat realistic, but will not)6 1524(to be useful)2 492 2 720 2988 t +( contingencies.)1 664(necessarily cover all relevant)3 1352 2 720 3108 t +( the)1 181(Explicit numerical parameters are used in)5 1835 2 720 3228 t +( to illus-)2 338(examples to make them easier to read and)7 1678 2 720 3348 t +( many cases, number regis-)4 1097( In)1 135( values.)1 307(trate typical)1 477 4 720 3468 t +( reduce the number of)4 895(ters would really be used to)5 1121 2 720 3588 t +( and)1 184(places where numerical information is kept,)5 1832 2 720 3708 t +( initialization)1 538(to concentrate conditional parameter)3 1478 2 720 3828 t +( which depends on whether)4 1128(like that)1 335 2 720 3948 t +10 I f +(troff)2217 3948 w +10 R f +(or)2424 3948 w +10 I f +(nroff)2541 3948 w +10 R f +(is being used.)2 547 1 720 4068 t +10 B f +(Page Margins)1 591 1 720 4308 t +10 R f +( in \2473, header and footer mac-)6 1241(As discussed)1 525 2 970 4464 t +(ros are usually de\256ned to describe the top and bot-)9 2016 1 720 4584 t +( trap is)2 326( A)1 148(tom page margin areas respectively.)4 1542 3 720 4704 t +( 0 for the header, and at)6 1022(planted at page position)3 994 2 720 4824 t +10 I f +(\261N)720 4944 w +10 R f +($)870 4944 w +10 I f +(N)903 4944 w +10 R f +( The)1 213(from the page bottom$ for the footer.)6 1520 2 1003 4944 t +(simplest such de\256nitions might be)4 1368 1 720 5064 t +9 CW f +( header)1 378( \\"define)1 540(.de hd)1 324 3 792 5234 t +('sp 1i)1 324 1 792 5344 t +( definition)1 594(.. \\"end)1 702 2 792 5454 t +( footer)1 378( \\"define)1 540(.de fo)1 324 3 792 5564 t +('bp)792 5674 w +( definition)1 594(.. \\"end)1 702 2 792 5784 t +(.wh 0 hd)2 432 1 792 5894 t +(.wh -1i fo)2 540 1 792 6004 t +10 R f +( blank 1 inch top and bottom mar-)7 1433(which provide)1 583 2 720 6184 t +( header will occur on the)5 994(gins. The)1 398 2 720 6304 t +10 I f +(\256rst)2138 6304 w +10 R f +(page, only)1 416 1 2320 6304 t +(if the de\256nition and trap exist prior to the initial)9 2016 1 720 6424 t +( mode, the out-)3 611( \256ll)1 140( In)1 136(pseudo-page transition $\2473$.)2 1129 4 720 6544 t +( that springs the footer trap was typically)7 1704(put line)1 312 2 720 6664 t +( because some part or whole word)6 1573(forced out)1 443 2 720 6784 t +( the footer and)3 669( anything in)2 536( If)1 145(didn't \256t on it.)3 666 4 720 6904 t +( follows causes a break, that word or)7 1561(header that)1 455 2 720 7024 t +( other)1 250( this and)2 377( In)1 152(part word will be forced out.)5 1237 4 720 7144 t +(examples, requests like)2 949 1 720 7264 t +10 CW f +(bp)1704 7264 w +10 R f +(and)1859 7264 w +10 CW f +(sp)2037 7264 w +10 R f +(that normally)1 545 1 2191 7264 t +( invoked using the no-break con-)5 1352(cause breaks are)2 664 2 3024 960 t +(trol character)1 589 1 3024 1080 t +10 CW f +(')3699 1080 w +10 R f +( the)1 207( When)1 348(to avoid this.)2 640 3 3845 1080 t +( material requiring)2 793(header/footer design contains)2 1223 2 3024 1200 t +( the environment may)3 874(independent text processing,)2 1142 2 3024 1320 t +(be switched, avoiding most interaction with the)6 2016 1 3024 1440 t +(running text.)1 511 1 3024 1560 t +(A more realistic example would be)5 1400 1 3274 1716 t +9 CW f +( \\"header)1 540(.de hd)1 324 2 3096 1886 t +(.if \\\\n%>1 \\{\\)2 756 1 3096 1996 t +( base at 0.5i)3 702( \\"tl)1 486('sp 0.5i-1)1 594 3 3096 2106 t +( page number)2 648( \\"centered)1 702(.tl ''- % -'')3 702 3 3096 2216 t +( size)1 270(.ps \\"restore)1 918 2 3096 2326 t +( font)1 270(.ft \\"restore)1 918 2 3096 2436 t +( \\"restore vs)2 702(.vs \\})1 378 2 3096 2546 t +( to 1.0i)2 432( \\"space)1 756('sp 1.0i)1 486 3 3096 2656 t +( on no-space mode)3 918(.ns \\"turn)1 756 2 3096 2766 t +(..)3096 2876 w +( \\"footer)1 540(.de fo)1 324 2 3096 2986 t +( footer/header size)2 1026( \\"set)1 378(.ps 10)1 324 3 3096 3096 t +( font)1 270( \\"set)1 432(.ft R)1 270 3 3096 3206 t +(.vs 12p \\"set baseline spacing)4 1620 1 3096 3316 t +(.if \\\\n%=1 \\{\\)2 756 1 3096 3426 t +( base 0.5i up)3 702('sp \\\\n\(.pu-0.5i-1 \\"tl)2 1350 2 3096 3536 t +( page number)2 648( \\"first)1 486(.tl ''- % -'' \\})4 864 3 3096 3646 t +('bp)3096 3756 w +(..)3096 3866 w +(.wh 0 hd)2 432 1 3096 3976 t +(.wh -1i fo)2 540 1 3096 4086 t +10 R f +( spacing for)2 483(which sets the size, font, and baseline)6 1533 2 3024 4266 t +( material, and ultimately restores)4 1332(the header/footer)1 684 2 3024 4386 t +( in this case is a page number)7 1222( material)1 358(them. The)1 436 3 3024 4506 t +( and at the top of the)6 827(at the bottom of the \256rst page)6 1189 2 3024 4626 t +( The)1 207(remaining pages.)1 684 2 3024 4746 t +10 CW f +(sp)3942 4746 w +10 R f +('s refer to absolute posi-)4 978 1 4062 4746 t +( baseline spac-)2 619(tions to avoid dependence on the)5 1397 2 3024 4866 t +( this in the footer is)5 795( reason for doing)3 688(ing. Another)1 533 3 3024 4986 t +( whose)1 282(that the footer is invoked by printing a line)8 1734 2 3024 5106 t +( trap position by)3 716(vertical spacing swept past the)4 1300 2 3024 5226 t +( No-)1 227(possibly as much as the baseline spacing.)6 1789 2 3024 5346 t +(space mode is turned on at the end of)8 1486 1 3024 5466 t +10 CW f +(hd)4536 5466 w +10 R f +(to render)1 358 1 4682 5466 t +(ineffective accidental occurrences of)3 1469 1 3024 5586 t +10 CW f +(sp)4520 5586 w +10 R f +(at the top)2 374 1 4666 5586 t +(of the running text.)3 766 1 3024 5706 t +( method of restoring size, font,)5 1329(The above)1 437 2 3274 5862 t +( $that set)2 362(etc., presupposes that such requests)4 1454 2 3024 5982 t +10 I f +(pre-)4874 5982 w +(vious)3024 6102 w +10 R f +(value$ are)1 408 1 3272 6102 t +10 I f +(not)3718 6102 w +10 R f +( A)1 135(used in the running text.)4 1021 2 3884 6102 t +( is save and restore both the current)7 1458(better scheme)1 558 2 3024 6222 t +10 I f +(and)3024 6342 w +10 R f +( the fol-)2 336(previous values as shown for size in)6 1496 2 3208 6342 t +(lowing:)3024 6462 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 31 33 +%%Page: 32 34 +/saveobj save def +mark +34 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 32 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +9 CW f +(.de fo)1 324 1 792 830 t +( size)1 270( \\"current)1 648(.nr s1 \\\\n\(.s)2 702 3 792 940 t +(.ps)792 1050 w +( size)1 270( \\"previous)1 702(.nr s2 \\\\n\(.s)2 702 3 792 1160 t +( of footer)2 540(. --- \\"rest)2 756 2 792 1270 t +(..)792 1380 w +(.de hd)1 324 1 792 1490 t +( stuff)1 324(. --- \\"header)2 864 2 792 1600 t +( previous size)2 756( \\"restore)1 594(.ps \\\\n\(s2)1 540 3 792 1710 t +( current size)2 702( \\"restore)1 594(.ps \\\\n\(s1)1 540 3 792 1820 t +(..)792 1930 w +10 R f +( mar-)1 221(Page numbers may be printed in the bottom)7 1795 2 720 2110 t +( the)1 182(gin by a separate macro triggered during)6 1834 2 720 2230 t +(footer's page ejection:)2 892 1 720 2350 t +9 CW f +( number)1 378( \\"bottom)1 540(.de bn)1 324 3 792 2520 t +( page number)2 648( \\"centered)1 702(.tl ''- % -'')3 702 3 792 2630 t +(..)792 2740 w +( base 0.5i up)3 702( \\"tl)1 324(.wh -0.5i-1v bn)2 810 3 792 2850 t +10 B f +(Paragraphs and Headings)2 1113 1 720 3150 t +10 R f +(The housekeeping associated with starting a)5 1766 1 970 3306 t +( should be collected in a paragraph)6 1421(new paragraph)1 595 2 720 3426 t +(macro that, for example, does the desired prepara-)7 2016 1 720 3546 t +( font, size, base-)3 678(graph spacing, forces the correct)4 1338 2 720 3666 t +( and indent, checks that enough space)6 1511(line spacing,)1 505 2 720 3786 t +(remains for)1 478 1 720 3906 t +10 I f +(more than one)2 619 1 1244 3906 t +10 R f +( a)1 89(line, and requests)2 738 2 1909 3906 t +(temporary indent.)1 710 1 720 4026 t +9 CW f +( \\"paragraph)1 810(.de pg)1 324 2 792 4196 t +(.br \\"break)1 918 1 792 4306 t +( font,)1 324( \\"force)1 648(.ft R)1 270 3 792 4416 t +( \\"size,)1 594(.ps 10)1 324 2 792 4526 t +( \\"spacing,)1 702(.vs 12p)1 378 2 792 4636 t +( indent)1 378( \\"and)1 540(.in 0)1 270 3 792 4746 t +( \\"prespace)1 702(.sp 0.4)1 378 2 792 4856 t +( more than 1 line)4 918( \\"want)1 432(.ne 1+\\\\n\(.Vu)1 702 3 792 4966 t +( indent)1 378( \\"temp)1 810(.ti 0.2i)1 432 3 792 5076 t +(..)792 5186 w +10 R f +(The \256rst break in)3 712 1 720 5366 t +10 CW f +(pg)1466 5366 w +10 R f +(will force out any previous)4 1116 1 1620 5366 t +(partial lines, and must occur before the)6 1621 1 720 5486 t +10 CW f +(vs)2376 5486 w +10 R f +(. The)1 240 1 2496 5486 t +( a defense against)3 778(forcing of font, etc. is partly)5 1238 2 720 5606 t +( to permit things like section)5 1162(prior error and partly)3 854 2 720 5726 t +( The)1 211( set parameters only once.)4 1063(heading macros to)2 742 3 720 5846 t +(prespacing parameter is suitable for)4 1448 1 720 5966 t +10 I f +(troff)2199 5966 w +10 R f +(; a larger)2 364 1 2372 5966 t +( as the output device vertical)5 1180(space, at least as big)4 836 2 720 6086 t +( be more suitable in)4 832(resolution, would)1 712 2 720 6206 t +10 I f +(nroff)2300 6206 w +10 R f +(. The)1 241 1 2495 6206 t +( to test for in the)5 698(choice of remaining space)3 1065 2 720 6326 t +10 CW f +(ne)2516 6326 w +10 R f +(is)2669 6326 w +( amount greater than one line $the)6 1383(the smallest)1 482 2 720 6446 t +10 CW f +(.V)2616 6446 w +10 R f +(is the available vertical resolution$.)4 1406 1 720 6566 t +(A macro to automatically number section)5 1766 1 970 6722 t +(headings might look like:)3 1020 1 720 6842 t +9 CW f +( \\"section)1 594(.de sc)1 324 2 3096 830 t +( font, etc.)2 594(. --- \\"force)2 810 2 3096 940 t +(.sp 0.4 \\"prespace)2 972 1 3096 1050 t +(.ne 2.4+\\\\n$.Vu \\"want 2.4+ lines)4 1782 1 3096 1160 t +(.fi)3096 1270 w +(\\\\n+S.)3096 1380 w +(..)3096 1490 w +( S)1 108( \\"init)1 702(.nr S 0 1)3 486 3 3096 1600 t +10 R f +(The usage is)2 519 1 3024 1780 t +10 CW f +(.sc)3578 1780 w +10 R f +( head-)1 257(, followed by the section)4 1025 2 3758 1780 t +(ing text, followed by)3 908 1 3024 1900 t +10 CW f +(.pg)3982 1900 w +10 R f +(. The)1 255 1 4162 1900 t +10 CW f +(ne)4467 1900 w +10 R f +(test value)1 404 1 4636 1900 t +( line in the fol-)4 650(includes one line of heading, 0.4)5 1366 2 3024 2020 t +(lowing)3024 2140 w +10 CW f +(pg)3334 2140 w +10 R f +( A)1 128(, and one line of the paragraph text.)7 1458 2 3454 2140 t +( section number and a)4 904(word consisting of the next)4 1112 2 3024 2260 t +( The)1 208( line.)1 203(period is produced to begin the heading)6 1605 3 3024 2380 t +(format of the number may be set by)7 1428 1 3024 2500 t +10 CW f +(af)4477 2500 w +10 R f +(\(\2478$.)4622 2500 w +( is the labeled,)3 739(Another common form)2 1027 2 3274 2656 t +(indented paragraph, where the label protrudes left)6 2016 1 3024 2776 t +(into the indent space.)3 849 1 3024 2896 t +9 CW f +( paragraph)1 540( \\"labeled)1 594(.de lp)1 324 3 3096 3066 t +(.pg)3096 3176 w +( indent)1 378( \\"paragraph)1 1026(.in 0.5i)1 432 3 3096 3286 t +( paragraph)1 540( \\"label,)1 594(.ta 0.2i 0.5i)2 702 3 3096 3396 t +(.ti 0)1 270 1 3096 3506 t +( into paragraph)2 810(\\t\\\\$1\\t\\c \\"flow)1 1188 2 3096 3616 t +(..)3096 3726 w +10 R f +(The intended usage is ``)4 1035 1 3024 3906 t +10 CW f +(.lp)4059 3906 w +10 I f +(label)4284 3906 w +10 R f +('';)4500 3906 w +10 I f +(label)4639 3906 w +10 R f +(will)4884 3906 w +( cannot exceed a length of)5 1104(begin at 0.2 inch, and)4 912 2 3024 4026 t +( into the paragraph.)3 875(0.3 inch without intruding)3 1141 2 3024 4146 t +( could be right adjusted against 0.4 inch)7 1635(The label)1 381 2 3024 4266 t +(by setting the tabs instead with)5 2016 1 3024 4386 t +10 CW f +(.ta 0.4iR 0.5i)2 840 1 3024 4506 t +10 R f +( line of)2 331( last)1 189(. The)1 255 3 3864 4506 t +10 CW f +(lp)4688 4506 w +10 R f +(ends)4857 4506 w +(with)3024 4626 w +10 CW f +(\\c)3238 4626 w +10 R f +( \256rst)1 193(so that it will become a part of the)8 1453 2 3394 4626 t +(line of the text that follows.)5 1105 1 3024 4746 t +10 B f +(Multiple Column Output)2 1074 1 3024 4986 t +10 R f +( of multiple column pages)4 1132(The production)1 634 2 3274 5142 t +(requires the footer macro to decide whether it was)8 2016 1 3024 5262 t +( so that it)3 409(invoked by other than the last column,)6 1607 2 3024 5382 t +( a new column rather than produce the)7 1602(will begin)1 414 2 3024 5502 t +( header can initialize a col-)5 1162( The)1 221(bottom margin.)1 633 3 3024 5622 t +( that the footer will increment and)6 1491(umn register)1 525 2 3024 5742 t +( following is arranged for two columns,)6 1638(test. The)1 378 2 3024 5862 t +(but is easily modi\256ed for more.)5 1255 1 3024 5982 t +9 CW f +( \\"header)1 540(.de hd)1 324 2 3096 6152 t +(. ---)1 324 1 3096 6262 t +( column count)2 702( \\"init)1 648(.nr cl 0 1)3 540 3 3096 6372 t +( top of text)3 648(.mk \\"mark)1 756 2 3096 6482 t +(..)3096 6592 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 32 34 +%%Page: 33 35 +/saveobj save def +mark +35 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 33 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +9 CW f +( \\"footer)1 540(.de fo)1 324 2 792 830 t +(.ie \\\\n+$cl<2 \\{\$2 918 1 792 940 t +( column; 3.1+0.3)2 864( \\"next)1 702(.po +3.4i)1 486 3 792 1050 t +( to mark)2 432(.rt \\"back)1 756 2 792 1160 t +( mode)1 270( \\"no-space)1 648(.ns \\})1 324 3 792 1270 t +(.el \\{\\)1 378 1 792 1380 t +( left margin)2 648( \\"restore)1 864(.po \\\\nMu)1 486 3 792 1490 t +(. ---)1 324 1 792 1600 t +('bp \\})1 324 1 792 1710 t +(..)792 1820 w +( width)1 324( \\"column)1 864(.ll 3.1i)1 432 3 792 1930 t +( left margin)2 648( \\"save)1 540(.nr M \\\\n\(.o)2 648 3 792 2040 t +10 R f +( of the \256rst page)4 737(Typically a portion of the top)5 1279 2 720 2220 t +( text; the request for the nar-)6 1232(contains full width)2 784 2 720 2340 t +( as another)2 456(rower line length, as well)4 1056 2 720 2460 t +10 CW f +(.mk)2269 2460 w +10 R f +(would)2486 2460 w +( the two column output was to)6 1361(be made where)2 655 2 720 2580 t +(begin.)720 2700 w +10 B f +(Footnotes)720 2940 w +10 R f +( to be described is)4 757(The footnote mechanism)2 1009 2 970 3096 t +( text)1 179(used by embedding the footnotes in the input)7 1837 2 720 3216 t +( demarcated by an initial)4 1015(at the point of reference,)4 1001 2 720 3336 t +10 CW f +(.fn)720 3456 w +10 R f +(and a terminal)2 571 1 925 3456 t +10 CW f +(.ef)1521 3456 w +10 R f +(:)1701 3456 w +9 CW f +(.fn)792 3626 w +9 I f +(Footnote text and control lines...)4 1181 1 792 3736 t +9 CW f +(.ef)792 3846 w +10 R f +( following, footnotes are processed in a sep-)7 1784(In the)1 232 2 720 4026 t +( for later printing)3 727(arate environment and diverted)3 1289 2 720 4146 t +( prior to the bottom mar-)5 1011(in the space immediately)3 1005 2 720 4266 t +( case where the last)4 783( is provision for the)4 795(gin. There)1 438 3 720 4386 t +( the)1 173(collected footnote doesn't completely \256t in)5 1843 2 720 4506 t +(available space.)1 631 1 720 4626 t +9 CW f +( \\"header)1 540(.de hd)1 324 2 792 4796 t +(. ---)1 324 1 792 4906 t +( footnote count)2 810( \\"init)1 702(.nr x 0 1)3 486 3 792 5016 t +( footer place)2 702( \\"current)1 702(.nr y 0-\\\\nb)2 648 3 792 5126 t +( footer trap)2 648( \\"reset)1 540(.ch fo -\\\\nbu)2 702 3 792 5236 t +( footnote)1 486( \\"leftover)1 648(.if \\\\n$dn .fz)2 756 3 792 5346 t +(..)792 5456 w +( \\"footer)1 540(.de fo)1 324 2 792 5686 t +( last diver. size)3 918( \\"zero)1 432(.nr dn 0)2 432 3 792 5796 t +(.if \\\\nx \\{\$2 648 1 792 5906 t +( footnotes in ev1)3 918( \\"expand)1 594(.ev 1)1 270 3 792 6016 t +( vertical size)2 756(.nf \\"retain)1 864 2 792 6126 t +(.FN \\"footnotes)1 1026 1 792 6236 t +( it)1 162( \\"delete)1 540(.rm FN)1 324 3 792 6346 t +( overflow di)2 648( \\"end)1 378(.if "\\\\n$.z"fy" .di)2 1026 3 792 6576 t +(.nr x 0 \\"disable fx)4 1080 1 792 6686 t +( \\"pop environment)2 972(.ev \\})1 378 2 792 6796 t +(. ---)1 324 1 792 6906 t +('bp)792 7016 w +(..)792 7126 w +( footnote overflow)2 972( \\"process)1 594(.de fx)1 324 3 3096 830 t +(.if \\\\nx .di fy \\"divert overflow)5 1782 1 3096 940 t +(..)3096 1050 w +( footnote)1 486( \\"start)1 486(.de fn)1 324 3 3096 1280 t +( \(append$ footnote)2 972( \\"divert)1 540(.da FN)1 324 3 3096 1390 t +( environment 1)2 756( \\"in)1 378(.ev 1)1 270 3 3096 1500 t +( 1st, separator)2 810( \\"if)1 378(.if \\\\n+x=1 .fs)2 810 3 3096 1610 t +( mode)1 270(.fi \\"fill)1 756 2 3096 1720 t +(..)3096 1830 w +( footnote)1 486( \\"end)1 378(.de ef)1 324 3 3096 2060 t +( output)1 378(.br \\"finish)1 864 2 3096 2170 t +( spacing)1 432( \\"save)1 540(.nr z \\\\n$.v)2 648 3 3096 2280 t +( ev)1 162(.ev \\"pop)1 702 2 3096 2390 t +( diversion)1 540(.di \\"end)1 702 2 3096 2500 t +( footer position,)2 918( \\"new)1 432(.nr y -\\\\n\(dn)2 702 3 3096 2610 t +(.if \\\\nx=1 .nr y -\(\\\\n\(.v-\\\\nz$ \\)5 1782 1 3096 2720 t +(\\"uncertainty correction)1 1296 1 3528 2830 t +( is negative)2 648( \\"y)1 378(.ch fo \\\\nyu)2 648 3 3096 2940 t +(.if $\\\\n\(nl+1v$>$\\\\n\(.p+\\\\ny$ \\)2 1674 1 3096 3050 t +( fit)1 216( \\"didn't)1 864(.ch fo \\\\n\(nlu+1v)2 918 3 3096 3160 t +(..)3096 3270 w +( \\"separator)1 702(.de fs)1 324 2 3096 3500 t +( inch rule)2 540(\\l'1i' \\"1)1 594 2 3096 3610 t +(.br)3096 3720 w +(..)3096 3830 w +( leftover footnote)2 972( \\"get)1 378(.de fz)1 324 3 3096 4060 t +(.fn)3096 4170 w +( vertical size)2 756(.nf \\"retain)1 864 2 3096 4280 t +( fx put it)3 540(.fy \\"where)1 810 2 3096 4390 t +(.ef)3096 4500 w +(..)3096 4610 w +( margin size)2 648( \\"bottom)1 540(.nr b 1.0i)2 540 3 3096 4840 t +( trap)1 270( \\"header)1 648(.wh 0 hd)2 432 3 3096 4950 t +( trap->temp pos)2 810( \\"footer)1 540(.wh 12i fo)2 540 3 3096 5060 t +( at footer position)3 1026( \\"fx)1 378(.wh -\\\\nbu fx)2 702 3 3096 5170 t +( fx with fo)3 594( \\"conceal)1 648(.ch fo -\\\\nbu)2 702 3 3096 5280 t +10 R f +(The header)1 459 1 3274 5496 t +10 CW f +(hd)3772 5496 w +10 R f +(initializes a footnote count)3 1108 1 3932 5496 t +(register)3024 5616 w +10 CW f +(x)3369 5616 w +10 R f +( both the current footer trap)5 1200(, and sets)2 411 2 3429 5616 t +(position register)1 661 1 3024 5736 t +10 CW f +(y)3724 5736 w +10 R f +( to a)2 202(and the footer trap itself)4 1015 2 3823 5736 t +(nominal position speci\256ed in register)4 1519 1 3024 5856 t +10 CW f +(b)4576 5856 w +10 R f +( addi-)1 238(. In)1 166 2 4636 5856 t +(tion, if the register)3 786 1 3024 5976 t +10 CW f +(dn)3851 5976 w +10 R f +( leftover foot-)2 588(indicates a)1 440 2 4012 5976 t +(note,)3024 6096 w +10 CW f +(fz)3254 6096 w +10 R f +( footnote)1 365( The)1 212(is invoked to reprocess it.)4 1056 3 3407 6096 t +(start macro)1 473 1 3024 6216 t +10 CW f +(fn)3549 6216 w +10 R f +( $append$ in)2 538(begins a diversion)2 781 2 3721 6216 t +(environment 1, and increments the count)5 1656 1 3024 6336 t +10 CW f +(x)4710 6336 w +10 R f +( the)1 151(; if)1 119 2 4770 6336 t +(count is one, the footnote separator)5 1423 1 3024 6456 t +10 CW f +(fs)4477 6456 w +10 R f +(is interpo-)1 413 1 4627 6456 t +( in a separate macro to)5 905( separator is kept)3 685(lated. The)1 426 3 3024 6576 t +(permit user rede\256nition.)2 963 1 3024 6696 t +(The footnote end macro)3 1046 1 3274 6852 t +10 CW f +(ef)4376 6852 w +10 R f +(restores the)1 488 1 4552 6852 t +( ends the diversion after)4 967(previous environment and)2 1049 2 3024 6972 t +(saving the spacing size in register)5 1435 1 3024 7092 t +10 CW f +(z)4502 7092 w +10 R f +(.)4562 7092 w +10 CW f +(y)4655 7092 w +10 R f +(is then)1 282 1 4758 7092 t +( the footnote, available)3 927(decremented by the size of)4 1089 2 3024 7212 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 33 35 +%%Page: 34 36 +/saveobj save def +mark +36 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 34 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +(in)720 840 w +10 CW f +(dn)851 840 w +10 R f +( on the \256rst footnote,)4 952(; then)1 253 2 971 840 t +10 CW f +(y)2230 840 w +10 R f +(is further)1 392 1 2344 840 t +( vertical baseline)2 684(decremented by the difference in)4 1332 2 720 960 t +( environments, to prevent the)4 1212(spacings of the two)3 804 2 720 1080 t +( trap from causing the last)5 1040(late triggering the footer)3 976 2 720 1200 t +( The)1 217( combined footnotes to over\257ow.)4 1372(line of the)2 427 3 720 1320 t +( is then set to the lower $on the page$ of)10 1596(footer trap)1 420 2 720 1440 t +10 CW f +(y)720 1560 w +10 R f +( current page position $)4 954(or the)1 236 2 811 1560 t +10 CW f +(nl)2001 1560 w +10 R f +($ plus one line,)3 615 1 2121 1560 t +(to allow for printing the reference line.)6 1549 1 720 1680 t +(If indicated by)2 596 1 970 1836 t +10 CW f +(x)1598 1836 w +10 R f +( footer)1 271(, the)1 179 2 1658 1836 t +10 CW f +(fo)2141 1836 w +10 R f +(rereads the)1 442 1 2294 1836 t +(footnotes from)1 600 1 720 1956 t +10 CW f +(FN)1354 1956 w +10 R f +( mode in environment)3 904(in no\256ll)1 324 2 1508 1956 t +(1, and deletes)2 556 1 720 2076 t +10 CW f +(FN)1306 2076 w +10 R f +( the footnotes were too large)5 1164(. If)1 146 2 1426 2076 t +(to \256t, the macro)3 663 1 720 2196 t +10 CW f +(fx)1418 2196 w +10 R f +( trap-invoked to redi-)3 878(will be)1 285 2 1573 2196 t +( over\257ow into)2 565(vert the)1 303 2 720 2316 t +10 CW f +(fy)1615 2316 w +10 R f +(, and the register)3 671 1 1735 2316 t +10 CW f +(dn)2433 2316 w +10 R f +(will)2580 2316 w +(later indicate to the header whether)5 1404 1 720 2436 t +10 CW f +(fy)2149 2436 w +10 R f +(is empty.)1 367 1 2294 2436 t +(Both)970 2592 w +10 CW f +(fo)1195 2592 w +10 R f +(and)1345 2592 w +10 CW f +(fx)1519 2592 w +10 R f +(are planted in the nominal)4 1067 1 1669 2592 t +( order that causes)3 722(footer trap position in an)4 1028 2 720 2712 t +10 CW f +(fx)2504 2712 w +10 R f +(to)2658 2712 w +(be concealed unless the)3 987 1 720 2832 t +10 CW f +(fo)1749 2832 w +10 R f +( The)1 222(trap is moved.)2 603 2 1911 2832 t +( over\257ow diversion, if)3 939(footer then terminates the)3 1077 2 720 2952 t +( zeros)1 241(necessary, and)1 586 2 720 3072 t +10 CW f +(x)1578 3072 w +10 R f +(to disable)1 392 1 1669 3072 t +10 CW f +(fx)2092 3072 w +10 R f +(, because the)2 524 1 2212 3072 t +( a not-too-late)2 568(uncertainty correction together with)3 1448 2 720 3192 t +( footer can result in the footnote)6 1347(triggering of the)2 669 2 720 3312 t +(rereading \256nishing before reaching the)4 1546 1 720 3432 t +10 CW f +(fx)2291 3432 w +10 R f +(trap.)2436 3432 w +( is to com-)3 461(A good exercise for the student)5 1305 2 970 3588 t +(bine the multiple-column and footnote mecha-)5 2016 1 720 3708 t +(nisms.)720 3828 w +10 B f +(The Last Page)2 611 1 720 4068 t +10 R f +(After the last input \256le has ended,)6 1369 1 970 4224 t +10 I f +(nroff)2368 4224 w +10 R f +(and)2592 4224 w +10 I f +(troff)720 4344 w +10 R f +(invoke the)1 424 1 923 4344 t +10 I f +(end macro)1 429 1 1377 4344 t +10 R f +( when)1 245($\2477$, if any, and)3 655 2 1836 4344 t +( Dur-)1 249( of the page.)3 526(it \256nishes, eject the remainder)4 1241 3 720 4464 t +( encountered are processed)3 1091(ing the eject, any traps)4 925 2 720 4584 t +( the end of this last page, processing)7 1476(normally. At)1 540 2 720 4704 t +(terminates unless a partial line, word, or partial)7 2016 1 720 4824 t +( another page be)3 662( it is desired that)4 665( If)1 117(word remains.)1 572 4 720 4944 t +(started, the end-macro)2 889 1 720 5064 t +9 CW f +( \\"end-macro)1 702(.de en)1 324 2 792 5234 t +(\\c)792 5344 w +('bp)792 5454 w +(..)792 5564 w +(.em en)1 324 1 792 5674 t +10 R f +( produce)1 382(will deposit a null partial word, and)6 1634 2 720 5854 t +(another last page.)2 701 1 720 5974 t +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 34 36 +%%Page: 35 37 +/saveobj save def +mark +37 pagesetup +10 R f +(- 35 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t +12 B f +(Special Character Names)2 1299 1 2230 840 t +10 R f +( names for a set of characters, most of which have typically been available)13 3074(The following table lists)3 996 2 970 996 t +(with)720 1116 w +10 I f +(troff)923 1116 w +10 R f +( all print on any particular device, including this one.)9 2117(. Not)1 225 2 1096 1116 t +(\302)1145 1296 w +10 CW f +(\\')1395 1296 w +10 S f +(m)2635 1296 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*m)2874 1296 w +10 S f +()4114 1296 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_~= { + pop + (\176) stringwidth pop neg size -.15 mul (\176\055) ashow +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S f +4114 1296 m +55 build_~= +4169 1296 m +10 CW f +(\\\(|=)4374 1296 w +10 R f +(\301)1145 1416 w +10 CW f +(\\`)1395 1416 w +10 S f +(n)2635 1416 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*n)2874 1416 w +10 S f +(~)4114 1416 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ap)4374 1416 w +10 R f +(\320)1145 1536 w +10 CW f +(\\\(em)1395 1536 w +10 S f +(x)2635 1536 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*c)2874 1536 w +10 S f +(\271)4114 1536 w +10 CW f +(\\\(!=)4374 1536 w +10 R f +(-)1145 1656 w +10 CW f +(\\-)1395 1656 w +10 S f +(o)2635 1656 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*o)2874 1656 w +10 S f +(\256)4114 1656 w +10 CW f +(\\\(->)4374 1656 w +10 R f +(-)1145 1776 w +10 CW f +(\\\(hy)1395 1776 w +10 S f +(p)2635 1776 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*p)2874 1776 w +10 S f +(\254)4114 1776 w +10 CW f +(\\\(<-)4374 1776 w +10 R f +(\261)1145 1896 w +10 CW f +(\\-)1395 1896 w +10 S f +(r)2635 1896 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*r)2874 1896 w +10 S f +(\255)4114 1896 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ua)4374 1896 w +10 S f +(\267)1145 2016 w +10 CW f +(\\\(bu)1395 2016 w +10 S f +(s)2635 2016 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*s)2874 2016 w +10 S f +(\257)4114 2016 w +10 CW f +(\\\(da)4374 2016 w +10 S1 f +()1145 2136 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_sq { + pop + size 2 div /side exch def + currentpoint + newpath + moveto + 0 side rlineto + side 0 rlineto + 0 side neg rlineto + closepath + font B eq {fill} {stroke} ifelse +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +1145 2136 m +50 build_sq +1195 2136 m +10 CW f +(\\\(sq)1395 2136 w +10 S f +(V)2635 2136 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ts)2874 2136 w +10 S f +(\264)4114 2136 w +10 CW f +(\\\(mu)4374 2136 w +10 S1 f +(_)1145 2256 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ru)1395 2256 w +10 S f +(t)2635 2256 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*t)2874 2256 w +10 S f +(\270)4114 2256 w +10 CW f +(\\\(di)4374 2256 w +10 S1 f +()1145 2376 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_14 { + pop + /optsize ptsize def + /osize size def + /ofont font def + + optsize 2 div dup R exch R f + 0 size 2 mul 3 div dup neg exch 0 exch rmoveto + + (1) show + rmoveto + optsize R f + (\244) show + f + (4) show + + optsize ofont f +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +1145 2376 m +75 build_14 +1220 2376 m +10 CW f +(\\\(14)1395 2376 w +10 S f +(u)2635 2376 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*u)2874 2376 w +10 S f +(\261)4114 2376 w +10 CW f +(\\\(+-)4374 2376 w +10 S1 f +()1145 2496 w +1145 2496 m +75 build_12 +1220 2496 m +10 CW f +(\\\(12)1395 2496 w +10 S f +(f)2635 2496 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*f)2874 2496 w +10 S f +(\310)4114 2496 w +10 CW f +(\\\(cu)4374 2496 w +10 S1 f +()1145 2616 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_34 { + pop + /optsize ptsize def + /osize size def + /ofont font def + + optsize 2 div dup R exch R f + 0 size 2 mul 3 div dup neg exch 0 exch rmoveto + + (3) show + rmoveto + optsize R f + (\244) show + f + (4) show + + optsize ofont f +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +1145 2616 m +75 build_34 +1220 2616 m +10 CW f +(\\\(34)1395 2616 w +10 S f +(c)2635 2616 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*x)2874 2616 w +10 S f +(\307)4114 2616 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ca)4374 2616 w +10 R f +(\256)1145 2736 w +10 CW f +(\\\(fi)1395 2736 w +10 S f +(y)2635 2736 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*q)2874 2736 w +10 S f +(\314)4114 2736 w +10 CW f +(\\\(sb)4374 2736 w +10 R f +(\257)1145 2856 w +10 CW f +(\\\(fl)1395 2856 w +10 S f +(w)2635 2856 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*w)2874 2856 w +10 S f +(\311)4114 2856 w +10 CW f +(\\\(sp)4374 2856 w +10 S1 f +()1145 2976 w +1145 2976 m +60 build_ff +1205 2976 m +10 CW f +(\\\(ff)1395 2976 w +10 S f +(A)2635 2976 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*A)2874 2976 w +10 S f +(\315)4114 2976 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ib)4374 2976 w +10 S1 f +()1145 3096 w +1145 3096 m +84 build_Fi +1229 3096 m +10 CW f +(\\\(Fi)1395 3096 w +10 S f +(B)2635 3096 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*B)2874 3096 w +10 S f +(\312)4114 3096 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ip)4374 3096 w +10 S1 f +()1145 3216 w +1145 3216 m +84 build_Fl +1229 3216 m +10 CW f +(\\\(Fl)1395 3216 w +10 S f +(G)2635 3216 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*G)2874 3216 w +10 S f +(\245)4114 3216 w +10 CW f +(\\\(if)4374 3216 w +10 S f +(\260)1145 3336 w +10 CW f +(\\\(de)1395 3336 w +10 S f +(D)2635 3336 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*D)2874 3336 w +10 S f +(\266)4114 3336 w +10 CW f +(\\\(pd)4374 3336 w +10 R f +(\262)1145 3456 w +10 CW f +(\\\(dg)1395 3456 w +10 S f +(E)2635 3456 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*E)2874 3456 w +10 S f +(\321)4114 3456 w +10 CW f +(\\\(gr)4374 3456 w +10 S f +(\242)1145 3576 w +10 CW f +(\\\(fm)1395 3576 w +10 S f +(Z)2635 3576 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*Z)2874 3576 w +10 S f +(\330)4114 3576 w +10 CW f +(\\\(no)4374 3576 w +10 R f +(\242)1145 3696 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ct)1395 3696 w +10 S f +(H)2635 3696 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*Y)2874 3696 w +10 S f +(\362)4114 3696 w +10 CW f +(\\\(is)4374 3696 w +10 S f +(\322)1145 3816 w +10 CW f +(\\\(rg)1395 3816 w +10 S f +(Q)2635 3816 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*H)2874 3816 w +10 S f +(\265)4114 3816 w +10 CW f +(\\\(pt)4374 3816 w +10 S f +(\323)1145 3936 w +10 CW f +(\\\(co)1395 3936 w +10 S f +(I)2635 3936 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*I)2874 3936 w +10 S f +(\306)4114 3936 w +10 CW f +(\\\(es)4374 3936 w +10 S f +(+)1145 4056 w +10 CW f +(\\\(pl)1395 4056 w +10 S f +(K)2635 4056 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*K)2874 4056 w +10 S f +(\316)4114 4056 w +10 CW f +(\\\(mo)4374 4056 w +10 S f +(-)1145 4176 w +10 CW f +(\\\(mi)1395 4176 w +10 S f +(L)2635 4176 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*L)2874 4176 w +10 S f +(\347)4114 4176 w +10 CW f +(\\\(br)4374 4176 w +10 S f +(=)1145 4296 w +10 CW f +(\\\(eq)1395 4296 w +10 S f +(M)2635 4296 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*M)2874 4296 w +10 R f +(\263)4114 4296 w +10 CW f +(\\\(dd)4374 4296 w +10 S f +(*)1145 4416 w +10 CW f +(\\\(**)1395 4416 w +10 S f +(N)2635 4416 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*N)2874 4416 w +10 S1 f +()4114 4416 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_rh { +pop +gsave +size .0022 mul dup scale +currentpoint translate + +15 66 moveto +15 86 lineto +16 131 lineto +17 146 lineto +18 158 lineto +19 167 lineto +21 181 lineto +24 190 lineto +34 193 lineto +49 189 lineto +58 182 lineto +60 177 lineto +60 166 lineto +59 156 lineto +58 143 lineto +57 130 lineto +56 117 lineto +55 102 lineto +54 42 lineto +53 39 lineto +49 35 lineto +34 34 lineto +19 39 lineto +16 47 lineto +15 66 lineto +stroke + +65 60 moveto +65 111 lineto +66 127 lineto +67 139 lineto +69 153 lineto +72 163 lineto +83 171 lineto +98 177 lineto +113 182 lineto +128 187 lineto +143 190 lineto +158 194 lineto +173 196 lineto +188 199 lineto +203 201 lineto +218 203 lineto +233 205 lineto +248 205 lineto +263 206 lineto +278 206 lineto +293 206 lineto +308 206 lineto +323 206 lineto +338 205 lineto +353 203 lineto +368 202 lineto +383 200 lineto +394 197 lineto +389 190 lineto +389 180 lineto +391 176 lineto +391 173 lineto +380 173 lineto +365 173 lineto +350 174 lineto +335 175 lineto +320 176 lineto +305 176 lineto +290 176 lineto +275 177 lineto +260 177 lineto +245 177 lineto +240 173 lineto +240 170 lineto +245 165 lineto +260 164 lineto +275 164 lineto +290 164 lineto +305 163 lineto +320 160 lineto +327 155 lineto +330 149 lineto +330 134 lineto +328 129 lineto +323 124 lineto +309 121 lineto +294 121 lineto +279 121 lineto +264 121 lineto +249 121 lineto +234 121 lineto +228 118 lineto +228 112 lineto +234 109 lineto +249 109 lineto +264 109 lineto +279 108 lineto +294 108 lineto +306 104 lineto +311 97 lineto +312 91 lineto +312 88 lineto +311 82 lineto +305 74 lineto +290 72 lineto +275 72 lineto +260 72 lineto +245 73 lineto +230 73 lineto +215 73 lineto +205 70 lineto +205 63 lineto +217 60 lineto +232 60 lineto +247 60 lineto +262 60 lineto +277 57 lineto +283 52 lineto +285 44 lineto +285 41 lineto +284 35 lineto +280 30 lineto +268 26 lineto +253 25 lineto +238 26 lineto +223 28 lineto +208 31 lineto +193 33 lineto +178 34 lineto +163 33 lineto +148 31 lineto +133 28 lineto +118 27 lineto +103 28 lineto +88 34 lineto +73 43 lineto +67 52 lineto +65 60 lineto +stroke + +396 180 moveto +396 188 lineto +399 194 lineto +410 196 lineto +416 190 lineto +416 180 lineto +415 177 lineto +411 173 lineto +400 173 lineto +396 180 lineto +stroke + +grestore +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +4114 4416 m +100 build_rh +4214 4416 m +10 CW f +(\\\(rh)4374 4416 w +10 R f +(\247)1145 4536 w +10 CW f +(\\\(sc)1395 4536 w +10 S f +(X)2635 4536 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*C)2874 4536 w +10 S1 f +()4114 4536 w +4114 4536 m +100 build_lh +4214 4536 m +10 CW f +(\\\(lh)4374 4536 w +10 R f +(\302)1145 4656 w +10 CW f +(\\\(aa)1395 4656 w +10 S f +(O)2635 4656 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*O)2874 4656 w +10 S1 f +()4114 4656 w +cleartomark +saveobj restore +%%BeginGlobal +/build_L1 { + pop + /picstr 40 string def + gsave + currentpoint translate + .533 72 mul size mul 36 div + .5 72 mul size mul 36 div + scale + 160 150 1 [160 0 0 -150 0 150] + {currentfile picstr readhexstring pop} image + grestore +} def +%%EndGlobal +/saveobj save def +mark +10 S1 f +4114 4656 m +110 build_L1 +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00000007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE0000000007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFF00000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFF8000000000001FFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFE00000000000003FFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFF000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFC0000000000000003FFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFF000000000000000007FFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFC000000000000000003FFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFF8FFFFFFF00000000000FFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000000007FFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF000000000FFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC00000000003FFFFFFFF +FFFFFFF81FFFFFFFFFC0000000000001FFFFFFFF +FFFFFFF0000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF +FFFFFFE00000000000000000000000007FFFFFFF +FFFFFFC00000000000000000000000003FFFFFFF +FFFFFF800000000000000000000000001FFFFFFF +FFFFFF000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFF +FFFFFE0007FFFFFFFF8000000000000007FFFFFF +FFFFFE7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE000000000003FFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000000003FFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE000000001FFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF80000000001FFFFF +FFFF01FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC000000000000FFFFF +FFFE00000000000000000000000000000007FFFF +FFFE00000000000000000000000000000007FFFF +FFFC00000000000000000000000000000003FFFF +FFFC00000000000000000000000000000003FFFF +FFF800000000000000000000000000000001FFFF +FFF800000000000000000000000000000000FFFF +FFF80FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE0000000000000FFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE0000000000FFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC00000001FFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC0000000001FFF +FF87FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC000000000000FFF +FF000000007FFFFFFFFFFC000000000000000FFF +FF000000000000000000000000000000000007FF +FF000000000000000000000000000000000007FF +FE000000000000000000000000000000000007FF +FE000000000000000000000000000000000003FF +FE000000000000000000000000000000000003FF +FE0007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC000000000000003FF +FC0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC000000000003FF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC000000003FF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC00000001FF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF800000000001FF +F8FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF80000000000000FF +F8000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000000000000000FF +F8000000000000000000000000000000000000FF +F0000000000000000000000000000000000000FF +F0000000000000000000000000000000000000FF +F0000000000000000000000000000000000000FF +F00000000000000000000000000000000000007F +F00000007FFFFFFFFFFFE000000000000000007F +F000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF000000000000007F +F07FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC000000000007F +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000000000007F +F007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC000000000000007F +F00003FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF000000000000000007F +F00000000000000000000000000000000000007F +F00000000000000000000000000000000000007F +F0000000000000000000000000000000000000FF +F0000000000000000000000000000000000000FF +F8000000000000000000000000000000000000FF +F8000000000000000000000000000000000000FF +F80003FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF80000000000000000FF +F80FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC0000000000000FF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE00000000000003FF +FC003FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE000000000000000003FF +FE000000FFFFFFFFC800000000000000000003FF +FE000000000000000000000000000000000003FF +FE000000000000000000000000000000000003FF +FE000000000000000000000000000000000003FF +FF000000000000000000000000000000000007FF +FF000000000000000000000000000000000007FF +FF000000000000000000000000000000000007FF +FF80000000000000000000000000000000000FFF +FF8000000007FF80000000000000000000000FFF +FFC00007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFC07FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFF03FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC0000000000000007FFF +FFF0000007FFFFFE000000000000000000007FFF +FFF800000000000000000000000000000000FFFF +FFF800000000000000000000000000000000FFFF +FFF800000000000000000000000000000000FFFF +FFFC00000000000000000000000000000001FFFF +FFFE00000000000000000000000000000003FFFF +FFFE00000000000000000000000000000003FFFF +FFFF00000000000000000000000000000007FFFF +FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000FFFFF +FFFF8000000000000000000000000000000FFFFF +FFFFC000003FFFE00000000000000000001FFFFF +FFFFE007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFC0000000000000000000000000001FFFFFF +FFFFFE0000000000000000000000000003FFFFFF +FFFFFF0000000000000000000000000003FFFFFF +FFFFFF0000000000000000000000000007FFFFFF +FFFFFF800000000000000000000000000FFFFFFF +FFFFFFC00000000000000000000000001FFFFFFF +FFFFFFE00000000000000000000000003FFFFFFF +FFFFFFF00000000000000000000000007FFFFFFF +FFFFFFFC000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFE000000000000000000000003FFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFF000000000000000000000007FFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFF00000000000000000003FFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFF8000000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFE000000000000000001FFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFF000000000000000007FFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFC0000000000000001FFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFF0000000000000007FFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFE00000000000003FFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFF8000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFF000000000007FFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000000007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00000007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE0007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF +4224 4656 m +10 CW f +(\\\(bs)4374 4656 w +10 R f +(\301)1145 4776 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ga)1395 4776 w +10 S f +(P)2635 4776 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*P)2874 4776 w +10 S f +(|)4114 4776 w +10 CW f +(\\\(or)4374 4776 w +10 S f +(_)1145 4896 w +10 CW f +(\\\(ul)1395 4896 w +10 S f +(R)2635 4896 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*R)2874 4896 w +10 S1 f +()4114 4896 w +4114 4896 m +75 build_ci +4189 4896 m +10 CW f +(\\\(ci)4374 4896 w +10 S f +(/)1145 5016 w +10 CW f +(\\\(sl)1395 5016 w +10 S f +(S)2635 5016 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*S)2874 5016 w +10 S f +(\354)4114 5016 w +10 CW f +(\\\(lt)4374 5016 w +10 S f +(a)1145 5136 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*a)1395 5136 w +10 S f +(T)2635 5136 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*T)2874 5136 w +10 S f +(\356)4114 5136 w +10 CW f +(\\\(lb)4374 5136 w +10 S f +(b)1145 5256 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*b)1395 5256 w +10 S f +(U)2635 5256 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*U)2874 5256 w +10 S f +(\374)4114 5256 w +10 CW f +(\\\(rt)4374 5256 w +10 S f +(g)1145 5376 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*g)1395 5376 w +10 S f +(F)2635 5376 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*F)2874 5376 w +10 S f +(\376)4114 5376 w +10 CW f +(\\\(rb)4374 5376 w +10 S f +(d)1145 5496 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*d)1395 5496 w +10 S f +(C)2635 5496 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*X)2874 5496 w +10 S f +(\355)4114 5496 w +10 CW f +(\\\(lk)4374 5496 w +10 S f +(e)1145 5616 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*e)1395 5616 w +10 S f +(Y)2635 5616 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*Q)2874 5616 w +10 S f +(\375)4114 5616 w +10 CW f +(\\\(rk)4374 5616 w +10 S f +(z)1145 5736 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*z)1395 5736 w +10 S f +(W)2635 5736 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*W)2874 5736 w +10 S f +(\357)4114 5736 w +10 CW f +(\\\(bv)4374 5736 w +10 S f +(h)1145 5856 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*y)1395 5856 w +10 S f +(\326)2635 5856 w +10 CW f +(\\\(sr)2874 5856 w +10 S f +(\353)4114 5856 w +10 CW f +(\\\(lf)4374 5856 w +10 S f +(q)1145 5976 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*h)1395 5976 w +10 S f +(`)2635 5976 w +10 CW f +(\\\(rn)2874 5976 w +10 S f +(\373)4114 5976 w +10 CW f +(\\\(rf)4374 5976 w +10 S f +(i)1145 6096 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*i)1395 6096 w +10 S f +(\263)2635 6096 w +10 CW f +(\\\(>=)2874 6096 w +10 S f +(\351)4114 6096 w +10 CW f +(\\\(lc)4374 6096 w +10 S f +(k)1145 6216 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*k)1395 6216 w +10 S f +(\243)2635 6216 w +10 CW f +(\\\(<=)2874 6216 w +10 S f +(\371)4114 6216 w +10 CW f +(\\\(rc)4374 6216 w +10 S f +(l)1145 6336 w +10 CW f +(\\\(*l)1395 6336 w +10 S f +(\272)2635 6336 w +10 CW f +(\\\(==)2874 6336 w +cleartomark +showpage +saveobj restore +%%EndPage: 35 37 +%%Trailer diff --git a/eqn2e.pdf b/eqn2e.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..943f460 Binary files /dev/null and b/eqn2e.pdf differ diff --git a/eqn2e.ps b/eqn2e.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf8ddec --- /dev/null +++ b/eqn2e.ps @@ -0,0 +1,1308 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.08 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Times-Roman +%%+ font Symbol +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.08 0 +%%+ font Symbol-Slanted +%%Pages: 11 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.08 0 +/setpacking where{ +pop +currentpacking +true setpacking +}if +/grops 120 dict dup begin +/SC 32 def +/A/show load def +/B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/C{0 exch ashow}bind def +/D{0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/E{0 rmoveto show}bind def +/F{0 rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/G{0 rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/H{0 rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/I{0 exch rmoveto show}bind def +/J{0 exch rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/K{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/L{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/M{rmoveto show}bind def +/N{rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/O{rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/P{rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/Q{moveto show}bind def +/R{moveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/S{moveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/T{moveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/SF{ +findfont exch +[exch dup 0 exch 0 exch neg 0 0]makefont +dup setfont +[exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def +}bind def +/MF{ +findfont +[5 2 roll +0 3 1 roll +neg 0 0]makefont +dup setfont +[exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def +}bind def +/level0 0 def +/RES 0 def +/PL 0 def +/LS 0 def +/PLG{ +gsave newpath clippath pathbbox grestore +exch pop add exch pop +}bind def +/BP{ +/level0 save def +1 setlinecap +1 setlinejoin +72 RES div dup scale +LS{ +90 rotate +}{ +0 PL translate +}ifelse +1 -1 scale +}bind def +/EP{ +level0 restore +showpage +}bind def +/DA{ +newpath arcn stroke +}bind def +/SN{ +transform +.25 sub exch .25 sub exch +round .25 add exch round .25 add exch +itransform +}bind def +/DL{ +SN +moveto +SN +lineto stroke +}bind def +/DC{ +newpath 0 360 arc closepath +}bind def +/TM matrix def +/DE{ +TM currentmatrix pop +translate scale newpath 0 0 .5 0 360 arc closepath +TM setmatrix +}bind def +/RC/rcurveto load def +/RL/rlineto load def +/ST/stroke load def +/MT/moveto load def +/CL/closepath load def +/FL{ +currentgray exch setgray fill setgray +}bind def +/BL/fill load def +/LW/setlinewidth load def +/RE{ +findfont +dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin +{ +1 index/FID ne{def}{pop pop}ifelse +}forall +/Encoding exch def +dup/FontName exch def +currentdict end definefont pop +}bind def +/DEFS 0 def +/EBEGIN{ +moveto +DEFS begin +}bind def +/EEND/end load def +/CNT 0 def +/level1 0 def +/PBEGIN{ +/level1 save def +translate +div 3 1 roll div exch scale +neg exch neg exch translate +0 setgray +0 setlinecap +1 setlinewidth +0 setlinejoin +10 setmiterlimit +[]0 setdash +/setstrokeadjust where{ +pop +false setstrokeadjust +}if +/setoverprint where{ +pop +false setoverprint +}if +newpath +/CNT countdictstack def +userdict begin +/showpage{}def +}bind def +/PEND{ +clear +countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat +level1 restore +}bind def +end def +/setpacking where{ +pop +setpacking +}if +%%EndResource +%%IncludeResource: font Symbol +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman +%%BeginResource: font Symbol-Slanted +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Symbol +/MakeTransformedFont{ +findfont dup maxlength dict begin +{ +exch dup dup/FID ne exch/UniqueID ne and{ +exch def +}{ +pop pop +}ifelse +}forall +/FontBBox +currentdict/FontBBox get +4 array copy def +FontBBox aload pop +4 index transform 4 2 roll +4 index transform 4 2 roll +FontBBox astore pop +FontMatrix exch matrix concatmatrix +/FontMatrix exch def +dup/FontName exch def +currentdict end +definefont pop +}bind def +/Symbol-Slanted +[.89 0.0 15.5 dup sin exch cos div .89 0.0 0.0] +/Symbol +MakeTransformedFont +%%EndResource +grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 def/PL +792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron/scaron/zcaron +/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/space +/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft +/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four +/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C +/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/backslash +/bracketright/circumflex/underscore/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q +/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/braceleft/bar/braceright/tilde/.notdef/quotesinglbase +/guillemotleft/guillemotright/bullet/florin/fraction/perthousand/dagger +/daggerdbl/endash/emdash/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/hungarumlaut +/dotaccent/breve/caron/ring/ogonek/quotedblleft/quotedblright/oe/lslash +/quotedblbase/OE/Lslash/.notdef/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen/brokenbar +/section/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guilsinglleft/logicalnot/minus +/registered/macron/degree/plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior/acute/mu +/paragraph/periodcentered/cedilla/onesuperior/ordmasculine/guilsinglright +/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters/questiondown/Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde +/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute +/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis +/multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn/germandbls +/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute +/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis/eth/ntilde/ograve +/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex +/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis]def/Times-Roman@0 ENC0/Times-Roman RE +/Times-Italic@0 ENC0/Times-Italic RE/Times-Bold@0 ENC0/Times-Bold RE +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF -.888(Ty)129.504 122 S(pesetting Mathematics \212 User') +.888 E 3(sG)-.444 G 15(uide $Second)320.808 122 R(Edition$)3 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(Brian W)201.13 146 Q 2.5(.K)-.92 G +(ernighan and Lorinda L. Cherry)245.14 146 Q(ABSTRA)264.535 200 Q(CT)-.3 E/F2 +10/Times-Roman@0 SF .876(This is the user')97 227.6 R 3.376(sg)-.55 G .876(uid\ +e for a system for typesetting mathematics, using the phototypesetters on the) +175.504 227.6 R/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)72 239.6 Q F2 2.5<8761>C(nd)106.431 +239.6 Q/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(GCOS)2.5 E F2(operating systems.)2.5 E 1.574 +(Mathematical e)97 255.2 R 1.575(xpressions are described in a language design\ +ed to be easy to use by people who)-.15 F(kno)72 267.2 Q 5.794(wn)-.25 G 3.294 +(either mathematics nor typesetting.)104.764 267.2 R 3.294 +(Enough of the language to set in-line e)8.294 F 3.293(xpressions lik)-.15 F(e) +-.1 E/F5 7/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)72.539 286.113 Q/F6 7/Symbol SF(-).371 E/F7 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(>)A/F8 7/Symbol-Slanted SF(p)-.056 E F7(/2)1.12 E F2 1.701 +(lim $tan)76.201 279.681 R F1(x)3.57 E F2($).53 E F7 .21(sin 2)121.162 +275.481 R F5(x).539 E/F9 10/Symbol SF(=)142.109 279.681 Q F2 2.5(1o)2.8 G 2.5 +(rd)162.899 279.681 S(isplay equations lik)173.729 279.681 Q(e)-.1 E F1(G) +121.98 309.22 Q F2($).5 E F1(z).52 E F2($).41 E F9(=)2.8 E F1(e)2.99 E F7(ln) +157.08 305.02 Q F5(G)1.946 E F7($).35 E F5(z).364 E F7($).287 E F9(=)181.212 +309.22 Q F2 -.15(ex)2.8 G(p).15 E F9205.492 303.72 Q205.492 315.85 Q F5 +(k).412 2.298 M F6.469 E F7(1)A/F10 15/Symbol SF(S)210.638 311.667 Q F1(S) +223.894 302.22 Q F5(k).682 2 M F1(z)1.489 -2 M F5(k)238.725 298.02 Q .4 LW +242.802 306.62 223.564 306.62 DL F1(k)230.808 316.22 Q F9244.002 303.72 Q +244.002 315.85 Q(=)250.802 309.22 Q F5(k)259.518 318.148 Q F6.469 E F7 +(1)A F10(P)259.092 311.667 Q F1(e)1.89 -2.447 M F5(S)277.353 305.02 Q/F11 5 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(k).481 1.4 M F5(z)1.049 -1.4 M F11(k).467 -2.59 M F7(/).685 +2.59 M F5(k).252 E F9(=)143.98 341.157 Q152.27 335.657 Q152.27 347.787 +Q F2(1)156.27 341.157 Q F9(+)2.2 E F1(S)2.53 E F7(1).43 2 M F1(z)1.02 -2 M F9 +(+)2.61 E F1(S)197.16 334.157 Q F7(2)202.74 329.957 Q(1)202.59 336.457 Q F1(z) +1.17 -2.3 M F7(2)211.56 329.957 Q 215.56 338.557 196.83 338.557 DL F2(2!)202.03 +348.157 Q F9(+)218.96 341.157 Q F2 1.7(...)2.2 -2.155 O F9-1.7 -3.345 M +237.55 347.787 Q241.55 335.657 Q241.55 347.787 Q F2(1)245.55 341.157 Q +F9(+)2.2 E F1(S)261.97 334.157 Q F7(2).43 2 M F1(z)1.02 -2 M F7(2)276.22 +329.957 Q 280.22 338.557 261.64 338.557 DL F2(2)268.43 348.157 Q F9(+)283.62 +341.157 Q F1(S)295.59 334.157 Q F7(2)301.17 329.957 Q(2)301.02 336.457 Q F1(z) +1.17 -2.3 M F7(4)309.99 329.957 Q F2(2)292.51 348.157 Q F7(2)-2.8 I F92.7 +2.8 M 316.74 338.557 292.51 338.557 DL F2(2!)308.41 348.157 Q F9(+)320.14 +341.157 Q F2 1.7(...)2.2 -2.155 O F9-1.7 -3.345 M338.73 347.787 Q F2 +1.7(...)344.43 339.002 S F9(=)143.98 381.477 Q F5(m)152.536 390.356 Q F6 +.224 E F7(0)A F10(S)154.273 383.924 Q F9166.857 365.977 Q166.857 +378.107 Q166.857 388.107 Q166.857 398.107 Q F5(k)179.554 390.405 Q/F12 +5/Times-Roman@0 SF(1).301 1.4 M F7(,).35 -1.4 M F5(k).252 E F12(2).301 1.4 M F7 +(,...,).35 -1.4 M F5(k).252 E F11(m).491 1.4 M F6.51 -1.4 M F7(0)A F5(k) +171.109 400.205 Q F12(1).301 1.4 M F6(+).35 -1.4 M F7(2)A F5(k).252 E F12(2) +.301 1.4 M F6(+).35 -1.4 M F7(...)-1.509 I F6(+)1.509 I F5(mk).266 E F11(m).491 +1.4 M F6(=).51 -1.4 M F5(m).266 E F10(S)194.28 383.924 Q F1(S)235.639 374.477 Q +F5(k)241.471 369.477 Q F12(1).301 1.4 M F7(1)241.069 377.209 Q F2(1)229.484 +388.477 Q F5(k).252 -2.8 M F12(1).301 1.4 M F1(k)1.21 1.4 M F7(1).43 2 M +254.055 378.877 229.484 378.877 DL F2(!)250.725 388.477 Q F1(S)265.41 374.477 Q +F5(k)271.242 369.477 Q F12(2).301 1.4 M F7(2)270.84 377.209 Q F2(2)259.255 +388.477 Q F5(k).252 -2.8 M F12(2).301 1.4 M F1(k)1.21 1.4 M F7(2).43 2 M +283.826 378.877 259.255 378.877 DL F2(!)280.496 388.477 Q 1.7(...)287.826 +379.322 S F1(S)310.263 374.477 Q F5(k)316.095 370.277 Q F11(m).491 1.4 M F5(m) +315.959 376.777 Q F1(m)302.006 388.477 Q F5(k).572 -2.8 M F11(m).491 1.4 M F1 +(k)1.37 1.4 M F5(m).696 2 M 332.621 378.877 301.626 378.877 DL F2(!)329.291 +388.477 Q F9333.821 365.977 Q333.821 378.107 Q333.821 388.107 Q +333.821 398.107 Q F1(z)338.341 381.477 Q F5(m)342.907 377.277 Q F2 +(can be learned in an hour or so.)72 417.15 Q .603(The language interf)97 +432.75 R .603(aces directly with the phototypesetting language)-.1 F F4(TR) +3.103 E(OFF)-.32 E F2 3.103(,s)C 3.103(om)409.633 432.75 S .604(athematical e) +425.516 432.75 R(xpres-)-.15 E .633(sions can be embedded in the running te)72 +444.75 R .633(xt of a manuscript, and the entire document produced in one pro-) +-.15 F 2.5(cess. This)72 456.75 R(user')2.5 E 2.5(sg)-.55 G(uide is an e)147.27 +456.75 Q(xample of its output.)-.15 E .691 +(The same language may be used with the)97 472.35 R F4(UNIX)3.191 E F2 +(formatter)3.191 E F4(NR)3.191 E(OFF)-.32 E F2 .691(to set mathematical e)3.191 +F .691(xpressions on)-.15 F F4 -.32(DA)72 484.35 S(SI).32 E F2(and)2.5 E F4 +(GSI)2.5 E F2(terminals and Model 37 teletypes.)2.5 E(August 15, 1978)72 532.35 +Q 77 660 72 660 DL 79 660 74 660 DL 84 660 79 660 DL 89 660 84 660 DL 94 660 89 +660 DL 99 660 94 660 DL 104 660 99 660 DL 109 660 104 660 DL 114 660 109 660 DL +119 660 114 660 DL 124 660 119 660 DL 129 660 124 660 DL 134 660 129 660 DL 139 +660 134 660 DL 144 660 139 660 DL F4<87>72 670 Q F7(UNIX)2 E F4 +(is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.)2 E EP +%%Page: 1 2 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF -.888(Ty)129.504 122 S(pesetting Mathematics \212 User') +.888 E 3(sG)-.444 G 15(uide $Second)320.808 122 R(Edition$)3 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(Brian W)201.13 146 Q 2.5(.K)-.92 G +(ernighan and Lorinda L. Cherry)245.14 146 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(1. Intr) +72 200 R(oduction)-.18 E/F3 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(EQN)97 215.6 Q/F4 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .308(is a program for typesetting mathemat-)2.809 F 1.38 +(ics on the Graphics Systems phototypesetters on)72 227.6 R F3(UNIX)72 239.6 Q +F4(and)3.106 E F3(GCOS)3.106 E F4 5.606(.T)C(he)148.196 239.6 Q F3(EQN)3.106 E +F4 .606(language w)3.106 F .606(as designed)-.1 F 2.153 +(to be easy to use by people who kno)72 251.6 R 4.654(wn)-.25 G(either)250.83 +251.6 Q 2.806(mathematics nor typesetting.)72 263.6 R(Thus)7.806 E F3(EQN)5.306 +E F4(kno)5.306 E(ws)-.25 E(relati)72 275.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.374 +(ly little about mathematics.).15 F 1.374(In particular)6.374 F(,)-.4 E 1.869 +(mathematical symbols lik)72 287.6 R 4.368(e+)-.1 G(,)192.866 287.6 Q/F5 10 +/Symbol SF(-)4.368 E F4(,)A F54.368 E F4 4.368(,p)C(arentheses,)229.45 +287.6 Q .336(and so on ha)72 299.6 R .637 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.837(os).15 G .337 +(pecial meanings.)151.932 299.6 R F3(EQN)5.337 E F4 .337(is quite)2.837 F(happ) +72 311.6 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G 2.5(os)101.62 311.6 S(et g)113.01 311.6 Q(arbage $b) +-.05 E(ut it will look good$.)-.2 E F3(EQN)97 327.2 Q F4 -.1(wo)3.933 G 1.433 +(rks as a preprocessor for the type-).1 F .629(setter formatter)72 339.2 R(,) +-.4 E F3(TR)3.129 E(OFF)-.32 E F4 .629([1], so the normal mode of)B 3.209 +(operation is to prepare a document with both)72 351.2 R 2.024 +(mathematics and ordinary te)72 363.2 R 2.024(xt interspersed, and)-.15 F(let) +72 375.2 Q F3(EQN)2.992 E F4 .492(set the mathematics while)2.992 F F3(TR)2.992 +E(OFF)-.32 E F4 .491(does the)2.991 F(body of the te)72 387.2 Q(xt.)-.15 E(On) +97 402.8 Q F3(UNIX)3.133 E F4(,)A F3(EQN)3.133 E F4 .633 +(will also produce mathemat-)3.133 F 1.617(ics on)72 414.8 R F3 -.32(DA)4.117 G +(SI).32 E F4(and)4.117 E F3(GSI)4.117 E F4 1.616(terminals and on Model 37) +4.116 F 3.43(teletypes. The)72 426.8 R .93(input is identical, b)3.43 F .93 +(ut you ha)-.2 F 1.23 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(o).15 E .383(use the programs)72 438.8 R +F3(NEQN)2.883 E F4(and)2.883 E F3(NR)2.882 E(OFF)-.32 E F4 .382(instead of) +2.882 F F3(EQN)2.882 E F4(and)72 450.8 Q F3(TR)2.964 E(OFF)-.32 E F4 5.464(.O)C +2.964(fc)129.164 450.8 S .464(ourse, some things w)139.898 450.8 R(on')-.1 E +2.965(tl)-.18 G .465(ook as)247.305 450.8 R 1.11(good because terminals don')72 +462.8 R 3.61(tp)-.18 G(ro)201.24 462.8 Q 1.11(vide the v)-.15 F(ariety)-.25 E +2.934(of characters, sizes and fonts that a typesetter)72 474.8 R .333(does, b) +72 486.8 R .332(ut the output is usually adequate for proof-)-.2 F(reading.)72 +498.8 Q 1.6 -.8(To u)97 514.4 T(se).8 E F3(EQN)2.5 E F4(on)2.5 E F3(UNIX)2.5 E +F4(,)A(eqn \214les | trof)108 532.4 Q(f)-.25 E F3(GCOS)72 550.4 Q F4 +(use is discussed in section 26.)2.5 E F2 2.5(2. Display)72 574.4 R +(ed Equations)-.1 E F4 3.273 -.8(To t)97 590 T(ell).8 E F3(EQN)4.173 E F4 1.674 +(where a mathematical e)4.173 F(xpres-)-.15 E .152(sion be)72 602 R .151 +(gins and ends, we mark it with lines be)-.15 F(gin-)-.15 E(ning)72 614 Q F3 +(.EQ)2.5 E F4(and)2.5 E F3(.EN)2.5 E F4 5(.T)C(hus if you type the lines) +150.658 614 Q(.EQ)108 632 Q(x=y+z)108 644 Q(.EN)108 656 Q +(your output will look lik)72 674 Q(e)-.1 E F1(x)155.05 692 Q F5(=)3.33 E F1(y) +3.54 E F5(+)2.52 E F1(z)2.72 E F4(The)72 710 Q F3(.EQ)4.551 E F4(and)4.551 E F3 +(.EN)4.552 E F4 2.052(are copied through untouched;)4.552 F(the)72 722 Q 4.573 +(ya)-.15 G 2.073(re not otherwise processed by)98.083 722 R F3(EQN)4.573 E F4 +7.072(.T)C(his)261.93 722 Q 1.816(means that you ha)302.4 200 R 2.117 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 4.317(ot).15 G(ak)408.622 200 Q 4.317(ec)-.1 G 1.817 +(are of things lik)431.159 200 R(e)-.1 E 2.402 +(centering, numbering, and so on yourself.)302.4 212 R(The)7.401 E .401 +(most common w)302.4 224 R .401(ay is to use the)-.1 F F3(TR)2.901 E(OFF)-.32 E +F4(and)2.901 E F3(NR)2.902 E(OFF)-.32 E F4 1.697(macro package package `)302.4 +236 R F5(-)A F4 1.697(ms' de)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.696(loped by M.).15 F 2.111 +(E. Lesk[3], which allo)302.4 248 R 2.112(ws you to center)-.25 F 4.612(,i)-.4 +G(ndent,)479.28 248 Q(left-justify and number equations.)302.4 260 Q -.4(Wi) +327.4 275.6 S .492(th the `).4 F F5(-)A F4 .492 +(ms' package, equations are cen-)B 1.314(tered by def)302.4 287.6 R 3.814 +(ault. T)-.1 F 3.814(ol)-.8 G 1.315(eft-justify an equation, use)393.406 287.6 +R F3(.EQ L)302.4 299.6 Q F4 1.014(instead of)3.514 F F3(.EQ)3.514 E F4 6.014 +(.T)C 3.514(oi)395.642 299.6 S 1.014(ndent it, use)406.936 299.6 R F3(.EQ I) +3.514 E F4 6.014(.A)C -.15(ny)494.15 299.6 S .307(of these can be follo)302.4 +311.6 R .308(wed by an arbitrary `equation)-.25 F .4 +(number' which will be placed at the right mar)302.4 323.6 R(gin.)-.18 E -.15 +(Fo)302.4 335.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the input)322.93 335.6 Q(.EQ I $3.1a$) +338.4 353.6 Q 2.5(x=f)338.4 365.6 S($y/2$ + y/2)357.37 365.6 Q(.EN)338.4 +377.6 Q(produces the output)302.4 395.6 Q F1(x)353.17 413.6 Q F5(=)3.33 E F1(f) +4.77 E F4($)1.96 E F1(y).74 E F4(/2$).32 E F5(+)2.2 E F1(y)2.94 E F4 58.85 +(/2 $3.1a$).32 F .191(There is also a shorthand notation so in-line)327.4 +435.2 R -.15(ex)302.4 447.632 S 2.33(pressions lik).15 F(e)-.1 E/F6 10 +/Symbol-Slanted SF(p)4.75 E/F7 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)379.88 443.432 Q/F8 7 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(i)379.277 449.932 Q F4 2.329(can be entered without)7.487 +-2.3 N F3(.EQ)4.829 E F4(and)302.4 459.632 Q F3(.EN)2.5 E F4 5(.W)C 2.5(ew) +348.144 459.632 S(ill talk about it in section 19.)362.304 459.632 Q F2 2.5 +(3. Input)302.4 483.632 R(spaces)2.5 E F4 1.794(Spaces and ne)327.4 499.232 R +1.794(wlines within an e)-.25 F(xpression)-.15 E 2.537(are thro)302.4 511.232 R +2.537(wn a)-.25 F -.1(wa)-.15 G 5.036(yb).1 G(y)383.65 511.232 Q F3(EQN)5.036 E +F4 7.536(.$)C 2.536(Normal te)423.492 511.232 R 2.536(xt is left)-.15 F +(absolutely alone.$)302.4 523.232 Q(Thus between)5 E F3(.EQ)2.5 E F4(and)2.5 E +F3(.EN)2.5 E F4(,)A(x=y+z)338.4 541.232 Q(and)302.4 559.232 Q 2.5(x=y+z)338.4 +577.232 S(and)302.4 595.232 Q 7.5(x=y)338.4 613.232 S 2.5(+z)345.9 625.232 S +(and so on all produce the same output)302.4 643.232 Q F1(x)385.45 661.232 Q F5 +(=)3.33 E F1(y)3.54 E F5(+)2.52 E F1(z)2.72 E F4 -1.1(Yo)302.4 679.232 S 5.505 +(us)1.1 G 3.006(hould use spaces and ne)327.915 679.232 R 3.006 +(wlines freely to)-.25 F(mak)302.4 691.232 Q 4.138(ey)-.1 G 1.637 +(our input equations readable and easy to)333.098 691.232 R 3.145(edit. In) +302.4 703.232 R(particular)3.145 E 3.145(,v)-.4 G .646 +(ery long lines are a bad idea,)385.435 703.232 R .248(since the)302.4 715.232 +R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247(re often hard to \214x if you mak)349.956 715.232 R +2.747(eam)-.1 G(is-)494 715.232 Q(tak)302.4 727.232 Q(e.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 2 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-2-)279.67 48 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5 +(4. Output)72 84 R(spaces)2.5 E F0 2.375 -.8(To f)97 99.6 T .775(orce e).8 F +.775(xtra spaces into the)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(output,)3.275 E F0 +.775(use a)3.275 F(tilde `)72 111.6 Q 1.666(`~')-.74 G 2.5('f)107.452 111.6 S +(or each space you w)116.612 111.6 Q(ant:)-.1 E(x~=~y~+~z)108 129.6 Q(gi)72 +147.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F2(x)154.45 165.6 Q/F3 10/Symbol SF(=)3.33 E F2 +(y)3.54 E F3(+)3.12 E F2(z)3.32 E F0 -1.1(Yo)72 183.6 S 3.094(uc)1.1 G .594 +(an also use a circum\215e)95.654 183.6 R 3.093(x`)-.15 G(`^')199.651 183.6 Q +.593(', which gi)-.74 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.093(sa).15 G .329 +(space half the width of a tilde.)72 195.6 R .329(It is mainly useful)5.329 F +.163(for \214ne-tuning.)72 207.6 R -.8(Ta)5.163 G .162 +(bs may also be used to position).8 F .527(pieces of an e)72 219.6 R .528 +(xpression, b)-.15 F .528(ut the tab stops must be)-.2 F(set by)72 231.6 Q/F4 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(TR)2.5 E(OFF)-.32 E F0(commands.)2.5 E F1 2.5(5. Symbols,)72 +255.6 R(Special Names, Gr)2.5 E(eek)-.18 E F4(EQN)97 271.2 Q F0(kno)5.868 E +3.367(ws some mathematical symbols,)-.25 F 1.247 +(some mathematical names, and the Greek alpha-)72 283.2 R 2.5(bet. F)72 295.2 R +(or e)-.15 E(xample,)-.15 E(x=2 pi int sin $ ome)108 313.2 Q .1 -.05(ga t)-.15 +H($dt).05 E(produces)72 331.2 Q F2(x)135.338 352.507 Q F3(=)3.33 E F0(2)2.8 E +/F5 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(p)-.08 E/F6 18/Symbol SF165.444 357.188 Q F0 +(sin$)173.282 352.507 Q F5(w)-.35 E F2(t)1.39 E F0($).68 E F2(dt).35 E F0 +.769(Here the spaces in the input are)72 373.614 R F1(necessary)3.269 E F0 .768 +(to tell)3.269 F F4(EQN)72 385.614 Q F0(that)3.461 E F2 .961(int, pi, sin)3.461 +F F0(and)3.461 E F2(ome)3.461 E(ga)-.4 E F0 .961(are separate enti-)3.461 F +2.294(ties that should get special treatment.)72 397.614 R(The)7.294 E F2(sin,) +4.794 E F0 2.6(digit 2, and parentheses are set in roman type)72 409.614 R +1.575(instead of italic;)72 421.614 R F2(pi)4.075 E F0(and)4.075 E F2(ome)4.075 +E(ga)-.4 E F0 1.575(are made Greek;)4.075 F(and)72 433.614 Q F2(int)2.5 E F0 +(becomes the inte)2.5 E(gral sign.)-.15 E 1.49(When in doubt, lea)97 449.214 R +1.79 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.49(paces around sepa-).15 F .275 +(rate parts of the input.)72 461.214 R(A)5.275 E F2(very)2.775 E F0 .275 +(common error is to)2.775 F(type)72 473.214 Q F2(f$pi$)3.143 E F0 .644 +(without lea)3.143 F .644(ving spaces on both sides of)-.2 F(the)72 485.214 Q +F2(pi.)2.67 E F0 .169(As a result,)5.169 F F4(EQN)2.669 E F0 .169 +(does not recognize)2.669 F F2(pi)2.669 E F0 .169(as a)2.669 F 1.573(special w) +72 497.214 R 1.574(ord, and it appears as)-.1 F F2(f)6.044 E F0($)1.96 E F2 +(pi)1.25 E F0 4.074($i).36 G 1.574(nstead of)235.646 497.214 R F2(f)73.97 +509.214 Q F0($)1.96 E F5(p)-.08 E F0($.)1.6 E 4.55(Ac)97 524.814 S 2.05 +(omplete list of)113.21 524.814 R F4(EQN)4.55 E F0 2.05(names appears in)4.55 F +2.815(section 23.)72 536.814 R(Kno)7.815 E 2.815(wledgeable users can also use) +-.25 F F4(TR)72 548.814 Q(OFF)-.32 E F0(four)6.419 E 3.919 +(-character names for an)-.2 F(ything)-.15 E F4(EQN)6.418 E F0(doesn')72 +560.814 Q 3.218(tk)-.18 G(no)109.478 560.814 Q 3.218(wa)-.25 G .719(bout, lik) +134.106 560.814 R(e)-.1 E F2(\\$bs)3.219 E F0 .719(for the Bell System)3.219 F +(sign .)72 572.814 Q F1 2.5(6. Spaces,)72 596.814 R(Again)2.5 E F0 2.066 +(The only w)97 612.414 R(ay)-.1 E F4(EQN)4.566 E F0 2.065(can deduce that some) +4.566 F 2.981(sequence of letters might be special is if that)72 624.414 R +2.021(sequence is separated from the letters on either)72 636.414 R .163 +(side of it.)72 648.414 R .163(This can be done by surrounding a spe-)5.163 F +2.612(cial w)72 660.414 R 2.611(ord by ordinary spaces \(or tabs or ne)-.1 F +(w-)-.25 E(lines$, as we did in the pre)72 672.414 Q(vious section.)-.25 E +-1.1(Yo)97 688.014 S 3.275(uc)1.1 G .775(an also mak)120.835 688.014 R 3.276 +(es)-.1 G .776(pecial w)181.662 688.014 R .776(ords stand out)-.1 F +(by surrounding them with tildes or circum\215e)72 700.014 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(s:) +.15 E(x~=~2~pi~int~sin~$~ome)108 718.014 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(~t~$~dt).05 E .647 +(is much the same as the last e)302.4 84 R .646(xample, e)-.15 F .646 +(xcept that)-.15 F 1.061(the tildes not only separate the magic w)302.4 96 R +1.062(ords lik)-.1 F(e)-.1 E F2 .975(sin, ome)302.4 108 R(ga,)-.4 E F0 .975 +(and so on, b)3.475 F .974(ut also add e)-.2 F .974(xtra spaces,)-.15 F +(one space per tilde:)302.4 120 Q F2(x)356.238 141.307 Q F3(=)3.33 E F0(2)2.8 E +F5(p)2.72 E F6390.244 145.988 Q F0 .3(sin $)399.182 141.307 R F5(w)2.45 E +F2(t)4.19 E F0($)3.48 E F2(dt)3.15 E F0 3.438(Special w)327.4 166.014 R 3.438 +(ords can also be separated by)-.1 F 2.195 +(braces { } and double quotes "...", which ha)302.4 178.014 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +(special meanings that we will see soon.)302.4 190.014 Q F1 2.5(7. Subscripts) +302.4 214.014 R(and Superscripts)2.5 E F0 4.017 +(Subscripts and superscripts are obtained)327.4 229.614 R(with the w)302.4 +241.614 Q(ords)-.1 E F2(sub)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(sup.)2.5 E F0 2.5(xs)338.4 +259.614 S(up 2 + y sub k)349.79 259.614 Q(gi)302.4 277.614 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(s) +.15 E F2(x)389.241 296.046 Q/F7 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)394.211 291.846 Q F3(+) +400.411 296.046 Q F2(y)2.94 E/F8 7/Times-Italic@0 SF(k).572 2 M F4(EQN)302.4 +314.046 Q F0(tak)2.83 E .33(es care of all the size changes and v)-.1 F +(ertical)-.15 E 2.465(motions needed to mak)302.4 326.046 R 4.966(et)-.1 G +2.466(he output look right.)414.932 326.046 R 1.952(The w)302.4 338.046 R(ords) +-.1 E F2(sub)4.452 E F0(and)4.451 E F2(sup)4.451 E F0 1.951 +(must be surrounded by)4.451 F(spaces;)302.4 350.046 Q F2 3.209(xs)3.208 G(ub2) +346.027 350.046 Q F0 .709(will gi)3.209 F 1.009 -.15(ve y)-.25 H(ou).15 E F2 +(xsub)3.979 E F0 3.209(2i).23 G .709(nstead of)451.562 350.046 R F2(x)3.979 E +F7(2).43 2 M F0(.).5 -2 M 1.65(Furthermore, don')302.4 362.046 R 4.15(tf)-.18 G +(or)387.45 362.046 Q 1.65(get to lea)-.18 F 1.95 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H 1.65 +(pace $or a).15 F 2.958(tilde, etc.$)302.4 374.046 R 2.959 +(to mark the end of a subscript or)7.959 F 3.089(superscript. A)302.4 386.046 R +.588(common error is to say something)3.089 F(lik)302.4 398.046 Q(e)-.1 E 2.5 +(y=$)338.4 416.046 S 2.5(xs)357.37 416.046 S(up 2$+1)368.76 416.046 Q +(which causes)302.4 434.046 Q F2(y)384.273 452.478 Q F3(=)3.12 E F0($)2.8 E F2 +(x).77 E F7(2$)409.193 448.278 Q/F9 7/Symbol SF(+)A F7(1)A F0 +(instead of the intended)302.4 470.478 Q F2(y)380 488.91 Q F3(=)3.12 E F0($) +2.8 E F2(x).77 E F7(2)404.92 484.71 Q F0($)408.92 488.91 Q F3(+)2.2 E F0(1)2.2 +E 4.707(Subscripted subscripts and superscripted)327.4 510.51 R +(superscripts also w)302.4 522.51 Q(ork:)-.1 E 2.5(xs)338.4 540.51 S +(ub i sub 1)349.79 540.51 Q(is)302.4 558.51 Q F2(x)398.373 576.51 Q F8(i).437 2 +M/F10 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(1).252 1.4 M F0 3.052(As)302.4 594.51 S .551 +(ubscript and superscript on the same thing are)316.562 594.51 R .311 +(printed one abo)302.4 606.51 R .611 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .311 +(he other if the subscript comes).15 F F2<8c72>302.4 618.51 Q(st:)-.1 E F0 2.5 +(xs)338.4 636.51 S(ub i sup 2)349.79 636.51 Q(is)302.4 654.51 Q F2(x)399.1 +672.942 Q F7(2)404.07 668.742 Q F8(i)403.977 675.242 Q F0 2.137 +(Other than this special case,)327.4 694.542 R F2(sub)4.637 E F0(and)4.637 E F2 +(sup)4.637 E F0 .47(group to the right, so)302.4 706.542 R F2 2.5(xs)2.97 G +(up y sub z)401.69 706.542 Q F0(means)2.97 E F2(x)3.74 E F8(y)479.158 702.342 Q +/F11 5/Times-Italic@0 SF(z).484 1.4 M F0 2.97(,n)1.055 2.8 O(ot)496.22 706.542 +Q F2(x)303.17 718.542 Q F8(y)308.658 714.342 Q(z)312.754 720.542 Q F0(.).787 -2 +M EP +%%Page: 3 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-3-)279.67 48 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5 +(8. Braces)72 84 R -.25(fo)2.5 G 2.5(rG).25 G -.18(ro)138.68 84 S(uping).18 E +F0(Normally)97 99.6 Q 3.966(,t)-.65 G 1.466(he end of a subscript or super) +143.926 99.6 R(-)-.2 E .144(script is mark)72 111.6 R .144 +(ed simply by a blank $or tab or tilde,)-.1 F 2.774(etc.$ What)72 123.6 R +.274(if the subscript or superscript is some-)2.774 F 1.577 +(thing that has to be typed with blanks in it?)72 135.6 R(In)6.577 E .641 +(that case, you can use the braces { and } to mark)72 147.6 R 1.358(the be)72 +159.6 R 1.359(ginning and end of the subscript or super)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(script:) +72 171.6 Q 2.5(es)108 189.6 S(up {i ome)118.83 189.6 Q .1 -.05(ga t)-.15 H(}) +.05 E(is)72 207.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(e)165.519 225.878 Q/F3 7 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(i)170.146 221.678 Q/F4 7/Symbol-Slanted SF(w).007 E F3(t) +.973 E F0 3.139(Rule: Braces)72 255.878 R(can)3.139 E F2(always)3.139 E F0 .639 +(be used to force)3.139 F/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(EQN)3.139 E F0(to)3.138 E 2.042 +(treat something as a unit, or just to mak)72 267.878 R 4.543(ey)-.1 G(our) +260.27 267.878 Q(intent perfectly clear)72 279.878 Q 5(.T)-.55 G(hus:)167.81 +279.878 Q 2.5(xs)108 297.878 S(ub {i sub 1} sup 2)119.39 297.878 Q(is)72 +315.878 Q F2(x)167.973 334.31 Q/F6 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)172.943 330.11 Q F3(i) +172.85 336.61 Q/F7 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(1).252 1.4 M F0(with braces, b)72 352.51 +Q(ut)-.2 E 2.5(xs)108 370.51 S(ub i sub 1 sup 2)119.39 370.51 Q(is)72 388.51 Q +F2(x)167.973 406.51 Q F3(i).437 2.3 M F7(2).252 -2.52 M(1)175.048 410.79 Q F0 +(which is rather dif)72 425.29 Q(ferent.)-.25 E 2.592 +(Braces can occur within braces if neces-)97 440.89 R(sary:)72 452.89 Q 2.5(es) +108 470.89 S(up {i pi sup {rho +1}})118.83 470.89 Q(is)72 488.89 Q F2(e)162.592 +508.56 Q F3(i)167.219 504.36 Q F4(p).196 E/F8 5/Symbol-Slanted SF(r)1.465 -2.59 +M/F9 5/Symbol SF(+).41 E F7(1)A F0 1.266(The general rule is that an)72 526.56 +R 1.267(ywhere you could use)-.15 F .007(some single thing lik)72 538.56 R(e) +-.1 E F2(x,)2.507 E F0 .006(you can use an arbitrarily)2.507 F .092 +(complicated thing if you enclose it in braces.)72 550.56 R F5(EQN)5.093 E F0 +.641(will look after all the details of positioning it and)72 562.56 R +(making it the right size.)72 574.56 Q 1.476(In all cases, mak)97 590.16 R +3.976(es)-.1 G 1.476(ure you ha)180.284 590.16 R 1.777 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.477 +(he right).15 F .925(number of braces.)72 602.16 R(Lea)5.925 E .925 +(ving one out or adding an)-.2 F -.15(ex)72 614.16 S(tra will cause).15 E F5 +(EQN)2.5 E F0(to complain bitterly)2.5 E(.)-.65 E .931 +(Occasionally you will ha)97 629.76 R 1.232 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.432(op).15 G .932 +(rint braces.)228.238 629.76 R 3.58 -.8(To d)72 641.76 T 4.48(ot).8 G 1.98 +(his, enclose them in double quotes, lik)104.05 641.76 R(e)-.1 E 3.928 +("{". Quoting)72 653.76 R 1.429(is discussed in more detail in sec-)3.928 F +(tion 14.)72 665.76 Q F1 2.5(9. Fractions)72 689.76 R F0 1.6 -.8(To m)97 705.36 +T(ak).8 E 2.5(eaf)-.1 G(raction, use the w)144.14 705.36 Q(ord)-.1 E F2 -.1(ov) +2.5 G(er:).1 E F0(a+b o)338.4 90 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(r2).15 G 2.5(c=)380.95 90 +S(1)393.53 90 Q(gi)302.4 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F2(a)384.995 124.33 Q/F10 +10/Symbol SF(+)2.46 E F2(b)2.47 E F0(2)390.18 138.33 Q .4 LW 405.645 128.73 +384.665 128.73 DL F2(c)395.38 138.33 Q F10(=)409.645 131.33 Q F0(1)2.8 E 1.313 +(The line is made the right length and positioned)302.4 152.94 R(automatically) +302.4 164.94 Q 6.097(.B)-.65 G 1.097(races can be used to mak)371.457 164.94 R +3.598(ec)-.1 G(lear)489.01 164.94 Q(what goes o)302.4 176.94 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.5(rw).15 G(hat:)372.36 176.94 Q({alpha + beta} o)338.4 194.94 Q -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.5(r{).15 G(sin $x$})424.23 194.94 Q(is)302.4 212.94 Q/F11 10 +/Symbol-Slanted SF(a)391.12 229.03 Q F10(+)3.66 E F11(b)2.77 E F0(sin$)391.165 +243.03 Q F2(x).77 E 415.235 233.43 391.165 233.43 DL F0($)411.905 243.03 Q +1.398(What happens when there is both an)302.4 259.3 R F2 -.1(ov)3.898 G(er).1 +E F0 1.397(and a)3.897 F F2(sup)302.4 271.3 Q F0 2.02(in the same e)4.52 F 4.52 +(xpression? In)-.15 F 2.02(such an appar)4.52 F(-)-.2 E 2.012 +(ently ambiguous case,)302.4 283.3 R F5(EQN)4.512 E F0 2.011(does the)4.511 F +F2(sup)4.511 E F0(before)4.511 E(the)302.4 295.3 Q F2 -.1(ov)2.5 G(er).1 E(,) +-1.11 E F0(so)2.5 E F10(-)338.4 313.3 Q F0 2.5(bs)C(up 2 o)355.28 313.3 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rp).15 G(i)400.25 313.3 Q(is)302.4 338.732 Q F10(-)314.981 +331.732 Q F2(b).27 E F6(2)325.971 327.532 Q 329.971 336.132 314.981 336.132 DL +F11(p)319.191 345.732 Q F0 2.211(instead of)335.882 338.732 R F10(-)4.712 E F2 +(b).27 E F6(2)394.288 327.681 Q .28 LW 398.282 330.761 393.795 330.761 DL F4(p) +393.739 337.481 Q F0 2.212(The rules which decide)7.172 1.251 N .531 +(which operation is done \214rst in cases lik)302.4 354.412 R 3.031(et)-.1 G +.531(his are)477.089 354.412 R .981(summarized in section 23.)302.4 366.412 R +.982(When in doubt, ho)5.981 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)302.4 378.412 T -.4 +(r,).25 G F2 2.317(use br)5.217 F(aces)-.15 E F0 2.316(to mak)4.816 F 4.816(ec) +-.1 G 2.316(lear what goes with)419.012 378.412 R(what.)302.4 390.412 Q F1 2.5 +(10. Squar)302.4 414.412 R 2.5(eR)-.18 G(oots)360 414.412 Q F0 1.6 -.8(To d) +327.4 430.012 T(ra).8 E 2.5(was)-.15 G(quare root, use)373.38 430.012 Q F2 +(sqrt:)2.5 E F0(sqrt a+b + 1 o)312.4 448.012 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rs).15 G +(qrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c})386.98 448.012 Q(is)302.4 466.012 Q F10 4.46 -5.49 +(\326` `)356.166 489.344 T(```)5.49 E F2(a)361.986 489.272 Q F10(+)2.46 E F2(b) +2.47 E F10(+)2.43 E F0(1)418.88 482.272 Q/F12 11/Symbol SF 9.098 -6.039 +(\326` `)393.726 498.599 T(```````)6.039 E F2(ax)400.095 498.458 Q F6(2).53 +-2.8 M F10(+)2.7 2.8 M F2(bx)2.47 E F10(+)2.73 E .4 LW 449.035 486.672 393.726 +486.672 DL F2(c)444.285 498.458 Q F0 -.8(Wa)302.4 513.517 S 2.29 +(rning \212 square roots of tall quantities look).8 F(lousy)302.4 525.517 Q +2.719(,b)-.65 G .219(ecause a root-sign big enough to co)333.639 525.517 R -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.718(rt).15 G(he)494.56 525.517 Q(quantity is too dark and hea) +302.4 537.517 Q(vy:)-.2 E(sqrt {a sup 2 o)338.4 555.517 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 +(rbs).15 G(ub 2})422.89 555.517 Q(is)302.4 573.517 Q/F13 28/Symbol SF -15.372 +388.514 609.813 S F2(a)406.421 594.596 Q F6(2).26 -2.8 M F2(b)406.406 +608.596 Q 415.681 598.996 406.091 598.996 DL F6(2)411.636 610.596 Q F0 2.1 +(Big square roots are generally better written as)302.4 625.377 R +(something to the po)302.4 637.377 Q(wer)-.25 E/F14 6/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)2.5 +-2.8 M F0<85>2.8 I F14(2)A F0(:)A($)386.595 657.257 Q F2(a).33 E F6(2)395.515 +653.057 Q F0(/)399.515 657.257 Q F2(b).27 E F6(2).23 2 M F0($).5 -2 M F7(1) +415.965 650.257 Q .28 LW 418.465 651.237 415.965 651.237 DL(2)415.965 655.577 Q +F0(which is)302.4 675.257 Q($a sup 2 /b sub 2 $ sup half)338.4 693.257 Q EP +%%Page: 4 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-4-)279.67 48 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5 +(11. Summation,)72 84 R(Integral, Etc.)2.5 E F0 4.328(Summations, inte)97 99.6 +R 4.327(grals, and similar con-)-.15 F(structions are easy:)72 111.6 Q +(sum from i=0 to {i= inf} x sup i)108 129.6 Q(produces)72 147.6 Q/F2 7 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(i)161.467 162.678 Q/F3 7/Symbol SF(=).252 E/F4 9.1/Symbol SF +1.092 I F2(i)162.961 181.397 Q F3(=).252 E/F5 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(0)A/F6 15 +/Symbol SF(S)163.288 174.965 Q/F7 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)4.298 -2.447 M F2(i) +181.443 168.318 Q F0 1.04(Notice that we used braces to indicate where the)72 +196.995 R 2.969(upper part)72 208.995 R F7(i)5.479 E/F8 10/Symbol SF(=)3.16 E +/F9 13/Symbol SF2.8 1.56 M F0(be)5.469 -1.56 M 2.969(gins and ends.)-.15 F +2.968(No braces)7.968 F .3(were necessary for the lo)72 220.995 R .3(wer part) +-.25 F F7(i)2.81 E F8(=)3.16 E F0 .3(0, because it)2.8 F 1.006 +(contained no blanks.)72 232.995 R 1.006(The braces will ne)6.006 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.505(rh).15 G(urt,)259.99 232.995 Q 1.543(and if the)72 244.995 R F7 +(fr)4.043 E(om)-.45 E F0(and)4.043 E F7(to)4.043 E F0 1.544(parts contain an) +4.043 F 4.044(yb)-.15 G(lanks,)249.99 244.995 Q +(you must use braces around them.)72 256.995 Q(The)97 272.595 Q F7(fr)2.888 E +(om)-.45 E F0(and)2.888 E F7(to)2.888 E F0 .387(parts are both optional, b) +2.888 F(ut)-.2 E(if both are used, the)72 284.595 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G -2.25 -.2 +(av e)163.5 284.595 T(to occur in that order)2.7 E(.)-.55 E .463 +(Other useful characters can replace the)97 300.195 R F7(sum)2.964 E F0 +(in our e)72 312.195 Q(xample:)-.15 E 5(int prod union inter)108 330.195 R +(become, respecti)72 348.195 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E/F10 18/Symbol +SF127.719 374.183 Q F6(P)150.657 371.949 Q178.977 370.464 Q207.297 +370.719 Q F0 1.217(Since the thing before the)72 390.609 R F7(fr)3.716 E(om) +-.45 E F0 1.216(can be an)3.716 F(ything,)-.15 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)72 402.609 T +4.601(ns).25 G 2.101(omething in braces,)98.971 402.609 R F7(fr)4.601 E(om-to) +-.45 E F0 2.102(can often be)4.602 F(used in une)72 414.609 Q(xpected w)-.15 E +(ays:)-.1 E(lim from {n)108 432.609 Q F8(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(>i)C(nf} x sub n =0) +174.49 432.609 Q(is)72 450.609 Q F2(n)150.028 474.609 Q F3(-).168 E F5(>)A F4 +1.092 I F0(lim)152.205 468.609 Q F7(x)4.9 E F2(n).682 2 M F8(=)3.468 -2 M +F0(0)2.8 E F1 2.5(12. Size)72 503.201 R(and F)2.5 E(ont Changes)-.25 E F0 2.74 +(By def)97 518.801 R 2.74(ault, equations are set in 10-point)-.1 F 1.28 +(type $the same size as this guide$, with standard)72 530.801 R 5.683 +(mathematical con)72 542.801 R -.15(ve)-.4 G 5.682(ntions to determine what).15 +F 4.839(characters are in roman and what in italic.)72 554.801 R(Although)72 +566.801 Q/F11 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(EQN)5.63 E F0(mak)5.63 E 3.13(es a v)-.1 F +3.13(aliant attempt to use)-.25 F .679 +(esthetically pleasing sizes and fonts, it is not per)72 578.801 R(-)-.2 E +4.315(fect. T)72 590.801 R 4.315(oc)-.8 G 1.815(hange sizes and fonts, use) +115.37 590.801 R F7 1.814(size n)4.314 F F0(and)4.314 E F7 -.45(ro)72 602.801 S +.177(man, italic, bold).45 F F0(and)2.678 E F7(fat.)2.678 E F0(Lik)5.178 E(e) +-.1 E F7(sub)2.678 E F0(and)2.678 E F7(sup,)2.678 E F0(size)2.678 E .128 +(and font changes af)72 614.801 R .127(fect only the thing that follo)-.25 F +(ws)-.25 E .286(them, and re)72 626.801 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .287 +(rt to the normal situation at the end).15 F(of it. Thus)72 638.801 Q(bold x y) +108 656.801 Q(is)72 674.801 Q F1(x)167.55 692.801 Q F7(y).74 E F0(and)72 +710.801 Q(size 14 bold x = y +)338.4 90 Q(size 14 {alpha + beta})345.9 102 Q +(gi)302.4 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E/F12 14/Times-Bold@0 SF(x)370.024 138.726 +Q F8(=)2.8 E F7(y)3.54 E F8(+)2.52 E/F13 14/Symbol-Slanted SF(a)1.724 E/F14 14 +/Symbol SF(+)5.124 E F13(b)3.878 E F0 2.438(As al)302.4 156.726 R -.1(wa)-.1 G +2.438(ys, you can use braces if you w).1 F 2.437(ant to)-.1 F(af)302.4 168.726 +Q 1.24(fect something more complicated than a single)-.25 F(letter)302.4 +180.726 Q 5.155(.F)-.55 G .155(or e)335.465 180.726 R .154 +(xample, you can change the size of an)-.15 F(entire equation by)302.4 192.726 +Q(size 12 { ... })338.4 210.726 Q(Le)327.4 232.326 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.107(ls) +.05 G .607(izes which may follo)356.967 232.326 R(w)-.25 E F7(size)3.108 E F0 +.608(are 6, 7,)3.108 F 1.592(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 36.) +302.4 244.326 R -1.1(Yo)302.4 256.326 S 3.435(uc)1.1 G .935 +(an also change the size)326.395 256.326 R F7(by)3.436 E F0 3.436(ag)3.436 G +-2.15 -.25(iv e)450.964 256.326 T 3.436(na).25 G(mount;)475.66 256.326 Q .294 +(for e)302.4 268.326 R .294(xample, you can say)-.15 F F7(size +2)2.793 E F0 +.293(to mak)2.793 F 2.793(et)-.1 G .293(he size)476.217 268.326 R(tw)302.4 +280.326 Q 5.423(op)-.1 G 2.923(oints bigger)327.723 280.326 R 5.424(,o)-.4 G(r) +390.67 280.326 Q F7(size)5.424 E F8(-)2.5 E F7(3)A F0 2.924(to mak)5.424 F +5.424(ei)-.1 G 5.424(tt)475.806 280.326 S(hree)486.79 280.326 Q 1.735 +(points smaller)302.4 292.326 R 6.735(.T)-.55 G 1.734(his has the adv)375.32 +292.326 R 1.734(antage that you)-.25 F(don')302.4 304.326 Q 2.5(th)-.18 G -2.25 +-.2(av e)330.83 304.326 T(to kno)2.7 E 2.5(ww)-.25 G(hat the current size is.) +388.83 304.326 Q 2.534(If you are using fonts other than roman,)327.4 319.926 R +1.259(italic and bold, you can say)302.4 331.926 R F7 1.259(font X)3.759 F F0 +(where)3.759 E F7(X)3.759 E F0 1.259(is a)3.759 F .364(one character)302.4 +343.926 R F11(TR)2.864 E(OFF)-.32 E F0 .364(name or number for the font.)2.864 +F(Since)302.4 355.926 Q F11(EQN)4.953 E F0 2.452 +(is tuned for roman, italic and bold,)4.953 F .464(other fonts may not gi)302.4 +367.926 R .764 -.15(ve q)-.25 H .465(uite as good an appear).15 F(-)-.2 E +(ance.)302.4 379.926 Q(The)327.4 395.526 Q F7(fat)3.026 E F0 .526 +(operation tak)3.026 F .526(es the current font and)-.1 F .551(widens it by o) +302.4 407.526 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(rstriking:).15 E F7(fat gr)3.051 E(ad)-.15 E F0 +(is)3.051 E F8 -6.733.051 G F0(and)9.781 E F7 .552(fat {x)3.051 F(sub i}) +302.4 419.526 Q F0(is)2.5 E F7(x)3.27 E F2(i).437 2 M F7(x)338.41 419.526 Q F2 +(i).437 2 M F0(.).752 -2 M 2.372(If an entire document is to be in a non-)327.4 +435.126 R 2.017(standard size or font, it is a se)302.4 447.126 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.017(re nuisance to).15 F(ha)302.4 459.126 Q 1.112 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.312(ow) +.15 G .812(rite out a size and font change for each)342.554 459.126 R 4.841 +(equation. Accordingly)302.4 471.126 R 4.841(,y)-.65 G 2.342(ou can set a `) +408.362 471.126 R(`global')-.74 E(')-.74 E .59 +(size or font which thereafter af)302.4 483.126 R .59(fects all equations.)-.25 +F .806(At the be)302.4 495.126 R .806(ginning of an)-.15 F 3.306(ye)-.15 G .807 +(quation, you might say)408.06 495.126 R(,)-.65 E(for instance,)302.4 507.126 Q +(.EQ)338.4 525.126 Q(gsize 16)338.4 537.126 Q(gfont R)338.4 549.126 Q(...)340.9 +561.126 Q(.EN)338.4 573.126 Q .931 +(to set the size to 16 and the font to roman there-)302.4 591.126 R(after)302.4 +603.126 Q 5.252(.I)-.55 G 2.752(np)331.252 603.126 S .252 +(lace of R, you can use an)344.004 603.126 R 2.752(yo)-.15 G 2.753(ft)458.368 +603.126 S(he)467.231 603.126 Q F11(TR)2.753 E(OFF)-.32 E F0 .63(font names.) +302.4 615.126 R .63(The size after)5.63 F F7(gsize)3.13 E F0 .63 +(can be a relati)3.13 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(change with + or)302.4 627.126 Q F8(-) +2.5 E F0(.)A(Generally)327.4 642.726 Q(,)-.65 E F7(gsize)2.667 E F0(and)2.667 E +F7(gfont)2.667 E F0 .167(will appear at the)2.667 F(be)302.4 654.726 Q .407 +(ginning of a document b)-.15 F .406(ut the)-.2 F 2.906(yc)-.15 G .406 +(an also appear)445.988 654.726 R 1.937 +(thoughout a document: the global font and size)302.4 666.726 R .558 +(can be changed as often as needed.)302.4 678.726 R -.15(Fo)5.557 G 3.057(re) +.15 G(xample,)472.06 678.726 Q .839(in a footnote\210 you will typically w) +302.4 690.726 R .839(ant the size of)-.1 F .32 LW 306.4 700.726 302.4 700.726 +DL 310.4 700.726 306.4 700.726 DL 314.4 700.726 310.4 700.726 DL 318.4 700.726 +314.4 700.726 DL 322.4 700.726 318.4 700.726 DL 326.4 700.726 322.4 700.726 DL +330.4 700.726 326.4 700.726 DL 334.4 700.726 330.4 700.726 DL 338.4 700.726 +334.4 700.726 DL 342.4 700.726 338.4 700.726 DL 346.4 700.726 342.4 700.726 DL +350.4 700.726 346.4 700.726 DL 354.4 700.726 350.4 700.726 DL 358.4 700.726 +354.4 700.726 DL 362.4 700.726 358.4 700.726 DL 366.4 700.726 362.4 700.726 DL +370.4 700.726 366.4 700.726 DL 374.4 700.726 370.4 700.726 DL F11(\210Lik)302.4 +710.726 Q 2.796(et)-.08 G .797(his one, in which we ha)326.004 710.726 R 1.037 +-.12(ve a f)-.16 H 1.197 -.2(ew r).12 H .797(andom e).2 F(xpres-)-.12 E .466 +(sions lik)302.4 721.342 R(e)-.08 E/F15 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)3.082 E/F16 6 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(i).35 1.6 M F11(and)3.081 -1.6 M/F17 8/Symbol-Slanted SF(p) +2.401 E/F18 6/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)1.28 -3.36 M F11 4.465(.T).4 3.36 O .465 +(he sizes for these were set by the)378.865 721.342 R EP +%%Page: 5 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-5-)279.67 48 S 1.506 +(equations to match the size of the footnote te)72 84 R(xt,)-.15 E 1.863 +(which is tw)72 96 R 4.364(op)-.1 G 1.864(oints smaller than the main te)136.1 +96 R(xt.)-.15 E(Don')72 108 Q 3.311(tf)-.18 G(or)101.791 108 Q .811 +(get to reset the global size at the end of)-.18 F(the footnote.)72 120 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(13. Diacritical)72 144 R(Marks)2.5 E F0 2.651 -.8(To g)97 +159.6 T 1.051(et funn).8 F 3.551(ym)-.15 G 1.051(arks on top of letters, there) +161.143 159.6 R(are se)72 171.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral w).15 E(ords:)-.1 E 2.5 +(xd)108 189.6 S 51.086(ot \224)120.5 189.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)180.77 +189.6 Q F0 2.5(xd)108 201.6 S 38.306(otdot \250)120.5 201.6 R F2(x)180.77 201.6 +Q F0 2.5(xh)108 213.6 S 51.646(at ^)120.5 213.6 R F2(x)180.77 213.6 Q F0 2.5 +(xt)108 225.6 S(ilde)118.28 225.6 Q F2 -4.426(~x)181.866 225.6 S F0 2.5(xv)108 +237.6 S(ec)120.35 237.6 Q/F3 5/Symbol SF181.064 232.4 Q F2(x)180.77 237.6 Q +F0 2.5(xd)108 249.6 S(yad)120.5 249.6 Q F3180.926 244.4 Q F2(x)180.77 249.6 +Q F0 2.5(xb)108 261.6 S .4 LW 185.081 255.7 181.981 255.7 DL(ar)120.5 261.6 Q +F2(x)180.77 261.6 Q F0 2.5(xu)108 273.6 S 184.42 275.11 181.32 275.11 DL(nder) +120.5 273.6 Q F2(x)180.77 273.6 Q F0 .864 +(The diacritical mark is placed at the right height.)72 291.6 R(The)72 303.6 Q +F2(bar)3.638 E F0(and)3.639 E F2(under)3.639 E F0 1.139 +(are made the right length for)3.639 F 217.908 308.87 182.068 308.87 DL 1.462 +(the entire construct, as in)72 315.6 R F2(x)4.731 E/F4 10/Symbol SF(+)2.73 E +F2(y)2.94 E F4(+)2.52 E F2(z)2.72 E F0 3.961(;o).41 G 1.461(ther marks)229.649 +315.6 R(are centered.)72 327.6 Q F1 2.5(14. Quoted)72 351.6 R -.92(Te)2.5 G(xt) +.92 E F0(An)97 367.2 Q 4.071(yi)-.15 G 1.571(nput entirely within quotes $) +120.921 367.2 R -.834("..." $)1.666 F(is)4.072 E .229(not subject to an)72 +379.2 R 2.729(yo)-.15 G 2.729(ft)151.096 379.2 S .229 +(he font changes and spacing)159.935 379.2 R .5 +(adjustments normally done by the equation setter)72 391.2 R(.)-.55 E .885 +(This pro)72 403.2 R .885(vides a w)-.15 F .884(ay to do your o)-.1 F .884 +(wn spacing and)-.25 F(adjusting if needed:)72 415.2 Q +(italic "sin$x$" + sin $x$)108 433.2 Q(is)72 451.2 Q F2(sin$x$)144.435 +469.2 Q F4(+)2.2 E F0(sin$)2.2 E F2(x).77 E F0($).53 E .136 +(Quotes are also used to get braces and other)97 490.8 R/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF +(EQN)72 502.8 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ords printed:)-.1 E("{ size alpha }") +108 520.8 Q(is)72 538.8 Q F2 2.5({s)146.16 556.8 S(ize alpha })156.55 556.8 Q +F0(and)72 574.8 Q(roman "{ size alpha }")108 592.8 Q(is)72 610.8 Q 2.5({s) +145.645 628.8 S(ize alpha })156.835 628.8 Q .088 +(The construction "" is often used as a place-)97 650.4 R .148 +(holder when grammatically)72 662.4 R F5(EQN)2.648 E F0 .148(needs something,) +2.648 F -.2(bu)72 674.4 S 3.128(ty).2 G .628(ou don')92.708 674.4 R 3.128(ta) +-.18 G .628(ctually w)134.334 674.4 R .627(ant an)-.1 F .627 +(ything in your out-)-.15 F 4.636(put. F)72 686.832 R 2.136(or e)-.15 F 2.136 +(xample, to mak)-.15 F(e)-.1 E/F6 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)192.27 682.632 Q F0 +2.136(He, you can')196.27 686.832 R 4.637(tj)-.18 G(ust)261.93 686.832 Q(type) +72 698.832 Q F2 1.428(sup 2 r)3.928 F 1.427(oman He)-.45 F F0 1.427(because a) +3.927 F F2(sup)3.927 E F0 1.427(has to be a)3.927 F .32 LW 76 708.832 72 +708.832 DL 80 708.832 76 708.832 DL 84 708.832 80 708.832 DL 88 708.832 84 +708.832 DL 92 708.832 88 708.832 DL 96 708.832 92 708.832 DL 100 708.832 96 +708.832 DL 104 708.832 100 708.832 DL 108 708.832 104 708.832 DL 112 708.832 +108 708.832 DL 116 708.832 112 708.832 DL 120 708.832 116 708.832 DL 124 +708.832 120 708.832 DL 128 708.832 124 708.832 DL 132 708.832 128 708.832 DL +136 708.832 132 708.832 DL 140 708.832 136 708.832 DL 144 708.832 140 708.832 +DL F5(command)72 718.832 Q/F7 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(gsize)2 E/F8 8/Symbol SF(-)2 +E F7(2.)A F0(superscript)302.4 84 Q F2(on)2.5 E F0 2.5(something. Thus)2.5 F +(you must say)2.5 E("" sup 2 roman He)338.4 102 Q 1.866 -.8(To g)327.4 123.6 T +.267(et a literal quote use `).8 F(`\\"')-.74 E('.)-.74 E F5(TR)5.267 E(OFF) +-.32 E F0(char)2.767 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(acters lik)302.4 135.6 R(e)-.1 E F2(\\$bs)5 +E F0 2.5(can appear unquoted, b)5 F 2.5(ut more)-.2 F 3.208 +(complicated things lik)302.4 147.6 R 5.708(eh)-.1 G 3.208(orizontal and v) +412.754 147.6 R(ertical)-.15 E 1.094(motions with)302.4 159.6 R F2(\\h)3.594 E +F0(and)3.594 E F2(\\v)3.594 E F0 1.094(should al)3.594 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.093 +(ys be quoted.).1 F 2.048(\(If you')302.4 171.6 R 2.349 -.15(ve n)-.5 H -2.15 +-.25(ev e).15 H 4.549(rh).25 G 2.049(eard of)379.966 171.6 R F2(\\h)4.549 E F0 +(and)4.549 E F2(\\v)4.549 E(,)-.74 E F0 2.049(ignore this)4.549 F(section.$) +302.4 183.6 Q F1 2.5(15. Lining)302.4 207.6 R(Up Equations)2.5 E F0 .509 +(Sometimes it')327.4 223.2 R 3.009(sn)-.55 G .508(ecessary to line up a series) +395.098 223.2 R .866(of equations at some horizontal position, often at)302.4 +235.2 R .839(an equals sign.)302.4 247.2 R .839(This is done with tw)5.839 F +3.338(oo)-.1 G(perations)467.34 247.2 Q(called)302.4 259.2 Q F2(mark)2.5 E F0 +(and)2.5 E F2(lineup.)2.5 E F0 2.612(The w)327.4 274.8 R(ord)-.1 E F2(mark) +5.113 E F0 2.613(may appear once at an)5.113 F(y)-.15 E .433 +(place in an equation.)302.4 286.8 R .433(It remembers the horizontal)5.433 F +.796(position where it appeared.)302.4 298.8 R(Successi)5.796 E 1.096 -.15 +(ve e)-.25 H(quations).15 E 1.997(can contain one occurrence of the w)302.4 +310.8 R(ord)-.1 E F2(lineup.)4.497 E F0 .152(The place where)302.4 322.8 R F2 +(lineup)2.652 E F0 .152(appears is made to line up)2.652 F .869 +(with the place mark)302.4 334.8 R .869(ed by the pre)-.1 F(vious)-.25 E F2 +(mark)3.369 E F0 .868(if at)3.369 F(all possible.)302.4 346.8 Q(Thus, for e)5 E +(xample, you can say)-.15 E(.EQ I)338.4 364.8 Q(x+y mark = z)338.4 376.8 Q(.EN) +338.4 388.8 Q(.EQ I)338.4 400.8 Q 2.5(xl)338.4 412.8 S(ineup = 1)348.68 412.8 Q +(.EN)338.4 424.8 Q(to produce)302.4 442.8 Q F2(x)353.17 460.8 Q F4(+)2.73 E F2 +(y)2.94 E F4(=)3.12 E F2(z)3.32 E(x)368.56 478.8 Q F4(=)3.33 E F0(1)2.8 E -.15 +(Fo)302.4 496.8 S 3.864(rr).15 G 1.364 +(easons too complicated to talk about, when)323.334 496.8 R 1.085(you use)302.4 +508.8 R F5(EQN)3.585 E F0 1.085(and `)3.585 F F4(-)A F0 1.084(ms', use either)B +F5(.EQ I)3.584 E F0(or)3.584 E F5(.EQ L)3.584 E F0(.)A 1.267(mark and)302.4 +520.8 R F2(lineup)3.767 E F0(don')3.767 E 3.767(tw)-.18 G 1.267 +(ork with centered equa-)405.508 520.8 R 3.765(tions. Also)302.4 532.8 R 1.265 +(bear in mind that)3.765 F F2(mark)3.765 E F0(doesn')3.765 E 3.765(tl)-.18 G +(ook)489 532.8 Q(ahead;)302.4 544.8 Q 2.5(xm)338.4 562.8 S(ark =1)353.68 562.8 +Q(...)340.9 574.8 Q(x+y lineup =z)338.4 586.8 Q(isn')302.4 604.8 Q 3.56(tg)-.18 +G 1.06(oing to w)328.56 604.8 R 1.06(ork, because there isn')-.1 F 3.56(tr)-.18 +G 1.06(oom for)471 604.8 R(the)302.4 616.8 Q F2(x+y)3.254 E F0 .754 +(part after the)3.254 F F2(mark)3.254 E F0 .753(remembers where the)3.254 F F2 +(x)302.4 628.8 Q F0(is.)2.5 E F1 2.5(16. Big)302.4 652.8 R(Brack)2.5 E +(ets, Etc.)-.1 E F0 1.744 -.8(To g)327.4 668.4 T .144(et big brack).8 F .144 +(ets [)-.1 F .144(], braces {)2.5 F .145(}, parenthe-)2.5 F .763(ses $)302.4 +680.4 R .763($, and bars |)2.5 F 3.263(|a)2.5 G .763(round things, use the) +384.635 680.4 R F2(left)3.263 E F0(and)3.263 E F2(right)302.4 692.4 Q F0 +(commands:)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 6 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Symbol SF(-)277.51 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(6)2.5 E F0(-)2.5 E F1 +(left { a o)108 90 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rb+1r).15 G(ight })184.51 90 Q +(~=~ left $ c o)110.5 102 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rdr).15 G(ight $)184.7 102 Q +2.5(+l)110.5 114 S(eft [ e right ])121.42 114 Q(is)72 132 Q F0131.935 +150.75 Q131.935 160.75 Q131.935 170.75 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(a) +138.405 152.1 Q .4 LW 143.665 156.5 138.075 156.5 DL(b)138.39 166.1 Q F0(+) +147.065 159.1 Q F1(1)2.2 E F0159.755 150.75 Q159.755 160.75 Q +159.755 170.75 Q(=)167.495 159.1 Q175.785 153.6 Q175.785 165.73 Q F2(c) +181.77 152.1 Q 187.105 156.5 180.985 156.5 DL(d)181.335 166.1 Q F0188.305 +153.6 Q188.305 165.73 Q(+)194.505 159.1 Q F1([)2.2 -.07 M F2(e).19 .07 M F1 +(]).18 -.07 M 2.351(The resulting brack)72 186 R 2.352 +(ets are made big enough to)-.1 F(co)72 198 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.616(rw).15 G +(hate)106.746 198 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.616(rt).15 G(he)144.172 198 Q 5.616(ye) +-.15 G 5.616(nclose. Other)168.518 198 R(characters)5.616 E .221 +(can be used besides these, b)72 210 R .221(ut the are not lik)-.2 F .221 +(ely to)-.1 F 1.699(look v)72 222 R 1.699(ery good.)-.15 F 1.699(One e)6.699 F +1.699(xception is the)-.15 F F2(\215oor)4.198 E F1(and)4.198 E F2(ceiling)72 +234 Q F1(characters:)2.5 E(left \215oor x o)108 252 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(ryr) +.15 G(ight \215oor)183.52 252 Q(<= left ceiling a o)108 264 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.5(rbr).15 G(ight ceiling)205.07 264 Q(produces)72 282 Q F0151.51 300.75 Q +151.51 310.75 Q151.51 320.75 Q F2(x)157.32 302.1 Q 162.29 306.5 156.55 +306.5 DL(y)157.41 316.1 Q F0163.49 300.75 Q163.49 310.75 Q163.49 +320.75 Q170.13 309.1 Q2.8 -3.35 M178.42 315.75 Q F2(a)183.79 302.1 +Q 189.05 306.5 183.46 306.5 DL(b)183.775 316.1 Q F0190.25 305.75 Q +190.25 315.75 Q F1(Se)97 339.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.504(ral w).15 F 4.504 +(arnings about brack)-.1 F 4.504(ets are in)-.1 F(order)72 351.6 Q 9.115(.F) +-.55 G 4.115(irst, braces are typically bigger than)109.725 351.6 R(brack)72 +363.6 Q 1.2(ets and parentheses, because the)-.1 F 3.7(ya)-.15 G 1.2(re made) +240.47 363.6 R .832(up of three, \214v)72 375.6 R .831(e, se)-.15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .831(n, etc., pieces, while brack-).15 F .091(ets can be made up of tw) +72 387.6 R .091(o, three, etc.)-.1 F .091(Second, big)5.091 F .054 +(left and right parentheses often look poor)72 399.6 R 2.554(,b)-.4 G(ecause) +246.95 399.6 Q(the character set is poorly designed.)72 411.6 Q(The)97 427.2 Q +F2(right)6.051 E F1 3.552(part may be omitted: a `)6.051 F(`left)-.74 E +(something')72 439.2 Q 2.894('n)-.74 G .394(eed not ha)127.484 439.2 R .693 +-.15(ve a c)-.2 H .393(orresponding `).15 F(`right)-.74 E(something')72 451.2 Q +6.088('. If)-.74 F(the)6.088 E F2(right)6.088 E F1 3.589(part is omitted, put) +6.089 F .786(braces around the thing you w)72 463.2 R .786(ant the left brack) +-.1 F(et)-.1 E 1.68(to encompass.)72 475.2 R 1.68 +(Otherwise, the resulting brack)6.68 F(ets)-.1 E(may be too lar)72 487.2 Q(ge.) +-.18 E .808(If you w)97 502.8 R .808(ant to omit the)-.1 F F2(left)3.308 E F1 +.807(part, things are)3.308 F 1.366 +(more complicated, because technically you can')72 514.8 R(t)-.18 E(ha)72 526.8 +Q .702 -.15(ve a)-.2 H F2(right)3.052 E F1 .401(without a corresponding)2.902 F +F2(left.)2.901 E F1(Instead)5.401 E(you ha)72 538.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5 +(os).15 G(ay)124.7 538.8 Q(left "" ..... right \))108 556.8 Q .782(for e)72 +574.8 R 3.282(xample. The)-.15 F F2 .782(left "")3.282 F F1 .783(means a `) +3.283 F .783(`left nothing')-.74 F('.)-.74 E 1.3 +(This satis\214es the rules without hurting your out-)72 586.8 R(put.)72 598.8 +Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(17. Piles)72 622.8 R F1 .548(There is a general f) +97 638.4 R .549(acility for making v)-.1 F(erti-)-.15 E .069 +(cal piles of things; it comes in se)72 650.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .069(ral \215a) +.15 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 2.568(rs. F).2 F(or)-.15 E -.15(ex)72 662.4 S(ample:).15 E +2.5(A~)108 680.4 S(=~ left [)121.05 680.4 Q(pile { a abo)113 692.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ve b a)-.15 H(bo).15 E .3 -.15(ve c })-.15 H(~~ pile { x abo)113 704.4 Q .3 +-.15(ve y a)-.15 H(bo).15 E .3 -.15(ve z })-.15 H(right ])108 716.4 Q(will mak) +302.4 84 Q(e)-.1 E F2(A)382.785 116.1 Q F0(=)2.83 E400.015 102.75 Q +400.015 112.75 Q400.015 122.75 Q400.015 132.75 Q F2(a)404.185 102.1 Q +(b)404.17 116.1 Q(c)404.375 130.1 Q(x)415.815 102.1 Q(y)415.905 116.1 Q(z) +416.025 130.1 Q F0420.785 102.75 Q420.785 112.75 Q420.785 122.75 Q +420.785 132.75 Q F1 .458(The elements of the pile $there can be as man) +302.4 148 R 2.958(ya)-.15 G(s)500.11 148 Q 1.038(you w)302.4 160 R 1.038 +(ant$ are centered one abo)-.1 F 1.337 -.15(ve a)-.15 H(nother).15 E 3.537(,a) +-.4 G 3.537(tt)485.463 160 S(he)494.56 160 Q 3.476 +(right height for most purposes.)302.4 172 R 3.477(The k)8.477 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +-.1(wo).15 G(rd).1 E F2(abo)302.4 184 Q(ve)-.1 E F1 1.817 +(is used to separate the pieces; braces are)4.318 F .212 +(used around the entire list.)302.4 196 R .212(The elements of a pile)5.212 F +.532(can be as complicated as needed, e)302.4 208 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.031(nc).15 +G(ontaining)466.22 208 Q(more piles.)302.4 220 Q .546 +(Three other forms of pile e)327.4 235.6 R(xist:)-.15 E F2(lpile)3.046 E F1 +(mak)3.046 E(es)-.1 E 2.943(ap)302.4 247.6 S .443 +(ile with the elements left-justi\214ed;)314.783 247.6 R F2(rpile)2.943 E F1 +(mak)2.942 E(es)-.1 E 3.898(ar)302.4 259.6 S 1.398(ight-justi\214ed pile; and) +314.068 259.6 R F2(cpile)3.899 E F1(mak)3.899 E 1.399(es a centered)-.1 F 1.163 +(pile, just lik)302.4 271.6 R(e)-.1 E F2(pile)3.663 E(.)-.15 E F1 1.163(The v) +6.163 F 1.163(ertical spacing between)-.15 F .746(the pieces is some)302.4 +283.6 R .747(what lar)-.25 F .747(ger for)-.18 F F2 .747(l-, r)3.247 F(-)-.2 E +F1(and)3.247 E F2(cpiles)3.247 E F1(than it is for ordinary piles.)302.4 295.6 +Q(roman sign $x$~=~)312.4 313.6 Q(left {)312.4 325.6 Q(lpile {1 abo)319.9 +337.6 Q .3 -.15(ve 0 a)-.15 H(bo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G F0(-)2.65 E F1(1})A +(~~ lpile)319.9 349.6 Q({if~x>0 abo)322.4 361.6 Q .3 -.15(ve i)-.15 H +(f~x=0 abo).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(f~x<0}).15 E(mak)302.4 379.6 Q(es)-.1 E +(sign$)357.16 416.7 Q F2(x).77 E F1($).53 E F0(=)2.8 E397.32 398.35 Q +397.32 408.35 Q397.32 418.35 Q397.32 428.35 Q397.32 438.35 Q F1(1) +402.26 402.7 Q(0)402.26 416.7 Q F0(-)402.26 430.7 Q F1(1)A(if)418.35 402.7 Q F2 +(x)3.57 E F1 2.8(>0)3.33 G(if)418.35 416.7 Q F2(x)3.57 E F0(=)3.33 E F1(0)2.8 E +(if)418.35 430.7 Q F2(x)3.57 E F1 2.8(<0)3.33 G 2.733 +(Notice the left brace without a matching right)302.4 453.6 R(one.)302.4 465.6 +Q F3 2.5(18. Matrices)302.4 489.6 R F1 2.21(It is also possible to mak)327.4 +505.2 R 4.71(em)-.1 G 4.71(atrices. F)454.45 505.2 R(or)-.15 E -.15(ex)302.4 +517.2 S(ample, to mak).15 E 2.5(ean)-.1 G(eat array lik)387.41 517.2 Q(e)-.1 E +F2(x)389.928 535.632 Q/F4 7/Times-Italic@0 SF(i).437 2 M F2(y)389.968 549.632 Q +F4(i).327 2 M F2(x)408.273 535.632 Q/F5 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)413.243 531.432 Q +F2(y)408.363 549.632 Q F5(2)413.123 545.432 Q F1(you ha)302.4 566.209 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ot).15 G(ype)353.99 566.209 Q(matrix {)338.4 584.209 Q +(ccol { x sub i abo)343.4 596.209 Q .3 -.15(ve y s)-.15 H(ub i }).15 E +(ccol { x sup 2 abo)343.4 608.209 Q .3 -.15(ve y s)-.15 H(up 2 }).15 E(})338.4 +620.209 Q 5.937(This produces a matrix with tw)302.4 638.209 R 8.436(oc)-.1 G +(entered)474.57 638.209 Q 3.962(columns. The)302.4 650.209 R 1.463 +(elements of the columns are then)3.963 F .368 +(listed just as for a pile, each element separated by)302.4 662.209 R .901 +(the w)302.4 674.209 R(ord)-.1 E F2(abo)3.401 E(ve)-.1 E(.)-.15 E F1 -1.1(Yo) +5.901 G 3.401(uc)1.1 G .901(an also use)397.864 674.209 R F2(lcol)3.401 E F1 +(or)3.401 E F2 -.37(rc)3.401 G(ol).37 E F1(to)3.401 E .62 +(left or right adjust columns.)302.4 686.209 R .62(Each column can be)5.62 F +2.797(separately adjusted, and there can be as man)302.4 698.209 R(y)-.15 E +(columns as you lik)302.4 710.209 Q(e.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 7 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-7-)279.67 48 S 2.416 +(The reason for using a matrix instead of)97 84 R(tw)72 96 Q 3.637(oa)-.1 G +1.137(djacent piles, by the w)94.977 96 R(ay)-.1 E 3.637(,i)-.65 G 3.637(st) +206.842 96 S 1.137(hat if the ele-)217.149 96 R .671(ments of the piles don')72 +108 R 3.171(ta)-.18 G .671(ll ha)176.556 108 R .971 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .671 +(he same height,).15 F(the)72 120 Q 2.561(yw)-.15 G(on')98.751 120 Q 2.561(tl) +-.18 G .061(ine up properly)120.022 120 R 5.061(.A)-.65 G .062 +(matrix forces them)197.936 120 R .86 +(to line up, because it looks at the entire structure)72 132 R +(before deciding what spacing to use.)72 144 Q 3.3(Aw)97 159.6 S .8(ord of w) +114.64 159.6 R .8(arning about matrices \212)-.1 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(eac) +3.3 E(h)-.15 E .065(column must have the same number of elements in)72 171.6 R +(it.)72 183.6 Q F0(The w)5 E(orld will end if you get this wrong.)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(19. Shorthand)72 207.6 R -.25(fo)2.5 G 2.5(rI).25 G +(n-line Equations)156.48 207.6 Q F0 .318 +(In a mathematical document, it is necessary)97 223.2 R 2.715(to follo)72 235.2 +R 5.215(wm)-.25 G 2.715(athematical con)123.85 235.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.715 +(ntions not just in).15 F .31(display equations, b)72 247.2 R .31 +(ut also in the body of the te)-.2 F(xt,)-.15 E 2.938(for e)72 259.2 R 2.937 +(xample by making v)-.15 F 2.937(ariable names lik)-.25 F(e)-.1 E F1(x)6.207 E +F0 3.484(italic. Although)72 271.2 R .984(this could be done by surround-)3.484 +F 2.419(ing the appropriate parts with)72 283.2 R/F3 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(.EQ) +4.919 E F0(and)4.919 E F3(.EN)4.919 E F0 4.919(,t)C(he)264.16 283.2 Q 1.169 +(continual repetition of)72 295.2 R F3(.EQ)3.669 E F0(and)3.669 E F3(.EN)3.669 +E F0 1.169(is a nuisance.)3.669 F .308(Furthermore, with `)72 307.2 R/F4 10 +/Symbol SF(-)A F0(ms',)A F3(.EQ)2.808 E F0(and)2.808 E F3(.EN)2.808 E F0 .307 +(imply a dis-)2.808 F(played equation.)72 319.2 Q F3(EQN)97 334.8 Q F0(pro) +4.036 E 1.537(vides a shorthand for short in-line)-.15 F -.15(ex)72 346.8 S +5.407(pressions. Y).15 F 2.907(ou can de\214ne tw)-1.1 F 5.406(oc)-.1 G 2.906 +(haracters to)224.324 346.8 R .058 +(mark the left and right ends of an in-line equation,)72 358.8 R 1.402 +(and then type e)72 370.8 R 1.401(xpressions right in the middle of)-.15 F(te) +72 382.8 Q .194(xt lines.)-.15 F 1.794 -.8(To s)5.194 H .195 +(et both the left and right characters).8 F .657(to dollar signs, for e)72 +394.8 R .656(xample, add to the be)-.15 F(ginning)-.15 E +(of your document the three lines)72 406.8 Q(.EQ)110.5 424.8 Q(delim $$)110.5 +436.8 Q(.EN)110.5 448.8 Q(Ha)72 466.8 Q +(ving done this, you can then say things lik)-.2 E(e)-.1 E 2.07 +(Let $alpha sub i$ be the primary v)108 484.8 R(ari-)-.25 E 1.997 +(able, and let $beta$ be zero.)108 496.8 R 1.997(Then we)6.997 F(can sho)108 +508.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(hat $x sub 1$ is $>=0$.)150.52 508.8 Q 1.065(This w)72 +526.8 R 1.065(orks as you might e)-.1 F 1.065(xpect \212 spaces, ne)-.15 F(w-) +-.25 E .529(lines, and so on are signi\214cant in the te)72 538.8 R .529(xt, b) +-.15 F .529(ut not)-.2 F .35(in the equation part itself.)72 550.8 R .35 +(Multiple equations can)5.35 F(occur in a single input line.)72 562.8 Q .83 +(Enough room is left before and after a line)97 578.4 R 2.296 +(that contains in-line e)72 590.4 R 2.296(xpressions that something)-.15 F(lik) +72 607.635 Q(e)-.1 E/F5 7/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)94.702 597.987 Q(i)91.643 616.514 +Q/F6 7/Symbol SF(=).252 E/F7 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)A/F8 15/Symbol SF(S)91.97 +610.082 Q F1(x)2.804 -2.447 M F5(i).437 2 M F0 2.236 +(does not interfere with the lines sur)5.488 -2 N(-)-.2 E(rounding it.)72 +626.091 Q 1.6 -.8(To t)97 641.691 T(urn of).8 E 2.5(ft)-.25 G(he delimiters,) +145.11 641.691 Q(.EQ)110.5 659.691 Q(delim of)110.5 671.691 Q(f)-.25 E(.EN) +110.5 683.691 Q -.8(Wa)72 701.691 S .255(rning: don').8 F 2.755(tu)-.18 G .255 +(se braces, tildes, circum\215e)140.41 701.691 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .255(s, or).15 +F(double quotes as delimiters \212 chaos will result.)72 713.691 Q F2 2.5 +(20. De\214nitions)302.4 84 R F3(EQN)327.4 99.6 Q F0(pro)4.272 E 1.772 +(vides a f)-.15 F 1.771(acility so you can gi)-.1 F 2.071 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +1.527(frequently-used string of characters a name, and)302.4 111.6 R .553 +(thereafter just type the name instead of the whole)302.4 123.6 R 2.5 +(string. F)302.4 135.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, if the sequence)-.15 E 2.5(xs) +338.4 153.6 S(ub i sub 1 + y sub i sub 1)349.79 153.6 Q 2.148 +(appears repeatedly throughout a paper)302.4 171.6 R 4.649(,y)-.4 G 2.149 +(ou can)475.471 171.6 R(sa)302.4 183.6 Q .3 -.15(ve r)-.2 H +(e-typing it each time by de\214ning it lik).15 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(his:)486.66 +183.6 Q 2.5(de\214ne xy)312.4 201.6 R F45 E F0 2.5(xs)C +(ub i sub 1 + y sub i sub 1)370.7 201.6 Q F4A F0 1.54(This mak)302.4 219.6 +R(es)-.1 E F1(xy)4.04 E F0 4.04(as)4.04 G 1.54(horthand for whate)379 219.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 4.04(rc).15 G(harac-)479.02 219.6 Q .412 +(ters occur between the single quotes in the de\214ni-)302.4 231.6 R 3.488 +(tion. Y)302.4 243.6 R .988(ou can use an)-1.1 F 3.487(yc)-.15 G .987 +(haracter instead of quote)402.459 243.6 R 1.577 +(to mark the ends of the de\214nition, so long as it)302.4 255.6 R(doesn')302.4 +267.6 Q 2.5(ta)-.18 G(ppear inside the de\214nition.)338.6 267.6 Q(No)327.4 +283.2 Q 2.5(wy)-.25 G(ou can use)354.09 283.2 Q F1(xy)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E 2.5 +(et)-.1 G(his:)430.36 283.2 Q(.EQ)338.4 301.2 Q(f$x$ = xy ...)338.4 313.2 Q +(.EN)338.4 325.2 Q 2.24(and so on.)302.4 343.2 R 2.24(Each occurrence of)7.24 F +F1(xy)4.74 E F0 2.24(will e)4.74 F(xpand)-.15 E 1.435(into what it w)302.4 +355.2 R 1.435(as de\214ned as.)-.1 F 1.436(Be careful to lea)6.436 F -.15(ve) +-.2 G .982(spaces or their equi)302.4 367.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G .981 +(lent around the name when).25 F .267(you actually use it, so)302.4 379.2 R F3 +(EQN)2.767 E F0 .267(will be able to identify)2.767 F(it as special.)302.4 +391.2 Q 1.893(There are se)327.4 406.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.893(ral things to w) +.15 F 1.893(atch out for)-.1 F(.)-.55 E .17 +(First, although de\214nitions can use pre)302.4 418.8 R .17(vious de\214ni-) +-.25 F(tions, as in)302.4 430.8 Q(.EQ)340.9 448.8 Q 2.5(de\214ne xi)340.9 460.8 +R F45 E F0 2.5(xs)2.5 G(ub i)399.48 460.8 Q F42.5 E F0 2.5 +(de\214ne xi1)340.9 472.8 R F45 E F0(xi sub 1)2.5 E F42.5 E F0(.EN) +340.9 484.8 Q F1(don')302.4 502.8 Q 6.729(td)-.3 G 4.229 +(e\214ne something in terms of itself)334.939 502.8 R(').92 E F0(A)6.728 E -.1 +(fa)302.4 514.8 S -.2(vo)-.1 G(rite error is to say).2 E 2.5(de\214ne X)338.4 +532.8 R F45 E F0(roman X)2.5 E F42.5 E F0 3.097 +(This is a guaranteed disaster)302.4 550.8 R 5.598(,s)-.4 G 3.098(ince X) +439.686 550.8 R F1(is)5.598 E F0(no)5.598 E(w)-.25 E +(de\214ned in terms of itself.)302.4 562.8 Q(If you say)5 E 2.5(de\214ne X) +338.4 580.8 R F45 E F0(roman "X")2.5 E F42.5 E F0(ho)302.4 598.8 Q(we) +-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.368 -.4(r, t).15 H 2.567 +(he quotes protect the second X, and).4 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)302.4 610.8 T +(rything w).25 E(orks \214ne.)-.1 E F3(EQN)327.4 626.4 Q F0 -.1(ke)4.35 G(yw) +-.05 E 1.85(ords can be rede\214ned.)-.1 F -1.1(Yo)6.85 G 4.35(uc)1.1 G(an) +494.56 626.4 Q(mak)302.4 638.4 Q 2.5(e/m)-.1 G(ean)339.52 638.4 Q F1 -.1(ov)2.5 +G(er).1 E F0(by saying)2.5 E 2.5(de\214ne /)338.4 656.4 R F45 E F0 -.15 +(ove)2.5 G(r).15 E F42.5 E F0(or rede\214ne)302.4 674.4 Q F1 -.1(ov)2.5 G +(er).1 E F0(as / with)2.5 E 2.5(de\214ne o)338.4 692.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E +F45 E F0(/)2.5 E F42.5 E F0 .016(If you need dif)327.4 714 R .015 +(ferent things to print on a ter)-.25 F(-)-.2 E .367 +(minal and on the typesetter)302.4 726 R 2.868(,i)-.4 G 2.868(ti)419.936 726 S +2.868(ss)428.364 726 S .368(ometimes w)439.012 726 R(orth)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 8 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-8-)279.67 48 S 1.728(de\214ning a symbol dif)72 84 +R 1.728(ferently in)-.25 F/F1 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(NEQN)4.228 E F0(and)4.227 E F1 +(EQN)4.227 E F0(.)A .044(This can be done with)72 96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(nde\214ne)2.544 E F0(and)2.545 E F2(tde\214ne)2.545 E(.)-.15 E F0 2.545(Ad) +5.045 G(e\214-)260.27 96 Q 1.012(nition made with)72 108 R F2(nde\214ne)3.511 E +F0 1.011(only tak)3.511 F 1.011(es ef)-.1 F 1.011(fect if you)-.25 F 1.431 +(are running)72 120 R F1(NEQN)3.931 E F0 3.932(;i)C 3.932(fy)154.89 120 S 1.432 +(ou use)167.152 120 R F2(tde\214ne)3.932 E(,)-.1 E F0 1.432(the de\214ni-)3.932 +F 2.049(tion only applies for)72 132 R F1(EQN)4.549 E F0 7.048(.N)C 2.048 +(ames de\214ned with)196.734 132 R(plain)72 144 Q F2(de\214ne)2.5 E F0 +(apply to both)2.5 E F1(EQN)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(NEQN)2.5 E F0(.)A/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(21. Local)72 168 R(Motions)2.5 E F0(Although)97 183.6 Q F1 +(EQN)2.727 E F0 .228(tries to get most things at the)2.727 F .341 +(right place on the paper)72 195.6 R 2.841(,i)-.4 G 2.841(ti)175.506 195.6 S +(sn')183.907 195.6 Q 2.841(tp)-.18 G .341(erfect, and occa-)206.568 195.6 R +.652(sionally you will need to tune the output to mak)72 207.6 R(e)-.1 E .569 +(it just right.)72 219.6 R .569(Small e)5.569 F .569 +(xtra horizontal spaces can be)-.15 F .847(obtained with tilde and circum\215e) +72 231.6 R 3.347(x. Y)-.15 F .847(ou can also)-1.1 F(say)72 243.6 Q F2(bac)2.6 +E 2.6(kn)-.2 G F0(and)A F2 .1(fwd n)2.6 F F0 .1(to mo)2.6 F .4 -.15(ve s)-.15 H +.1(mall amounts hori-).15 F(zontally)72 255.6 Q(.)-.65 E F2(n)5.088 E F0 .088 +(is ho)2.588 F 2.588(wf)-.25 G .088(ar to mo)150.792 255.6 R .388 -.15(ve i) +-.15 H 2.588(n1).15 G(/100')211.394 255.6 Q 2.588(so)-.55 G 2.589(fa)243.432 +255.6 S 2.589(ne)253.791 255.6 S(m)265.82 255.6 Q .385 +($an em is about the width of the letter `m'.$)72 267.6 R(Thus)5.385 E F2 +(bac)72 279.6 Q 2.741(k5)-.2 G(0)98.421 279.6 Q F0(mo)2.741 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.741(sb).15 G .241(ack about half the width of an m.)139.713 279.6 R 1.38 +(Similarly you can mo)72 291.6 R 1.68 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.38(hings up or do).15 +F 1.38(wn with)-.25 F F2 1.257(up n)72 303.6 R F0(and)3.757 E F2 1.257(down n.) +3.757 F F0 1.257(As with)6.257 F F2(sub)3.757 E F0(or)3.757 E F2(sup,)3.758 E +F0 1.258(the local)3.758 F .285(motions af)72 315.6 R .285(fect the ne)-.25 F +.284(xt thing in the input, and this)-.15 F 1.7 +(can be something arbitrarily complicated if it is)72 327.6 R +(enclosed in braces.)72 339.6 Q F3 2.5(22. A)72 363.6 R(Lar)2.5 E(ge Example) +-.1 E F0 2.021(Here is the complete source for the three)97 379.2 R +(display equations in the abstract of this guide.)72 391.2 Q F1(.EQ I)74 413.2 +Q(G$z$~mark =~ e sup { ln ~ G$z$ })74 423.2 Q(~=~ e)74 433.2 Q(xp left $) +-.12 E(sum from k>=1 {S sub k z sup k} o)74 443.2 Q -.12(ve)-.12 G 2(rkr).12 G +(ight $)208.456 443.2 Q 2(~=~ prod)74 453.2 R +(from k>=1 e sup {S sub k z sup k /k})2 E(.EN)74 463.2 Q(.EQ I)74 473.2 Q +(lineup = left $ 1 + S sub 1 z +)74 483.2 Q 2({Ss)74 493.2 S +(ub 1 sup 2 z sup 2 } o)89.4 493.2 Q -.12(ve)-.12 G 2(r2).12 G 2(!+.)174.992 +493.2 S(.. right $)188.168 493.2 Q(left $ 1+ { S sub 2 z sup 2 } o)74 503.2 Q +-.12(ve)-.12 G 2(r2).12 G 2(+{Ss)74 513.2 S(ub 2 sup 2 z sup 4 } o)95.912 513.2 +Q -.12(ve)-.12 G 2(r{2s).12 G(up 2 cdot 2! })192.456 513.2 Q 2(+.)74 523.2 S +(.. right $ ...)82.512 523.2 Q(.EN)74 533.2 Q(.EQ I)74 543.2 Q(lineup =)74 +553.2 Q(sum from m>=0 left $)4 E(sum from)74 563.2 Q +(pile { k sub 1 ,k sub 2 ,..., k sub m)74 573.2 Q(>=0)4 E(abo)74 583.2 Q -.12 +(ve)-.12 G 2(ks)74 593.2 S(ub 1 +2k sub 2 + ... +mk sub m =m})83.112 593.2 Q 2 +({Ss)74 603.2 S(ub 1 sup {k sub 1} } o)89.4 603.2 Q -.12(ve)-.12 G 2(r{).12 G 2 +(1s)176.96 603.2 S(up k sub 1 k sub 1 ! } ~)186.072 603.2 Q 2({Ss)74 613.2 S +(ub 2 sup {k sub 2} } o)89.4 613.2 Q -.12(ve)-.12 G 2(r{).12 G 2(2s)176.96 +613.2 S(up k sub 2 k sub 2 ! } ~)186.072 613.2 Q(...)74 623.2 Q 2({Ss)74 633.2 +S(ub m sup {k sub m} } o)89.4 633.2 Q -.12(ve)-.12 G 2(r{).12 G 2(ms)181.408 +633.2 S(up k sub m k sub m ! })192.744 633.2 Q(right $ z sup m)74 643.2 Q(.EN) +74 653.2 Q F3 2.5(23. K)72 687.2 R(eyw)-.25 E(ords, Pr)-.1 E(ecedences, Etc.) +-.18 E F0 .637(If you don')97 702.8 R 3.137(tu)-.18 G .637(se braces,)154.001 +702.8 R F1(EQN)3.138 E F0 .638(will do opera-)3.138 F(tions in the order sho)72 +714.8 Q(wn in this list.)-.25 E F2(dyad vec under bar tilde hat dot dotdot) +317.4 90 Q 2.5(fwd bac)317.4 102 R 5(kd)-.2 G 2.5(own up)365.53 102 R 2.5 +(fat r)317.4 114 R 2.5(oman italic bold size)-.45 F 2.5(sub sup sqrt o)317.4 +126 R(ver)-.1 E(fr)317.4 138 Q 2.5(om to)-.45 F F0 +(These operations group to the left:)302.4 156 Q F2 -.1(ov)338.4 174 S 2.5 +(er sqrt left right).1 F F0(All others group to the right.)302.4 192 Q 3.354 +(Digits, parentheses, brack)327.4 207.6 R 3.353(ets, punctuation)-.1 F 2.745 +(marks, and these mathematical w)302.4 219.6 R 2.745(ords are con-)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)302.4 231.6 S(rted to Roman font when encountered:).15 E 2.5 +(sin cos tan sinh cosh tanh arc)338.4 249.6 R 2.5(max min lim log ln e)338.4 +261.6 R(xp)-.15 E 2.5(Re Im and if for det)338.4 273.6 R 3.504 +(These character sequences are recognized and)302.4 291.6 R(translated as sho) +302.4 303.6 Q(wn.)-.25 E(>=)338.4 327.6 Q/F4 10/Symbol SF410.4 327.6 Q F0 +(<=)338.4 339.6 Q F4410.4 339.6 Q F0(==)338.4 351.6 Q F4410.4 351.6 Q +F0(!=)338.4 363.6 Q F4410.4 363.6 Q F0(+)338.4 375.6 Q F4 60.87<2db1>C(-) +338.4 387.6 Q F0(>)A F4410.4 387.6 Q F0(<)338.4 399.6 Q F4 60.87<2dac>C F0 +58.22(<< <)338.4 411.6 R(<)414.04 411.6 Q 58.22(>> >)338.4 423.6 R(>)414.04 +423.6 Q(inf)338.4 435.6 Q/F5 13/Symbol SF410.4 437.16 Q F0(partial)338.4 +447.6 Q F4410.4 447.6 Q F0(half)338.4 459.832 Q/F6 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(1) +411.6 455.832 Q .4 LW 415.1 457.232 411.6 457.232 DL(2)411.6 463.432 Q F0 +(prime)338.4 471.932 Q F4410.4 471.932 Q F0(approx)338.4 483.932 Q F4 +410.4 483.932 Q F0(nothing)338.4 495.932 Q(cdot)338.4 507.932 Q F4410.4 +507.932 Q F0(times)338.4 519.932 Q F4410.4 519.932 Q F0(del)338.4 531.932 Q +F4410.4 531.932 Q F0(grad)338.4 543.932 Q F4410.4 543.932 Q F0(...) +338.4 555.932 Q 1.7(...)410.4 553.777 S 57(,..., ,)338.4 567.932 R 1.7(...,)1.7 +G(sum)338.4 579.932 Q/F7 15/Symbol SF(S)410.4 582.379 Q F0(int)338.4 598.239 Q +/F8 18/Symbol SF411.336 602.92 Q F0(prod)338.4 615.346 Q F7(P)410.4 617.793 +Q F0(union)338.4 627.346 Q F7410.4 628.308 Q F0(inter)338.4 639.346 Q F7 +410.4 640.563 Q F0 3.066 -.8(To o)327.4 666.946 T 1.467 +(btain Greek letters, simply spell them).8 F(out in whate)302.4 678.946 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rc).15 G(ase you w)371.15 678.946 Q(ant:)-.1 E(DEL)316.8 702.946 +Q -.93(TA)-.92 G F4(D)367.2 702.946 Q F0(iota)417.6 702.946 Q/F9 10 +/Symbol-Slanted SF(i)467.53 702.946 Q F0(GAMMA)316.8 714.946 Q F4(G)367.2 +714.946 Q F0(kappa)417.6 714.946 Q F9(k)467.44 714.946 Q F0(LAMBD)316.8 726.946 +Q(A)-.4 E F4(L)7.47 E F0(lambda)417.6 726.946 Q F9(l)468.29 726.946 Q EP +%%Page: 9 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-9-)279.67 48 S(OMEGA)86.4 84 Q/F1 10/Symbol SF(W) +136.8 84 Q F0(mu)187.2 84 Q/F2 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(m)238.28 84 Q F0(PHI)86.4 +96 Q F1(F)136.8 96 Q F0(nu)187.2 96 Q F2(n)236.91 96 Q F0(PI)86.4 108 Q F1(P) +136.8 108 Q F0(ome)187.2 108 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G F2(w)237.25 108 Q F0(PSI)86.4 120 +Q F1(Y)136.8 120 Q F0(omicron)187.2 120 Q F2(o)237.24 120 Q F0(SIGMA)86.4 132 Q +F1(S)136.8 132 Q F0(phi)187.2 132 Q F2(f)237.32 132 Q F0(THET)86.4 144 Q(A)-.93 +E F1(Q)136.8 144 Q F0(pi)187.2 144 Q F2(p)237.52 144 Q F0(UPSILON)86.4 156 Q F1 +8.18 E F0(psi)187.2 156 Q F2(y)236.69 156 Q F0(XI)86.4 168 Q F1(X)136.8 168 +Q F0(rho)187.2 168 Q F2(r)238.29 168 Q F0(alpha)86.4 180 Q F2(a)136.46 180 Q F0 +(sigma)187.2 180 Q F2(s)237.23 180 Q F0(beta)86.4 192 Q F2(b)137.37 192 Q F0 +(tau)187.2 192 Q F2(t)237.15 192 Q F0(chi)86.4 204 Q F2(c)137.78 204 Q F0 +(theta)187.2 204 Q F2(q)237.07 204 Q F0(delta)86.4 216 Q F2(d)136.47 216 Q F0 +(upsilon)187.2 216 Q F2(u)237.05 216 Q F0(epsilon)86.4 228 Q F2(e)136.81 228 Q +F0(xi)187.2 228 Q F2(x)237.4 228 Q F0(eta)86.4 240 Q F2(h)136.3 240 Q F0(zeta) +187.2 240 Q F2(z)237.1 240 Q F0 -.05(ga)86.4 252 S(mma).05 E F2(g)136.38 252 Q +F0 3.609(These are all the w)97 279.6 R 3.608(ords kno)-.1 F 3.608(wn to)-.25 F +/F3 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(EQN)6.108 E F0($e)72 291.6 Q .903 +(xcept for characters with names$, together with)-.15 F(the section where the) +72 303.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re discussed.)168.49 303.6 Q(abo)86.4 327.6 Q 24.62 +-.15(ve 1)-.15 H(7, 18).15 E 30.12(lpile 17)187.2 327.6 R 29.02(back 21)86.4 +339.6 R 27.35(mark 15)187.2 339.6 R 35.13(bar 13)86.4 351.6 R 21.79(matrix 18) +187.2 351.6 R 30.12(bold 12)86.4 363.6 R 18.46(nde\214ne 20)187.2 363.6 R 31.24 +(ccol 18)86.4 375.6 R -.15(ove)187.2 375.6 S 32.93(r9).15 G 35.68(col 18)86.4 +387.6 R 32.9(pile 17)187.2 387.6 R 28.46(cpile 17)86.4 399.6 R 32.35(rcol 18) +187.2 399.6 R 23.46(de\214ne 20)86.4 411.6 R 29.01(right 16)187.2 411.6 R 25.12 +(delim 19)86.4 423.6 R 22.35(roman 12)187.2 423.6 R 35.12(dot 13)86.4 435.6 R +29.57(rpile 17)187.2 435.6 R 22.34(dotdot 13)86.4 447.6 R 32.35(size 12)187.2 +447.6 R(do)86.4 459.6 Q 25.93(wn 21)-.25 F 32.9(sqrt 10)187.2 459.6 R 28.46 +(dyad 13)86.4 471.6 R 34.01(sub 7)187.2 471.6 R -.1(fa)86.4 483.6 S 39.95(t1).1 +G 40.4(2s)141.8 483.6 S 34.01(up 7)191.09 483.6 R 31.79(font 12)86.4 495.6 R +20.68(tde\214ne 20)187.2 495.6 R 28.46(from 11)86.4 507.6 R 30.12(tilde 13) +187.2 507.6 R 32.35(fwd 21)86.4 519.6 R 40.12(to 11)187.2 519.6 R 26.79 +(gfont 12)86.4 531.6 R 25.13(under 13)187.2 531.6 R 27.35(gsize 12)86.4 543.6 R +37.9(up 21)187.2 543.6 R 35.68(hat 13)86.4 555.6 R -.15(ve)187.2 555.6 S 36.67 +(c1).15 G(3)242.6 555.6 Q 27.9(italic 12)86.4 567.6 R(~, ^)187.2 567.6 Q(4, 6) +237.6 567.6 Q 32.9(lcol 18)86.4 579.6 R 30.8 2.5({} 8)187.2 579.6 T 34.57 +(left 16)86.4 591.6 R 32.24("..." 8,)187.2 591.6 R(14)2.5 E 22.9(lineup 15)86.4 +603.6 R/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(24. T)72 639.6 R -.18(ro)-.74 G(ubleshooting) +.18 E F0 1.109(If you mak)97 655.2 R 3.609(eam)-.1 G(istak)166.876 655.2 Q +3.609(ei)-.1 G 3.609(na)196.495 655.2 S 3.608(ne)209.544 655.2 S 1.108 +(quation, lik)222.592 655.2 R(e)-.1 E(lea)72 667.2 Q .552(ving out a brace $v) +-.2 F .553(ery common$ or ha)-.15 F .553(ving one)-.2 F 2.002(too man)72 679.2 +R 4.502(y$)-.15 G -.15(ve)119.184 679.2 S 2.001(ry common$ or ha).15 F 2.001 +(ving a)-.2 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sup)4.501 E F0(with)4.501 E 2.643 +(nothing before it $common$,)72 691.2 R F3(EQN)5.143 E F0 2.643 +(will tell you)5.143 F(with the message)72 703.2 Q F5(syntax err)312.4 90 Q +(or between lines x and y)-.45 E 2.5<2c8c>-.55 G(le z)458.6 90 Q F0(where)302.4 +108 Q F5(x)7.538 E F0(and)7.537 E F5(y)7.537 E F0 5.037 +(are approximately the lines)7.537 F 1.074 +(between which the trouble occurred, and)302.4 120 R F5(z)3.574 E F0 1.074 +(is the)3.574 F .027(name of the \214le in question.)302.4 132 R .026 +(The line numbers are)5.027 F 1.863(approximate \212 look nearby as well.)302.4 +144 R 1.863(There are)6.863 F 2.15(also self-e)302.4 156 R 2.15 +(xplanatory messages that arise if you)-.15 F(lea)302.4 168 Q 2.495 -.15(ve o) +-.2 H 2.195(ut a quote or try to run).15 F F3(EQN)4.696 E F0 2.196(on a non-) +4.696 F -.15(ex)302.4 180 S(istent \214le.).15 E 2.512(If you w)327.4 195.6 R +2.511(ant to check a document before)-.1 F(actually printing it $on)302.4 +207.6 Q F3(UNIX)2.5 E F0(only$,)2.5 E 2.5(eqn \214les)338.4 225.6 R(>/de)2.5 E +(v/null)-.25 E .046(will thro)302.4 243.6 R 2.546(wa)-.25 G -.1(wa)350.422 +243.6 S 2.546(yt).1 G .046(he output b)372.308 243.6 R .047 +(ut print the messages.)-.2 F 2.189(If you use something lik)327.4 259.2 R +4.688(ed)-.1 G 2.188(ollar signs as)447.404 259.2 R .219 +(delimiters, it is easy to lea)302.4 271.2 R .519 -.15(ve o)-.2 H .219(ne out.) +.15 F .219(This causes)5.219 F -.15(ve)302.4 283.2 S 1.395 +(ry strange troubles.).15 F 1.395(The program)6.395 F F5 -.15(ch)3.895 G(ec).15 +E -.1(ke)-.2 G(q).1 E F0($on)3.895 E F3(GCOS)302.4 295.2 Q F0 2.72(,u)C(se) +333.956 295.2 Q F5(./c)2.72 E(hec)-.15 E -.1(ke)-.2 G(q).1 E F0 .221 +(instead$ checks for misplaced)2.721 F +(or missing dollar signs and similar troubles.)302.4 307.2 Q 5.64 +(In-line equations can only be so big)327.4 322.8 R .435 +(because of an internal b)302.4 334.8 R(uf)-.2 E .435(fer in)-.25 F F3(TR)2.935 +E(OFF)-.32 E F0 5.435(.I)C 2.935(fy)467.58 334.8 S .435(ou get)478.845 334.8 R +3.819(am)302.4 346.8 S 1.319(essage `)318.439 346.8 R(`w)-.74 E 1.318(ord o)-.1 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E(w')-.25 E 1.318(', you ha)-.74 F 1.618 -.15 +(ve ex)-.2 H(ceeded).15 E .271(this limit.)302.4 358.8 R .271 +(If you print the equation as a displayed)5.271 F .876 +(equation this message will usually go a)302.4 370.8 R -.1(wa)-.15 G 4.675 -.65 +(y. T).1 H(he).65 E 4.86(message `)302.4 382.8 R 4.86(`line o)-.74 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G(r\215o).15 E(w')-.25 E 7.36('i)-.74 G 4.86(ndicates you ha)422.98 382.8 +R -.15(ve)-.2 G -.15(ex)302.4 394.8 S .057(ceeded an e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.556(nb).15 G .056(igger b)380.04 394.8 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.056(.T)-.55 G +.056(he only cure for)440.242 394.8 R 2.576 +(this is to break the equation into tw)302.4 406.8 R 5.077(os)-.1 G(eparate) +475.13 406.8 Q(ones.)302.4 418.8 Q 3.282(On a related topic,)327.4 434.4 R F3 +(EQN)5.781 E F0 3.281(does not break)5.781 F 1.45 +(equations by itself \212 you must split long equa-)302.4 446.4 R 1.183 +(tions up across multiple lines by yourself, mark-)302.4 458.4 R 1.098 +(ing each by a separate)302.4 470.4 R F3(.EQ)3.598 E F0(...)3.598 E F3(.EN) +3.598 E F0(sequence.)3.598 E F3(EQN)6.098 E F0 .716(does w)302.4 482.4 R .716 +(arn about equations that are too long to \214t)-.1 F(on one line.)302.4 494.4 +Q F4 2.5(25. Use)302.4 518.4 R(on UNIX)2.5 E F0 3.67 -.8(To p)327.4 534 T 2.07 +(rint a document that contains mathe-).8 F(matics on the)302.4 546 Q F3(UNIX) +2.5 E F0(typesetter)2.5 E(,)-.4 E(eqn \214les | trof)338.4 564 Q(f)-.25 E 1.313 +(If there are an)302.4 582 R(y)-.15 E F3(TR)3.813 E(OFF)-.32 E F0 1.313 +(options, the)3.813 F 3.812(yg)-.15 G 3.812(oa)460.836 582 S 1.312(fter the) +474.088 582 R F3(TR)302.4 594 Q(OFF)-.32 E F0(part of the command. F)2.5 E +(or e)-.15 E(xample,)-.15 E(eqn \214les | trof)338.4 612 Q(f)-.25 E F1(-)2.5 E +F0(ms)A 1.751 -.8(To r)302.4 630 T .152(un the same document on the).8 F F3 +(GCOS)2.652 E F0(typesetter)2.652 E(,)-.4 E(use)302.4 642 Q(eqn \214les | trof) +338.4 660 Q(f)-.25 E F1(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(g$)C(other options$ | gcat)415.35 660 +Q 4.176(Ac)327.4 681.6 S 1.676(ompatible v)343.236 681.6 R 1.676(ersion of)-.15 +F F3(EQN)4.176 E F0 1.675(can be used)4.176 F .857(on de)302.4 693.6 R .857 +(vices lik)-.25 F 3.357(et)-.1 G .857(eletypes and)369.891 693.6 R F3 -.32(DA) +3.357 G(SI).32 E F0(and)3.357 E F3(GSI)3.358 E F0(termi-)3.358 E 3.197 +(nals which ha)302.4 705.6 R 3.497 -.15(ve h)-.2 H 3.197(alf-line forw).15 F +3.196(ard and re)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(rse).15 E 4.71(capabilities. T)302.4 +717.6 R 4.71(op)-.8 G 2.21(rint equations on a Model 37)377.68 717.6 R +(teletype, for e)302.4 729.6 Q(xample, use)-.15 E EP +%%Page: 10 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-1)277.17 48 S 2.5(0-)288 48 S(neqn \214les | nrof) +108 90 Q(f)-.25 E 1.479(The language for equations recognized by)72 108 R/F1 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(NEQN)3.979 E F0 .754(is identical to that of)72 120 R F1 +(EQN,)3.254 E F0 .755(although of course the)3.255 F +(output is more restricted.)72 132 Q 2.38 -.8(To u)97 147.6 T .78(se a).8 F F1 +(GSI)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F1 -.32(DA)3.28 G(SI).32 E F0 .779 +(terminal as the output)3.28 F(de)72 159.6 Q(vice,)-.25 E(neqn \214les | nrof) +108 177.6 Q(f)-.25 E/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(T)A/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A +F0(where)72 195.6 Q F3(x)2.525 E F0 .025 +(is the terminal type you are using, such as)2.525 F F3(300)72 207.6 Q F0(or) +2.5 E F3(300S.)2.5 E F1(EQN)97 223.2 Q F0(and)4.593 E F1(NEQN)4.593 E F0 2.093 +(can be used with the)4.593 F F1(TBL)4.592 E F0 1.198 +(program[2] for setting tables that contain mathe-)72 235.2 R 2.5(matics. Use) +72 247.2 R F1(TBL)2.5 E F0(before)2.5 E F1([N]EQN)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ik)204.636 +247.2 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G(his:)222.036 247.2 Q 2.5(tbl \214les | eqn | trof)108 +265.2 R(f)-.25 E 2.5(tbl \214les | neqn | nrof)108 277.2 R(f)-.25 E/F4 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(26. Ackno)72 307.2 R(wledgments)-.1 E F0 1.623 -.8(We a)97 +322.8 T .023(re deeply indebted to J. F).8 F 2.522(.O)-.8 G .022(ssanna, the) +229.698 322.8 R 2.852(author of)72 334.8 R F1(TR)5.352 E(OFF)-.32 E F0 5.352 +(,f)C 2.852(or his willingness to e)152.342 334.8 R(xtend)-.15 E F1(TR)72 346.8 +Q(OFF)-.32 E F0 .47(to mak)2.97 F 2.97(eo)-.1 G .469(ur task easier)139.826 +346.8 R 2.969(,a)-.4 G .469(nd for his contin-)203.033 346.8 R 5.238 +(uous assistance during the de)72 358.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.238(lopment and).15 +F -2.2 -.25(ev o)72 370.8 T 1.508(lution of).25 F F1(EQN)4.008 E F0 6.508(.W)C +4.008(ea)159.764 370.8 S 1.508(re also grateful to A. V)172.652 370.8 R(.)-1.29 +E .242(Aho for advice on language design, to S. C. John-)72 382.8 R 5.24 +(son for assistance with the)72 394.8 R F1 -.4 -.96(YA C)7.739 H(C).96 E F0 +(compiler)7.739 E(-)-.2 E(compiler)72 406.8 Q 2.79(,a)-.4 G .29(nd to all the) +116.88 406.8 R F1(EQN)2.79 E F0 .29(users who ha)2.79 F .59 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(ade).15 E(helpful suggestions and criticisms.)72 418.8 Q F4(Refer)72 442.8 Q +(ences)-.18 E F0 10.84([1] J.)72 462 R 3.335 -.8(F. O)4.236 H 1.735(ssanna, `) +.8 F(`)-.74 E F1(NR)A(OFF/TR)-.32 E(OFF)-.32 E F0(User')4.235 E 4.235(sM)-.55 G +(an-)260.83 462 Q(ual')97 474 Q .66(', Bell Laboratories Computing Science)-.74 +F -.7(Te)97 486 S(chnical Report #54, 1976.).7 E 10.84([2] M.)72 501.6 R .282 +(E. Lesk, `)2.782 F(`T)-.74 E .281(yping Documents on)-.8 F F1(UNIX)2.781 E F0 +-.74('')C(,).74 E(Bell Laboratories, 1976.)97 513.6 Q 10.84([3] M.)72 529.2 R +.246(E. Lesk, `)2.746 F(`)-.74 E F1(TBL)A F0 2.746(\212AP)2.746 G .246 +(rogram for Setting)199.228 529.2 R -.8(Ta)97 541.2 S(bles').8 E .998 +(', Bell Laboratories Computing Sci-)-.74 F(ence T)97 553.2 Q +(echnical Report #49, 1976.)-.7 E EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/for-the-love-of-troff.pdf b/for-the-love-of-troff.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6e00a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/for-the-love-of-troff.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,2583 @@ +%PDF-1.3 +%âãÏÓ +2 0 obj +<< +/Length 5492 +>> +stream +BT +/TT2 1 Tf +12 0 0 12 234.168 669 Tm +0 g +/GS1 gs +0 Tc +0 Tw +[(F)25(o)0(r)-250(the L)]TJ +4.0297 0 TD +-0.0067 Tc +0.0167 Tw +(ove of)Tj +2.7569 0 TD +0 Tc +0 Tw +[(T)74(r)18(off)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 252.76 633 Tm +[(J)35(ames K. Lowden)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +-0.351 -1.8 TD +(Symas Corporation)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +1.5285 -3.6 TD +[(ABSTRA)30(CT)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +-13.1535 -2.4 TD +0.1786 Tw +[(The state of Unix documentation has not adv)25(anced for decades.)-678.6(The v)15(enerable)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.1496 Tw +[(man page remains the backbone and, as Hoare might ha)20(v)15(e)15( )-15(predicted, an impro)15(v)15(ement)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(o)15(v)15(e)0(r)-250(man)15(y)-250(o)0(f)-250(its successors.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0423 Tw +(The plethora of competing formats and systems has created a fragmented and con-)Tj +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0509 Tw +[(fusing body of documentation, confusing to users who don’)18(t)-300.9(kno)25(w)-300.9(where to look, and to)]TJ +T* +0.0312 Tw +[(writers who don’)18(t)-281.2(kno)25(w)-281.2(where to start.)-531.2(One need only to search for HO)35(WT)18(O)-281.2(documents)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(on writing documentation for conformation.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0874 Tw +[(This paper re)25(vie)25(ws the state of the art, and critiques the v)25(ariety of documentation)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +-0.0001 Tc +0.0596 Tw +[(systems in current use.)-559.7(It e)14.9(xplores why)-309.6(n)-0.1(e)24.9(w)24.9( )-25(systems were in)39.9(v)14.9(ented, which are currently)]TJ +T* +0 Tc +0.0739 Tw +[(f)10(ashionable, and suggests a path to a better)40(,)-323.9(uni)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +19.425 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0739 Tw +(ed documentation system based wholly)Tj +-19.9811 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(and solely on trof)25(f.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-3.6 -3.6 TD +(The Stale State of the Art)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +[(In the be)15(ginning w)10(as the man page.)-500(It di)25(vided darkness from light.)-500(And it w)10(as good.)]TJ +T* +0.1549 Tw +[(But apparently not good enough.)-654.9(W)80(ould-be successors include T)70(e)15(xinfo, DocBook, Doxygen, and)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.386 Tw +[(Markdo)25(wn. )-250(F)15(ormats, beside the terminal console, include PDF and HTML.)-886(Locations might be)]TJ +T* +0.1944 Tw +[(/usr/share/man, or /usr/share/doc or /usr/share/info or /usr/share/html, or pretty much an)15(ywhere else in)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(/usr/share, or only on the web)40(.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.066 Tw +[(T)80(o)80( )-80(each its o)25(wn silo.)-566(There is no comprehensi)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(cross-reference, no accepted uni)25(v)15(ersal structure or)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0191 Tw +[(encoding or output format.)-519.2(There are dif)25(ferent schools of thought about ho)25(w)-269.1(t)0(o)-269.1(encourage better documen-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(tation to be written, what the best output medium is, and what system should be used to render the output.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0482 Tw +[(Rather than progress to)25(w)10(ard a single, all-encompassing system that utilizes the full capacity of lar)18(ge)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.1609 Tw +[(memories, Unicode, and bit-mapped displays, documentation technology is re)15(gressing and fragmenting.)]TJ +T* +0.0368 Tw +[(The b)20(uilt-in typesetting system, trof)25(f, is considered by man)15(y)-286.8(t)0(o)-286.8(b)0(e)-286.8(v)15(estigial and archaic.)-536.8(Y)100(e)0(t)-286.9(e)25(v)15(ery alterna-)]TJ +T* +0.0427 Tw +[(ti)25(v)15(e)15( )-15.1(is)-292.8(less functional, or more complicated, or both.)-542.8(On most BSD systems trof)25(f)-292.8(has been replaced by the)]TJ +T* +0.1181 Tw +[(less functional mandoc.)-618.1(GNU continues to promote T)70(e)15(xinfo. )-250(Perl)-368.1(had pod.)-618.2(Python has p)10(ydoc and pro-)]TJ +T* +0.0367 Tw +[(motes Sphinx.)-536.7(Sub)15(v)15(ersion goes post-modern: web-only)65(.)-536.7(Man)15(y)-286.7(use Markdo)25(wn, a system with no standard,)]TJ +T* +0.1148 Tw +[(ne)25(v)15(e)0(r)-364.9(mind support for footnotes.†)-614.8(X.or)18(g)-364.8(b)0(e)15(g)15( )354.8(an)-364.8(with a set of manuals in trof)25(f)-364.8(format. )-250(Instead)-364.8(updating)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(their content, the project opted to re-encode them in Docbook and/or Doxygen.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0573 Tw +[(The dysfunctional Unix documentation system has hindered progress in other w)10(ays, too.)-557.3(F)15(o)0(r)-307.4(e)15(xam-)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0881 Tw +(ple, command-line shells cannot rely on documentation )Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +23.0552 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.088 Tw +[(les to pro)15(vide interacti)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(help. )-250(The)-338(user cannot)]TJ +-23.6113 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(type)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +($)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +0.75 0 TD +(ssh)Tj +ET +0 G +1 J 1 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d +1 i +120.39 137.67 21.12 -9.96 re +S +BT +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 122.34 130.2 Tm +(help)Tj +-5.034 -1.56 TD +0.0493 Tw +[(to get a reminder of the a)20(v)25(ailable options, or — hea)20(v)15(e)0(n)-299.3(forfend — a)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +28.0726 0 TD +0 Tw +(form)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.1885 0 TD +0.0493 Tw +[(to f)10(acilitate making the choices.)]TJ +-30.2611 -1.2 TD +0.0541 Tw +[(The bare-bones e)15(xperience at the bash prompt is in part the product of the lack of a uni)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +35.6422 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0541 Tw +(ed, programmati-)Tj +-36.1984 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(cally accessible body of documentation.)Tj +ET +0.32 w +72.03 82.59 m +144.03 82.59 l +S +BT +8 0 0 8 82 72.5999 Tm +0.1004 Tw +[(†)-250(F)15(ootnotes! Dude!)-600.4(Y)110(o)0(u)-350.4(can say other stuf)25(f)-350.4(that’)55(s)-350.4(pertinent b)20(ut not strictly necessary)65(,)-350.5(without interrupting)]TJ +-1.25 -1.25 TD +0 Tw +[(the e)15(xplication.)]TJ +10 0 0 10 249.545 24 Tm +[(19 No)15(v)15(ember 2020)]TJ +ET +endstream +endobj +3 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] +/Font << +/TT2 4 0 R +/TT4 5 0 R +/TT6 6 0 R +/TT7 7 0 R +>> +/ExtGState << +/GS1 8 0 R +>> +>> +endobj +11 0 obj +<< +/Length 8973 +>> +stream +BT +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 282.17 744 Tm +0 g +/GS1 gs +0 Tc +0 Tw +(-2-)Tj +-18.517 -3.6 TD +0.02 Tw +[(The origins of our T)80(o)25(wer of Babel are historical and psychological.)-520.1(There is a certain amount of Not)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0045 Tw +[(In)40(v)15(ented Here, some issues with cop)10(yright and license, opinions on what is modern and what the future will)]TJ +T* +-0.0001 Tc +0.0001 Tw +[(look lik)9.9(e, and strong bre)24.9(w)-250.1(o)-0.1(f)-250.1(technical arrogance.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0 Tc +0.0366 Tw +[(Probably the tide cannot be held back.)-536.6(That ship, I’m often told, has already sailed.)-536.7(And surely one)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0848 Tw +[(audience reading one paper at one conference will not stem the tide, or unsail the ship, or whate)25(v)15(e)0(r)55(.)55( )-304.9(But)]TJ +T* +0.0071 Tw +[(perhaps if we chart the course we ha)20(v)15(e)15( )-15(been on, we can, slo)25(wly)65(,)-257.1(steer the ship and sail to)25(w)10(ard a better desti-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(nation, instead of straight to T)70(erra Incognita, with no one at the helm.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +0 -2.4 TD +[(History of Ev)10(erything)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.1511 Tw +[(The history of e)25(v)15(erything is re-in)40(v)15(ention. )-250.1(The)-401.2(be)15(ginning programmer re-in)40(v)15(ents simple tools and)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0655 Tw +[(e)25(v)25( )305.5(entually disco)15(v)15(ers v)15(ery fe)25(w)-315.5(simple)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +15.3518 0 TD +[(sui g)10(eneris)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +4.7318 0 TD +[(tools are better than those found in /usr/bin.)-565.5(After about)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +-20.0836 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.1736 Tw +[(v)15(e)-423.7(years, though, the be)15(ginning programmer becomes an intermediate programmer)40(,)-423.6(and there disaster)]TJ +-0.5562 -1.2 TD +-0.245 Tw +[(a)15(w)15( aits.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0328 Tw +(It is hard today to )Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +7.4682 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0328 Tw +[(nd an)15(y)-282.8(Unix subsystem or function that hasn’)18(t)-282.8(been)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +21.1196 0 TD +0 Tw +[(r)37(epeatedly)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +4.4661 0 TD +0.0329 Tw +[(re-in)40(v)15(ented, often)]TJ +-36.1101 -1.2 TD +-0.0002 Tc +0.0016 Tw +[(to little or no ef)24.8(fect. )-250.1(lpd$8$)-251.7(ga)19.8(v)14.8(e)14.8( )-15.1(w)9.8(ay to CUPS.)-501.6(/etc/rc.conf ga)19.8(v)19.8( )246.4(e)-251.6(w)9.8(ay)-251.6(to)-251.6(/etc/rc.d. )-250(init$8$)-251.6(led to systemd$8$.)]TJ +T* +0 Tc +0 Tw +[(Naturally)65(,)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +4.2165 0 TD +[(ther)37(e)-255.1(wer)37(e)-255.1(r)37(easons)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +7.7642 0 TD +0.0052 Tw +[(—)-255.2(perhaps e)25(v)15(en)-255.2(good reasons — to replace system)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +20.6953 0 TD +0 Tw +(ante)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.9769 0 TD +0.0052 Tw +(with sytem)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +4.6769 0 TD +0 Tw +(post)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.667 0 TD +[(.)-505.2(But)]TJ +-40.9967 -1.2 TD +0.0858 Tw +[(the observ)25(able adv)25(ancement, from the user’)55(s)-335.8(point of vie)25(w)-335.8(o)0(r)-335.8(b)0(y)-335.8(a)0(n)15(y)15( )-15(objecti)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(measure, w)10(as close to nil.)]TJ +T* +0.0889 Tw +[(V)111(ery fe)25(w)-338.9(e)15(xamples can be found where the functionality of)25(fered by the replacement could not ha)20(v)15(e)15( )-15.1(been)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(added to the replaced, with less dislocation and need to “upgrade”.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0037 Tw +[(So it is with documentation.)-503.8(T)80(o)80( )-80.1(in)40(v)40( )228.7(ent a system for encoding and rendering documentation is not dif-)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0996 Tw +[(cult. )-249.9(Neither)-349.5(are the problems inherent in an)15(y)-349.6(g)0(i)25(v)25( )339.6(en)-349.6(system hard to see $although the ob)15(vious ones are)]TJ +-0.5562 -1.2 TD +0.1232 Tw +[(usually not the important ones$.)-623.2(The goal seems equally simple, e)25(v)15(en)-373.2(if)-373.2(it)-373.2(pr)]TJ +32.2213 0 TD +-0.015 Tc +0 Tw +(ove )Tj +1.7869 0 TD +0 Tc +0.1231 Tw +[(harder to achie)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(than)]TJ +-34.0082 -1.2 TD +0.0593 Tw +[(articulate. )-250(So)-309.3(it is not surprising we ha)20(v)15(e)15( )-15(a)15( )-15(succession of tools and systems all hoping to slay the dragon,)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(and mak)10(e)-250(documentation safe in our time.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +0 -2.4 TD +(History of Documentation Systems)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.1151 Tw +[(The halc)15(yon days of documentation systems were the 1990s, just before Bill Gates disco)15(v)15(ered the)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0372 Tw +[(Internet. )-249.9(There)-287.1(w)10(a)0(s)-287.1(a)-287.1(brief and glorious struggle — well, not all that glorious, really)65(.)-537.2(The dust settled just)]TJ +T* +0.0253 Tw +[(about when the dotcom b)20(ubble b)20(urst, in 2000.)-525.4(Each team retreated to its corner)40(,)-275.3(and a cold truce settled on)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(the w)10(orld.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0641 Tw +[(Perhaps the most widely used on a commercial scale w)10(as from IBM: the)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +30.0107 0 TD +0.0642 Tw +[(Standar)37(d)-314.2(Gener)15(al Markup)]TJ +-32.5107 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(Langua)10(g)10(e)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +4.3658 0 TD +0.1357 Tw +[($SGML$. )-250.1(It)-385.8(w)10(a)0(s)-385.8(SGML that in)40(v)15(ented what we no)25(w)-385.7(call)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +23.8744 0 TD +0 Tw +(semantic)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +3.9404 0 TD +0.1357 Tw +(tags, and distinguished the)Tj +-32.1806 -1.2 TD +0.0688 Tw +[(declared meaning from the rendered formatting style.)-568.8(SGML is still with us today)65(.)-568.8(It’)55(s)-318.8(still supported by)]TJ +T* +-0.0001 Tc +0.0382 Tw +[(Jade, and still with us — in humbler form — in XML and HTML.)-538.2(Docbook be)14.9(gan)-288.2(a)-0.1(s)-288.2(a)-0.1(n)-288.2(“SGML applica-)]TJ +T* +0 Tc +0.0304 Tw +[(tion”, a standardized set of tags designed for technical documentation.)-530.5(Latterly)65(,)-280.5(Docbook de)25(v)15(elopment has)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(f)10(a)20(v)20(ored XML, with its simpli)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +11.699 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +(ed schema-de)Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +5.4692 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +(nition language.)Tj +-15.7806 -1.56 TD +0.1069 Tw +[(The system de)25(v)15(eloped by Bell Labs,)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +15.4035 0 TD +0 Tw +[(tr)45(of)18(f)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +1.6597 0 TD +0.1068 Tw +[(,)-356.8(w)10(as as dif)25(ferent as could be: a direct typesetter with no)]TJ +-19.5632 -1.2 TD +0.0426 Tw +[(imposed structure and no e)15(xplicit machinery to enforce separation of semantics from style.)-542.7(Instead of dic-)]TJ +T* +0.1084 Tw +[(tionaries of opaque tags, trof)25(f)-358.5(pro)15(vided sets of macros that users were free to e)15(xtend or ignore or ab)20(use.)]TJ +T* +0.0564 Tw +[(The w)10(onderful, programmable )]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +12.6548 0 TD +0 Tw +(ß)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0564 Tw +[(e)15(xibility w)10(as a feature to user and a b)20(ug to management: freedom for one)]TJ +-13.211 -1.2 TD +0.0376 Tw +[(is to the other loss of control.)-537.6(It should be no surprise that lar)18(ge, top-do)25(wn or)18(ganizations such as IBM and)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(the military preferred SGML to trof)25(f.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +-0.0001 Tc +0.0393 Tw +[(A)-289.3(third ri)24.9(v)24.9(a)-0.1(l)-289.3(i)-0.1(n)-289.3(the fray came from what might be called an or)17.9(ganization: the Free Softw)9.9(are F)14.9(ounda-)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0 Tc +0.2529 Tw +[(tion. Richard)-252.9(Stallman )250(de)25(v)15(eloped)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +13.8573 0 TD +-0.178 Tw +[(T)92(e)92( xinfo)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.8875 0 TD +0.0028 Tw +[(,)-252.9(and the GNU project still considers that the One T)35(rue F)15(ormat for)]TJ +-16.7449 -1.2 TD +0.0374 Tw +[(documentation. )-249.9(Because)-287.3(it is designed only for technical manuals, it bears none of the o)15(v)15(erhead of SGML)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(and has none of the )Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +8.0254 0 TD +(ß)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +[(e)15(xibility of trof)25(f. †)]TJ +-6.0815 -1.56 TD +0.1771 Tw +[(Not to be o)15(v)15(erlook)10(ed are language-speci)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +17.0335 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.1771 Tw +[(c documentation systems and their emulators: ja)20(v)25(a)25( )-24.9(and)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +-20.0896 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(javadoc)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +3.1655 0 TD +0.1499 Tw +[(,)-399.9(perl and)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +4.4482 0 TD +0 Tw +(perldoc)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +3.0547 0 TD +0.1499 Tw +[(,)-399.9(Python and)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +5.7275 0 TD +0 Tw +(pydoc)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.3877 0 TD +0.15 Tw +[(,)-399.9(etc. )-249.9(And)-399.9(of course Doxygen, which might be vie)25(wed as)]TJ +-18.7837 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(ja)20(v)25(adoc for C++.)]TJ +ET +0 G +1 J 1 j 0.32 w 10 M []0 d +1 i +72.03 91.59 m +144.03 91.59 l +S +BT +8 0 0 8 82 81.5999 Tm +0.0575 Tw +[(†)-250(T)70(e)15(xinfo can be used as a preprocessor for another system not discussed here in an)15(y)-307.5(detail: T)]TJ +38.2264 -0.224 TD +0 Tw +(E)Tj +0.4858 0.224 TD +0.3075 Tw +(X. T)Tj +1.9739 -0.224 TD +0 Tw +(E)Tj +0.4858 0.224 TD +0.3075 Tc +[(Xw)317.5(a)307.5(s)]TJ +-42.422 -1.25 TD +0 Tc +0.0454 Tw +[(de)25(v)15(eloped not as a)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +7.8056 0 TD +0 Tw +(documentation)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +6.2389 0 TD +0.0455 Tw +[(system, b)20(ut as a system for producing documents.)-545.5(It has ne)25(v)15(e)0(r)-295.5(played much)]TJ +-14.0444 -1.25 TD +0 Tw +[(of a role is Unix documentation e)15(xcept to generate printed matter from T)70(e)15(xinfo.)]TJ +10 0 0 10 249.545 24 Tm +[(19 No)15(v)15(ember 2020)]TJ +ET +endstream +endobj +12 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] +/Font << +/TT2 4 0 R +/TT4 5 0 R +/TT6 6 0 R +/TT7 7 0 R +>> +/ExtGState << +/GS1 8 0 R +>> +>> +endobj +14 0 obj +<< +/Length 7090 +>> +stream +BT +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 282.17 744 Tm +0 g +/GS1 gs +0 Tc +0 Tw +(-3-)Tj +-18.517 -3.6 TD +0.1052 Tw +[(Owing to the popularity of Ja)20(v)25(aScript and GitHub, in recent years)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +27.7167 0 TD +0 Tw +(markdown)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +4.5774 0 TD +0.1052 Tw +[(has become popular)55(.)]TJ +-34.7941 -1.2 TD +0.1928 Tw +[(Popular)40(,)-442.8(b)20(ut simplistic: no cross-references, no table of contents, no inde)15(x. )-250(In)-442.8(the battle for semantic)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(markup, markdo)25(wn has no dog: it’)55(s)-250(pure formatting.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0074 Tw +[(Finally)65(,)-257.4(w)0(e)-257.4(should mention)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +11.1584 0 TD +0 Tw +(mandoc)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +3.166 0 TD +0.0073 Tw +[(,)-257.4(which the BSD systems ha)20(v)15(e)15( )-15(generally adopted for the base sys-)]TJ +-16.8245 -1.2 TD +0.0105 Tw +[(tem to render man pages. mandoc e)15(xists for that e)15(xact purpose: not to replace trof)25(f, b)20(ut to render man pages)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(without it by processing the)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +11.3599 0 TD +(man)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.9722 0 TD +(and)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +1.6938 0 TD +(mdoc)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.416 0 TD +[(trof)25(f)-250(macros.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-17.4419 -2.4 TD +[(Str)18(engths of Documentation Systems)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +[(Let’)55(s)-250(summarize the relati)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(strengths of each system.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-2.5 -1.56 TD +(SGML)Tj +/TT8 1 Tf +3.1948 0 TD +<0041>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.2368 0 TD +[(consistenc)15(y)]TJ +-1.9316 -1.2 TD +0.0661 Tw +[(SGML di)25(vides the informational content from typesetting considerations.)-816.2(By presenting the author)]TJ +T* +-0.0001 Tc +0.0941 Tw +[(only with opaque semantic tags, it reserv)14.9(es for the or)17.9(ganization decisions about font and color and)]TJ +T* +0 Tc +0 Tw +(layout.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-2.5 -1.56 TD +[(tr)18(off)]TJ +/TT8 1 Tf +2.1749 0 TD +<0041>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.2368 0 TD +(typesetting)Tj +-0.9117 -1.2 TD +0.0785 Tw +[(W)40(ith its macro f)10(acility)65(,)-328.6(trof)25(f)-328.6(allo)25(ws, b)20(ut does not enforce, the use of semantic tags.)-578.6(The author has)]TJ +T* +0.0897 Tw +[(complete control o)15(v)15(e)0(r)-339.8(e)25(v)15(ery typesetting choice if so desired.)-589.8(trof)25(f)-339.8(i)0(s)-339.8(the most ambitious typesetter)40(,)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(too: not only tables and footnotes, b)20(ut mathematics, pictures, and graphs.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-2.5 -1.56 TD +[(T)92(exinf)25(o)]TJ +/TT8 1 Tf +3.4108 0 TD +<0041>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.2368 0 TD +(accessibility)Tj +-2.1476 -1.2 TD +0.1056 Tw +[(Alone among these system, T)70(e)15(xinfo includes a reader $tw)10(o, if you count emacs$.)-605.6(Not only does it)]TJ +T* +0.0575 Tw +[(support an inde)15(x, b)20(ut the user can access an inde)15(x)15(e)0(d)-307.5(item from the command line or by typing)]TJ +ET +0 G +1 J 1 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d +1 i +485.79 469.47 7.32 -9.96 re +S +BT +10 0 0 10 487.814 462 Tm +0.5076 Tc +0 Tw +[(Ii)507.6(n)]TJ +-39.0814 -1.2 TD +0 Tc +[(the vie)25(wer)55(.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-2.5 -1.56 TD +(Doxygen)Tj +/TT8 1 Tf +3.9722 0 TD +<0041>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.2368 0 TD +[(con)40(v)15(enience)]TJ +-2.709 -1.2 TD +-0.0001 Tc +0.1147 Tw +[(The source-code documentation systems all share the philosophy)-364.8(that some documenttion is better)]TJ +T* +0 Tc +0.0063 Tw +[(than no documentation, and that programmers are more apt to update the documentation if it’)55(s)-256.3(staring)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(them in the f)10(ace when the)15(y)-250(change the code.†)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-2.5 -1.56 TD +[(markdo)10(wn)]TJ +/TT8 1 Tf +4.9075 0 TD +<0041>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.2368 0 TD +(simplicity)Tj +-3.6443 -1.2 TD +0.0518 Tw +[(Nothing $almost$ to learn, easy to read.)-551.9(Get something up in a hurry)65(,)-301.9(and don’)18(t)-301.8(w)10(orry about consis-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(tenc)15(y)-250(o)0(r)-250(the printed page.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-2.5 -1.56 TD +(mandoc)Tj +/TT8 1 Tf +3.6392 0 TD +<0041>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.2368 0 TD +(just man pages)Tj +-2.376 -1.2 TD +0.0912 Tw +[(mandoc has only one objecti)25(v)15(e)0(:)-341.2(t)0(o)-341.2(render man pages.)-591.3(W)80(ell, tw)10(o)-341.3(objecti)25(v)15(es: also to render the man)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(page using softw)10(are with a BSD license.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-2.5 -2.4 TD +[(F)25(eatur)18(e)-250(Set Comparison)]TJ +0 -2.16 TD +1.25 Tw +[(System )-1391(VT)92(-100 HTML PDF Semantic)-250(tags Indexed Hyperlinks)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +0 -1.2 TD +3.983 Tw +(SGML no)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +11.7268 0 TD +3.245 Tc +0 Tw +[<001600160003>2093<0016>]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +15.4875 0 TD +0 Tc +(no)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +5.7345 0 TD +<0016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +-32.9488 -1.2 TD +[(grof)25(f)-250(man)]TJ +/TT9 1 Tf +7.1332 0 TD +<0016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +4.1094 0 TD +(meh)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +4.4832 0 TD +4.675 Tc +<00160016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +11.4878 0 TD +0 Tc +(no)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +5.6095 0 TD +<0016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +-32.823 -1.2 TD +[(grof)25(f)-250(mdoc)]TJ +/TT9 1 Tf +7.1332 0 TD +<0016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +4.1094 0 TD +(meh)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +4.4832 0 TD +4.675 Tc +<00160016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +11.4878 0 TD +0 Tc +(no)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +5.6095 0 TD +<0016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +-32.823 -1.2 TD +-0.195 Tw +[(T)70(e)70( xinfo)]TJ +/TT9 1 Tf +7.133 0 TD +3.838 Tc +0 Tw +[<00160016>593<0016>]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +13.5391 0 TD +0 Tc +(meh)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +6.6637 0 TD +4.857 Tc +<00160016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +-27.3359 -1.2 TD +0 Tc +3.095 Tw +(Doxygen no)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +11.7265 0 TD +0 Tw +<0016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +4.1554 0 TD +[(?)-4347(meh)]TJ +/TT9 1 Tf +11.4545 0 TD +4.857 Tc +<00160016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +-27.3364 -1.2 TD +0 Tc +2.148 Tw +[(markdo)25(wn meh)]TJ +/TT9 1 Tf +11.726 0 TD +0 Tw +<0016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +3.8774 0 TD +4.18 Tw +[(no no)-5180.5(no)]TJ +/TT9 1 Tf +17.345 0 TD +0 Tw +<0016>Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +-32.9484 -1.2 TD +(mandoc)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +7.133 0 TD +3.838 Tc +[<00160016>593<0016>-837<0016>]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +20.0805 0 TD +0 Tc +(no)Tj +/TT9 1 Tf +5.7345 0 TD +<0016>Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-32.9481 -3 TD +(Myths of Documentation Systems)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0817 Tw +[(Documentation is easy)55(,)-331.7(o)0(r)-331.7(should be)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +15.688 0 TD +[(.)-581.7(T)80(o)-331.7(write documentation is to set aside telling the computer)]TJ +-18.188 -1.2 TD +0.0308 Tw +[(what to do, and to tak)10(e)-280.8(u)0(p)-280.8(the reader’)55(s)-280.8(point of vie)25(w: What does it do, and ho)25(w)-280.8(d)0(o)-280.8(I)-280.8(use it?)-530.8(No)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +38.862 0 TD +0 Tw +(system)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.9468 0 TD +(can)Tj +-41.8088 -1.2 TD +0.0909 Tw +[(mak)10(e)-341(that transition easy; it has to be accepted, undertak)10(en, and practiced.)-590.9(It’)55(s)-340.9(not for e)25(v)15(eryone, and it’)55(s)]TJ +ET +0.32 w +72.03 111.99 m +144.03 111.99 l +S +BT +8 0 0 8 82 102 Tm +-0.0001 Tc +0.0334 Tw +[(†)-250.1(The e)24.9(vidence in support of that proposition is nil or ne)14.9(gati)24.9(v)14.9(e)-0.1(.)-533.3(Lousy documentation based on such system)]TJ +-1.25 -1.25 TD +0 Tc +0.0996 Tw +[(abounds, and e)15(xcellent results are rare indeed.)-599.6(Observ)15(e)-349.6(that Unix itself w)10(as documented with separate docu-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(mentation )Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +4.278 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.029 Tw +[(les, the method still used by the BSDs today)65(,)-279(t)0(o)-279(generally positi)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(re)25(vie)25(ws. If lazy programmers are)]TJ +-4.8342 -1.25 TD +0 Tw +[(reluctant to write documentation, making the ef)25(fort less onerous, on the e)25(vidence, does nothing for the quality of)]TJ +T* +(the results.)Tj +10 0 0 10 249.545 24 Tm +[(19 No)15(v)15(ember 2020)]TJ +ET +endstream +endobj +15 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] +/Font << +/TT2 4 0 R +/TT4 5 0 R +/TT6 6 0 R +/TT7 7 0 R +/TT8 16 0 R +/TT9 17 0 R +>> +/ExtGState << +/GS1 8 0 R +>> +>> +endobj +19 0 obj +<< +/Length 7404 +>> +stream +BT +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 282.17 744 Tm +0 g +/GS1 gs +0 Tc +0 Tw +(-4-)Tj +-21.017 -3.6 TD +(de)Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +0.9438 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +(nitely not for the programmer while programming.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +1 -1.56 TD +0.0378 Tw +[(Write once, r)18(ender e)15(v)10(erywher)18(e)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +13.3239 0 TD +0 Tw +[(.)-537.8(The)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +2.6303 0 TD +[(pr)45(omise)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +3.465 0 TD +0.0378 Tw +[(of man)15(y)-287.8(systems is that, if the author will only write)]TJ +-21.9191 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(the )Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +1.5648 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0931 Tw +[(ne manual, the system will repay the ef)25(fort by rendering it in e)25(v)15(ery desired format and v)15(enue. Y)110(our)]TJ +-2.1209 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(Name In Lights. The reality is dif)25(ferent:)]TJ +5 -1.56 TD +0.0884 Tw +[(•)-2150(The quality of the rendered output is une)25(v)15(en.)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +21.662 0 TD +0 Tw +(No)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.5055 0 TD +0.0885 Tw +(system today is equally good at pro-)Tj +-20.6675 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(ducing PDF and HTML output, and rendering usefully in a terminal windo)25(w)65(.)]TJ +-2.5 -1.56 TD +0.1691 Tw +[(•)-2150(The properties of each medium are dif)25(ferent, and af)25(fect ho)25(w)-419.1(the content is best pre-)]TJ +2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0496 Tw +[(sented. )-250(Book)-299.6(publishers gi)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(consideration to ho)25(w)-299.6(t)0(e)15(x)0(t)-299.6(and )]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +24.5012 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0496 Tw +(gures relate on the printed)Tj +-25.0573 -1.2 TD +0.1061 Tw +[(page. )-250.1(Sidebars)-356.2(are helpful, e)15(xcept in a terminal. Floating menus can w)10(ork w)10(onders in)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(HTML, not so much on the printed page.)Tj +-5 -1.56 TD +0.0479 Tw +[(Proof: rare is the document that renders equally well in tw)10(o)-297.9(formats out of three.)-547.9(None)15(xistent is the)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0689 Tw +[(one that does so without much thought and ef)25(fort on the part of the author)55(.)-568.9(I)0(t)-318.9(w)10(asn’)18(t)-318.9(written)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +38.2912 0 TD +0 Tw +(once)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.8877 0 TD +0.3189 Tc +[(;i)318.9(tw)328.9(a)318.9(s)]TJ +-40.1789 -1.2 TD +0 Tc +[(written man)15(y)-250(times, carefully)65(.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0967 Tw +[(In planning a better documentation system, there is no media-neutral solution.)-596.8(W)40(ithout considered)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(ef)25(fort,)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +2.848 0 TD +[(e)15(very)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5519 0 TD +0.1522 Tw +[(document will be inherently biased to w)10(ork best in one medium or another)55(.)-652.3(It’)55(s)-402.3(useful to)]TJ +-5.3999 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(understand that your preferred medium in)Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +16.689 0 TD +(ß)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +(uences what you think is the “best” system.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-14.7451 -1.56 TD +0.0431 Tw +(Indexing is automatic)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +9.3093 0 TD +0.0432 Tw +[(.)-543.1(Good documentation is curated, and no system inde)15(x)15(e)0(s)-293.2(k)10(e)15(y)0(w)10(ords automati-)]TJ +-11.8093 -1.2 TD +0.0073 Tw +[(cally)65(.)-507.3(Sure, the whole te)15(xt can be inde)15(x)15(e)0(d)-257.3(indiscriminately)65(.)-507.3(But the job of deciding where a term is de)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +41.1942 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +(ned)Tj +-41.7503 -1.2 TD +[(and discussed remains, in 2018, the job of an editor)55(.‡)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0225 Tw +[(The web is the futur)18(e)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +9.1272 0 TD +[(.)-522.5(The web is not your machine; it’)55(s)-272.5(not e)25(v)15(en)-272.5(you virtual machine in the cloud.)]TJ +-11.6272 -1.2 TD +0.1655 Tw +[(The most reliable documentation for the system you are using is that which is included.)-665.4(Furthermore,)]TJ +T* +0.2216 Tw +[(inde)15(x- and k)10(e)15(yw)10(ord-searches are not supported by the general-purpose web bro)25(wser)40(,)-471.7(nor by standard)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(HTML.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0849 Tw +[(tr)18(off is obsolete)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +6.7055 0 TD +0.0848 Tw +[(.)-584.9(trof)25(f)-334.9(refuses to go gentle into that good night.)-584.9(The “blame” is usually placed on)]TJ +-9.2055 -1.2 TD +0.0545 Tw +[(the e)15(xisting man pages: who will re)25(write them in the ne)25(w)65(,)65( )-65.1(“modern” system? But the f)10(act is that ne)25(w)-304.6(man)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(pages are written e)25(v)15(ery day)65(,)-250(not least because trof)25(f)-250(i)0(s)-250(s)0(o)-250(darn functional.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +0 -2.4 TD +[(Myths of T)74(r)18(off)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.039 Tw +[(tr)18(off is dead)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +5.226 0 TD +0.0389 Tw +[(.)-539(There are three acti)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(trof)25(f)-288.9(projects: GNU, Heirloom, and neatrof)25(f. )-250(That)-288.9(e)15(xcludes the)]TJ +-7.726 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(acti)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(projects trying to)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +9.6792 0 TD +[(mak)10(e)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.3499 0 TD +(it obsolete.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-9.5291 -1.56 TD +0.0671 Tw +[(tr)18(off is inferior to T)]TJ +8.4699 -0.224 TD +0 Tw +(E)Tj +0.542 0.224 TD +(X)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.7222 0 TD +0.0671 Tw +[(.)-567.1(Science students are generally advised to learn T)]TJ +20.6401 -0.224 TD +0 Tw +(E)Tj +0.4858 0.224 TD +0.0672 Tw +[(X, and told it’)55(s)-317.2(the cat’)55(s)]TJ +-33.36 -1.2 TD +0.0104 Tw +[(pajamas for preparing manuscripts.)-510.4(And it might be; Knuth de)25(v)15(eloped T)]TJ +29.057 -0.224 TD +0 Tw +(E)Tj +0.4858 0.224 TD +0.0104 Tw +[(X)-260.4(i)0(n)-260.4(part because of his dismay at)]TJ +-29.5428 -1.2 TD +0.0005 Tw +[(the quality of the output of mathematical notation in trof)25(f. )-250(On)-250.5(the other hand, modern T)]TJ +35.0848 -0.224 TD +0 Tw +(E)Tj +0.4858 0.224 TD +0.0006 Tw +[(X)-250.6(systems are v)15(ery)]TJ +-35.5706 -1.2 TD +0.1337 Tw +[(comple)15(x, 100 times the size of an)15(y)-383.7(trof)25(f)-383.7(implementation, and the technical adv)25(antage of T)]TJ +37.6129 -0.224 TD +0 Tw +(E)Tj +0.4858 0.224 TD +0.1336 Tw +[(X)-383.7(i)0(s)-383.6(easy to)]TJ +-38.0987 -1.2 TD +0.0793 Tw +[(o)15(v)15(erstate. )-250(I)-329.3(challenge the reader of the present document, for e)15(xample, to )]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +30.6163 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0794 Tw +[(nd a paragraph that w)10(ould be)]TJ +-31.1724 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(better rendered by the paragraph-at-once algorithm instead of the line-at-a-time one that w)10(as used.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +[(As an author)92(,)-250(t)0(r)18(off is ugly and hard to use)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +17.7811 0 TD +(.)Tj +-17.7811 -1.56 TD +[(Compared to what?)-500(Pound for pound, trof)25(f)-250(i)0(s)-250(easier to use and more capable than an)15(ything else.)]TJ +T* +0.0646 Tw +[(The best SGML systems are enormously complicated.)-564.7(And e)15(xpensi)25(v)15(e)0(.)-564.6(The)15(y)-314.6(support great catalogs)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0636 Tw +(of tags and transformations, plus a rich UI to let the user connect the abstract tagging sytem to a concrete)Tj +T* +0 Tw +(concurrent rendering.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.102 Tw +[(Nothing resembling those SGML systems is a)20(v)25(ailable as free softw)10(are. )-250.1(The)-352(UI presented by Doc-)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0662 Tw +[(Book is, for the most part, the same one that is presented by C++: a te)15(xt editor)40(,)-316.2(a)-316.2(command-line utility to)]TJ +T* +0.1002 Tw +[(“compile” it, and a web bro)25(wser or PDF vie)25(wer)55(.)-600.2(N)0(o)-350.2(Docbook author re)25(v)15(els in the sea of tags that o)15(v)15(e)0(r)20(-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(whelm the content.)Tj +ET +0 G +1 J 1 j 0.32 w 10 M []0 d +1 i +72.03 81.99 m +144.03 81.99 l +S +BT +8 0 0 8 82 72 Tm +[(‡)-250(A)0(n)-250(editor with a nose, not an init )]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +14.1646 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +(le.)Tj +10 0 0 10 249.545 24 Tm +[(19 No)15(v)15(ember 2020)]TJ +ET +endstream +endobj +20 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] +/Font << +/TT2 4 0 R +/TT4 5 0 R +/TT6 6 0 R +/TT7 7 0 R +>> +/ExtGState << +/GS1 8 0 R +>> +>> +endobj +22 0 obj +<< +/Length 3989 +>> +stream +BT +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 282.17 744 Tm +0 g +/GS1 gs +0 Tc +0 Tw +(-5-)Tj +/TT11 1 Tf +8 0 0 8 108 708 Tm +()Tj +2.4 -1.5 TD +(Versions of the <acronym>TDS</> Protocol, by Product)Tj +T* +()Tj +2.4 -1.5 TD +()Tj +2.4 -1.5 TD +0.6 Tw +( Product)Tj +2.4 -1.5 TD +0 Tw +(TDS Version)Tj +T* +(Comment)Tj +T* +()Tj +-2.4 -1.5 TD +()Tj +-2.4 -1.5 TD +()Tj +2.4 -1.5 TD +()Tj +2.4 -1.5 TD +(Sybase before System 10,)Tj +4.45 -1.5 TD +(Microsoft SQL Server 6.x)Tj +-4.45 -1.5 TD +(4.2)Tj +T* +(Still works with all products,)Tj +4.45 -1.5 TD +(subject to its limitations. )Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 97 506.4 Tm +0.1254 Tw +[(trof)25(f)-375.3(w)10(as and is the only typesetting language designed e)15(xpressly for the user to input “by hand”,)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.1175 Tw +[(without the aid of a sophisticated UI and tag dictionary)65(.)-617.5(I)0(n)-367.5(constrast to the v)15(erbosity of SGML, trof)25(f)-367.5(i)0(s)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(minimalist. )-250(The)-250(same table fragment ab)]TJ +16.1338 0 TD +-0.015 Tc +0.03 Tw +[(ove i)-15(s)]TJ +2.5808 0 TD +0 Tc +0 Tw +[(entered in trof)25(f)-250(as:)]TJ +/TT11 1 Tf +8 0 0 8 108 464.4 Tm +(.ds TDS \\f[CW]TDS\\f[])Tj +0 -1.5 TD +(.SH)Tj +T* +(Versions of the \\*[TDS] Protocol, by Product)Tj +T* +(.PP)Tj +T* +(.TS)Tj +T* +(LB LB LB)Tj +T* +1.2 Tc +(LLL.)Tj +T* +0 Tc +1.45 Tw +[(Product TDS)-600(Version )-725(Comment)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(_)Tj +T* +(Sybase before System 10, Microsoft SQL Server 6.x\\)Tj +3.125 -1.5 TD +(4.2\\)Tj +T* +(Still works with all products, subject to its limitations.)Tj +-3.125 -1.5 TD +(.TE)Tj +T* +(.NL)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 72 290.4 Tm +0.0277 Tw +[(Half the typing: 229 characters v)15(ersus 586 for Docbook.)-527.7(And, by minimizing the markup, it’)55(s)-277.7(easier to see)]TJ +0 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(the forest for the trees.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +[(W)40(ithout doubt, the idiosyncrasies of trof)25(f)-250(are of)25(f-putting. ’T)80(w)10(a)0(s)-250(e)25(v)15(e)0(r)-250(thus.)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.2214 Tw +(In spite of some obvious de)Tj +/TT12 1 Tf +11.9664 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +0.5 0 TD +0.2214 Tw +[(ciencies — a r)37(ebarbative input syntax, mysterious and)]TJ +-12.4664 -1.2 TD +0.3939 Tw +[(undocumented pr)45(operties in some ar)37(eas, and a vor)15(acious appetite for computer)]TJ +T* +0.0852 Tw +[(r)37(esour)37(ces $especially when used with macr)45(o)-335.3(pac)20(ka)10(g)10(e)0(s)-335.3(and pr)37(epr)45(ocessor)10(s)-335.2(lik)10(e)-335.2(EQN and)]TJ +T* +0.0016 Tw +[(TBL$ — TR)40(OFF has been the basis of document pr)37(epar)15(ation at Bell Labs for some year)10(s,)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(and is lik)10(ely to r)37(emain so for year)10(s)-250(t)0(o)-250(come)15(.)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +T* +[(—)-250(Brian K)25(ernighan,)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +8.4174 0 TD +[(A)-250(T)74(ypesetter)20(-independent TR)40(OFF)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +-13.4174 -1.56 TD +0.1685 Tw +[(The ne)25(w)-418.6(trof)25(f)-418.6(user is immediately af)25(fronted by the “rebarbati)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(syntax”. )-250(Lik)10(e)-418.5(parenthesis in Lisp and)]TJ +0 -1.2 TD +0.2157 Tw +[(whitespace in Python, though, the leading dots and tw)10(o-letter commands† pose no real problem, and)]TJ +T* +0.0164 Tw +[(quickly become “just the w)10(ay it is”.)-516.4(I)-266.4(h)0(a)20(v)20( )261.4(e)-266.4(yet to meet the user who spent se)25(v)15(eral hours with trof)25(f)-266.4(and then)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(sw)10(ore of)25(f)-250(i)0(t)-250(because of its of)25(fensi)25(v)15(e)15( )-15(syntax.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +0 -2.4 TD +[(The T)74(r)18(ouble with T)74(r)18(off)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +[(The trouble with trof)25(f)-250(i)0(s)-250(i)0(n)-250(the)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +12.3334 0 TD +[(e)20(xperience)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +4.3101 0 TD +(.)Tj +ET +0 G +1 J 1 j 0.32 w 10 M []0 d +1 i +72.03 81.99 m +144.03 81.99 l +S +BT +8 0 0 8 82 72 Tm +[(†)-250(technically)65(,)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +5.5717 0 TD +[(r)37(equests)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +3.296 0 TD +[(,)-250(o)0(r)-250(macros.)]TJ +10 0 0 10 249.545 24 Tm +[(19 No)15(v)15(ember 2020)]TJ +ET +endstream +endobj +23 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] +/Font << +/TT2 4 0 R +/TT4 5 0 R +/TT6 6 0 R +/TT11 24 0 R +/TT12 25 0 R +>> +/ExtGState << +/GS1 8 0 R +>> +>> +endobj +27 0 obj +<< +/Length 7059 +>> +stream +BT +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 282.17 744 Tm +0 g +/GS1 gs +0 Tc +0 Tw +(-6-)Tj +-18.517 -3.6 TD +0.0243 Tw +[(De)25(v)15(elopment of the trof)25(f)-274.4(U)0(I)-274.4(ceased, along with just about the whole Unix UI, 20 years ago.)-524.4(The last)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.2371 Tw +[(specialized man page vie)25(wer w)10(a)0(s)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +14.7276 0 TD +0 Tw +(xman)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.166 0 TD +0.237 Tw +[(,)-487.1(a)-487.1(t)0(o)10(y)10( )-10.1(from the MIT Athena project.)-737(Computing po)25(wer has)]TJ +-16.8937 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(increased by 3 orders of magnitude, and all we got w)10(as a really f)10(ast)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +27.1651 0 TD +(less)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.5 0 TD +($1$.)Tj +-26.1651 -1.56 TD +[(Lack of a con)40(v)15(enient vie)25(wer might be)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +15.3306 0 TD +(the)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.4717 0 TD +(central reason for documentation fragmentation.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-19.3023 -1.56 TD +[(A)25(ppearance)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0624 Tw +[(The author does not breathe who does not care ho)25(w)-312.4(the prose is rendered on the page.)-562.5(If appealing)]TJ +T* +0.0421 Tw +[(output didn’)18(t)-292.2(matter)40(,)-292.2(you’)50(d)-292.2(b)0(e)-292.2(reading this page in a monospace font on greenbar paper)40(,)-292.1(and the Zen)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(CSS Garden w)10(ouldn’)18(t)-250(e)15(xist.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-2.5 -1.56 TD +[(Con)40(v)10(enience)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.2 TD +0.1108 Tw +(While typing)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +5.7206 0 TD +(man foo)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +3.7216 0 TD +[(is surely the f)10(astest w)10(ay to get to a document, it’)55(s)-360.8(f)10(ar from the best w)10(ay to)]TJ +-9.4422 -1.2 TD +0.0103 Tw +[(peruse documentation.)-510.3(T)35(r)0(y)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +11.2425 0 TD +(man X)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.8536 0 TD +0 Tw +(or)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +1.0933 0 TD +0.0103 Tw +(man git)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +3.0381 0 TD +[(,)-260.3(for e)15(xample. )-250.1(Hyperlinks)-260.2(ha)20(v)15(e)15( )-15(their place and purpose,)]TJ +-18.2275 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(and their state of the art today is undeniably in HTML.)Tj +0 -1.56 TD +0.0761 Tw +[(But, really)65(,)-326.1(i)0(s)-326.1(that enough?)-576.2(Can we ask no more of our documentation system than that ne)25(w)-326.2(pages)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(come up when we click on the blue underlined te)15(xt?)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +0 -2.4 TD +(The Ideal Documentation System)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.1354 Tw +[(Man pages look the w)10(ay the)15(y)-385.5(do, and are used the)15(y)-385.5(w)10(ay the)15(y)-385.4(are, because the a)20(v)25(ailable softw)10(are)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(mostly emulates the state of the art circa 1976.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0957 Tw +[(Close your e)15(yes no)25(w)-345.7(and imagine a documentation system that does what you w)10(ant. )-250.1(What)-345.8(does it)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(look lik)10(e? )-250(A)-250(bit lik)10(e)-250(a)0(n)-250(e-book reader)40(,)-250(b)20(ut smarter)40(,)-250(and with a k)10(e)15(yboard.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +0 -1.56 TD +[(F)25(ast)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +5.556 0 TD +(It )Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +0.8608 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +[(nds the page quickly)65(,)-250(scrolls quickly)65(,)-250(and searches quickly)65(.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-6.973 -1.56 TD +(Accurate)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +5.5557 0 TD +[(Inde)15(x)-250(searches locate de)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +9.7296 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +[(nitions and discussions, not incidental uses of the same w)10(ord.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-15.8415 -1.56 TD +[(Con)40(v)10(enient)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +5.5562 0 TD +0.0421 Tw +[(Hyperlinks to internal and e)15(xternal references can be follo)25(wed at a k)10(e)15(ystrok)10(e)-292.1(o)0(r)-292.1(mouse click.)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +-0.0002 -1.2 TD +0.0511 Tw +[(See the description of shopt below under SHELL B)10(UIL)20(TIN COMMANDS)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +30.0354 0 TD +[(isn’)18(t)-301.2(just a sugges-)]TJ +-30.0354 -1.2 TD +0.1604 Tw +[(tion; it’)55(s)-410.4(a)0(n)-410.4(a)0(f)25(fordance. The table of contents let you jump to the rele)25(v)25(ant section.)-660.4(Inde)15(x)]TJ +T* +0.0609 Tw +[(searches can jump to the referenced use, or display a list of conte)15(xt sentences that are them-)]TJ +T* +0.0401 Tw +[(selv)15(es links into the body of the document.)-540.1(The SEE ALSO section can be searched concur)20(-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(rently with the main document.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-5.556 -1.56 TD +[(Attracti)10(v)10(e)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +5.5556 0 TD +0.0045 Tw +[(The full f)10(aith and credit of the GUI is behind it.)-504.5(Colors and font sizes are con)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +31.165 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +[(gurable.)-504.6(Gone)]TJ +-31.7208 -1.2 TD +[(are monospace fonts, e)15(xcept where the)15(y)-250(add information or mak)10(e)-250(the te)15(xt easier to read.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-5.556 -1.56 TD +(Flexible)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +5.5552 0 TD +0.029 Tw +[(There are dif)25(ferent w)10(ays and needs to read a document.)-529(Sometimes it’)55(s)-279(the )]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +30.6371 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.029 Tw +[(rst time.)-529(Some-)]TJ +-31.1924 -1.2 TD +0.0297 Tw +[(times it’)55(s)-279.7(time to dig in and really understand.)-529.7(Sometimes it’)55(s)-279.7(a)-279.7(quick lookup of an option or)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(k)10(e)15(yw)10(ord.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-5.556 -1.56 TD +(Consistent)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +5.5565 0 TD +0.0705 Tw +(Consistent document structure, consistent document placement, consistent document format,)Tj +-0.0005 -1.2 TD +0.0669 Tw +[(consistent document rendering.)-566.9(The more consistent is the documentation, the easier it is to)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(access, to understand, and to use.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-5.556 -1.56 TD +(Graphical)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +5.5555 0 TD +[(F)15(o)0(r)-250(those times when a picture or a diagram or an equation helps tell the story)65(.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +-5.5555 -1.56 TD +(Integrated)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +5.556 0 TD +0.0593 Tw +[(If documenting a command, where is the e)15(x)15(ecutable, and what does)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +27.9746 0 TD +0 Tw +(it)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.865 0 TD +0.0593 Tw +[(say about its v)15(ersion?)]TJ +-28.8396 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +(If a function, where is the object code, and where is the supporting source?)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-5.556 -2.4 TD +[(Str)18(engths of T)74(r)18(off)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0245 Tw +[(GNU trof)25(f)-274.5($grof)25(f$ already pro)15(vides all the artif)10(acts needed by the ideal documentation system.)-524.6(It can)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0764 Tw +[(output plain te)15(xt, HTML, Postscript, and PDF directly)65(.)-576.4(There are macro sets for books, reports, manuals,)]TJ +T* +-0.0001 Tc +0.0001 Tw +(and presentations. It supports HTML and PDF hyperlinks.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0 Tc +0.0036 Tw +[(Man pages, while the)15(y)-253.6(v)25(ary in quality)65(,)-253.6(already do contain all the information needed by the ideal doc-)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.2456 Tw +[(umentation system.)-745.7(The syntax — whether command-line options or ar)18(gument functions — is fully)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(described.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0017 Tw +[(Much of the po)25(wer of trof)25(f)-251.7(currently goes une)15(xploited. )-500(Unlik)10(e)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +25.5738 0 TD +0 Tw +(any)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.6955 0 TD +0.0017 Tw +[(other freely a)20(v)25(ailable documenta-)]TJ +-29.7694 -1.2 TD +0.0014 Tw +[(tion system, trof)25(f)-251.5(has b)20(uilt-in support for mathematics and graphics.)-501.4(It’)55(s)-251.4(also quite tri)25(vial to construct tables)]TJ +17.7545 -4.68 TD +0 Tw +[(19 No)15(v)15(ember 2020)]TJ +ET +endstream +endobj +28 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] +/Font << +/TT2 4 0 R +/TT4 5 0 R +/TT6 6 0 R +/TT7 7 0 R +>> +/ExtGState << +/GS1 8 0 R +>> +>> +endobj +30 0 obj +<< +/Length 6580 +>> +stream +BT +/TT6 1 Tf +10 0 0 10 282.17 744 Tm +0 g +/GS1 gs +0 Tc +0 Tw +(-7-)Tj +-21.017 -3.6 TD +[(automatically from database queries, e)25(v)15(en)-250(on)-250(the )]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +19.7857 0 TD +(ß)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +-0.065 Tc +(y.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +-20.3418 -2.76 TD +0 Tc +[(Arr)18(esting Obser)10(v)10(ation)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.255 Tw +(In 30 years, no)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +7.2129 0 TD +0 Tw +(better)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.8375 0 TD +0.255 Tw +[(system has been in)40(v)15(ented. )-250(Equi)25(v)25(alent systems, ar)18(guably)65(,)-505(perhaps,)]TJ +-10.0504 -1.2 TD +0.0918 Tw +[(depending on ho)25(w)-341.8(one rates the missing and added features.)-591.8(But no system completely sub-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(sumes the feature set, let alone impro)15(v)15(e)0(s)-250(o)0(n)-250(it.)]TJ +-2.5 -1.56 TD +[(That f)10(act alone is a testament to the durability and utility and functionality of trof)25(f.)]TJ +/TT2 1 Tf +0 -2.4 TD +[(Better Documentation Thr)18(ough T)74(r)18(off)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +[(A)-250(better vie)25(wer w)10(ould moti)25(v)25(ate better man pages.†)-500(As things stand, an)15(y)-250(discussion of “better” tags is)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0064 Tw +[(academic: while it may be clearer)40(,)-256.4(i)0(n)-256.4(some sense, to say that a bit of te)15(xt is an ar)18(gument or a function name,)]TJ +T* +0.0424 Tw +[(kno)25(wing the system will underline it or boldf)10(ace it, it’)55(s)-292.5(also one more le)25(v)15(e)0(l)-292.5(o)0(f)-292.4(indirection to learn and use.)]TJ +T* +0.0773 Tw +[(The user sees no dif)25(ference. )-250(If,)-327.3(on the other hand, the system someho)25(w)-327.4(used the f)10(act that the name is an)]TJ +T* +0.0285 Tw +[(option name and not merely emphasized te)15(xt, the author no)25(w)-278.6(has a concrete reason to pro)15(vide the informa-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(tion.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0693 Tw +[(Other systems could be brought into the fold.)-569.4(Programmatic con)40(v)15(ersion of T)70(e)15(xinfo, for e)15(xample, is)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0364 Tw +[(already supported and could doubtless be impro)15(v)15(ed. )-250(The)-286.4(content is there, e)25(v)15(en)-286.4(if)-286.4(the approach is inconsis-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(tent.)Tj +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0352 Tw +(The language-speci)Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +7.837 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0352 Tw +[(c systems, such as ja)20(v)25(adoc, can certainly be con)40(v)15(erted to trof)25(f)-285.3(man pages with a)]TJ +-10.8931 -1.2 TD +0.1774 Tw +[(certain amount of patience and willingness to mak)10(e)-427.4(assumptions. )-250(Continuous,)-427.4(automatic con)40(v)15(ersion is)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(probably not feasible; a one-time con)40(v)15(ersion with touch-ups is.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0601 Tw +[(Arbitrary formats usually in f)10(act ha)20(v)15(e)15( )-15(suf)]TJ +/TT7 1 Tf +16.8409 0 TD +0 Tw +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.0601 Tw +[(cient information to mak)10(e)-310.2(a)-310.2(creditable con)40(v)15(ersion to man)]TJ +-19.897 -1.2 TD +0.01 Tw +[(page format.)-510(Y)110(our humble author produced man pages from Sub)15(v)15(ersion help te)15(xt. )-250(Someone)-260(else con)40(v)15(erted)]TJ +T* +0.0355 Tw +[(SQLite’)55(s)-285.5(web documentation to man pages.)-785.5(The standard structure of a man page lends itself to program-)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +(matic generation if a little boilerplate is tolerable.)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +0 -2.4 TD +[(My Kingdom f)25(or a V)37(iewer)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +(The )Tj +/TT7 1 Tf +1.9346 0 TD +(Þ)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +0.5562 0 TD +0.1298 Tw +[(rst step in correcting an)15(y)-379.9(problem is recognizing it.)-629.9(No one who has e)15(xamined the state of)]TJ +-4.9907 -1.2 TD +0.0588 Tw +[(Unix documentation w)10(ould defend it as satisf)10(actory)65(,)-308.8(much less ideal.)-558.8(F)15(o)0(r)-308.8(that last 15 years, the answer to)]TJ +T* +0 Tw +[(the w)10(ay forw)10(ard has been hands in pock)10(ets while whistling a happ)10(y)-250(tune.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +[(Let’)55(s)-250(not k)10(eep our light under a bask)10(et an)15(ymore.)]TJ +T* +0.0343 Tw +[(Despite being the best we ha)20(v)15(e)0(,)-284.4(such as it is, trof)25(f)-284.3(has untapped capacity)65(.)-534.3(That capacity goes unreal-)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0.0337 Tw +[(ized because it is, literally)65(,)-283.7(unrealized: it almost ne)25(v)15(e)0(r)-283.7(appears on screen.)-533.7(T)80(o)80( )-80(the e)15(xtent that trof)25(f)-55(’)55(s)-283.8(typeset-)]TJ +T* +0.0075 Tw +[(ting capacity is re)25(v)15(ealed in PDF form, it’)55(s)-257.5(also)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +18.8573 0 TD +0 Tw +[(tr)15(apped)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +3.3533 0 TD +0.0074 Tw +[(there, in a system that is slo)25(w)-257.4(t)0(o)-257.4(load and render)40(,)-257.4(ill-)]TJ +-22.2106 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(suited for searching, and generally not inte)15(grated into the rest of the system.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +(Put)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +1.6614 0 TD +(man)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.8892 0 TD +($1$,)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +1.7434 0 TD +[(inf)25(o)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +1.642 0 TD +($1$,)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +1.7434 0 TD +(xman)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.3892 0 TD +($1$,)Tj +/TT2 1 Tf +1.7434 0 TD +(xpdf)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.9453 0 TD +0.0774 Tw +[($1$, and your f)10(a)20(v)20(orite web bro)25(wser into a blender)55(.)-577.5(Render man)]TJ +-17.2573 -1.2 TD +0.004 Tw +[(pages in proportional font directly)65(,)-254.1(not through Postscript or PDF)80(,)-254.1(t)0(o)-254(s)0(a)20(v)20( )249(e)-254(time. )-250(Assign)-254(k)10(e)15(ys to jump to sec-)]TJ +T* +0.1092 Tw +[(tion headers.)-609.2(Automatically search the SEE ALSO section.)-609.3(Mak)10(e)-359.3(i)0(t)-359.3(easy and enjo)10(yable to follo)25(w)-359.3(links,)]TJ +T* +-0.0002 Tc +0.0002 Tw +[(forw)9.8(ard and back again.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0 Tc +0.1068 Tw +[(In f)10(act, today’)55(s)-356.8(bro)25(wser has the functionality to interpret and render trof)25(f)-356.8(documents. )-250(No)-356.8(need for)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(HTML or PDF)80(.)]TJ +2.5 -1.56 TD +0.0518 Tw +[(Build it, and the)15(y)-301.8(will come.)-801.9(A)-301.9(better vie)25(wer will engender better documentation, and a better user)]TJ +-2.5 -1.2 TD +0 Tw +[(e)15(xperience. )-250(One)-250(day)65(,)-250(perhaps the)15(y)-250(will say:)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +2.5 -1.56 TD +[(I)-250(switc)15(hed to your system because at least I could under)10(stand it)]TJ +/TT6 1 Tf +25.3319 0 TD +(.)Tj +ET +0 G +1 J 1 j 0.32 w 10 M []0 d +1 i +72.03 91.95 m +144.03 91.95 l +S +BT +8 0 0 8 82 82 Tm +[(†)-250(The)]TJ +/TT4 1 Tf +2.6017 0 TD +(mdoc)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +2.463 0 TD +0.047 Tw +(macro package has much better support for semantic tags $and therefore more)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +31.94 0 TD +0 Tw +(meaningful)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +4.7965 0 TD +(tags$)Tj +-43.0512 -1.25 TD +(than the “standard”)Tj +/TT4 1 Tf +7.9688 0 TD +(man)Tj +/TT6 1 Tf +1.9722 0 TD +(macros that GNU and Linux half-heartedly recommend.)Tj +10 0 0 10 249.545 24 Tm +[(19 No)15(v)15(ember 2020)]TJ +ET +endstream +endobj +31 0 obj +<< +/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] +/Font << +/TT2 4 0 R +/TT4 5 0 R +/TT6 6 0 R +/TT7 7 0 R +>> +/ExtGState << +/GS1 8 0 R +>> +>> +endobj +8 0 obj +<< +/Type /ExtGState +/SA false +/SM 0.02 +/OP false +/op false +/OPM 1 +/BG2 /Default +/UCR2 /Default +/HT /Default +/TR2 /Default +>> +endobj +32 0 obj +<< +/Type /FontDescriptor +/Ascent 750 +/CapHeight 676 +/Descent -250 +/Flags 262178 +/FontBBox [-168 -218 1000 935] +/FontName /Times-Bold +/ItalicAngle 0 +/StemV 133 +/XHeight 461 +/StemH 139 +>> +endobj +33 0 obj +<< +/Type /FontDescriptor +/Ascent 750 +/CapHeight 653 +/Descent -250 +/Flags 98 +/FontBBox [-169 -217 1010 883] +/FontName /Times-Italic +/ItalicAngle -15 +/StemV 76 +/XHeight 441 +/StemH 76 +>> +endobj +34 0 obj +<< +/Type /FontDescriptor +/Ascent 750 +/CapHeight 662 +/Descent -250 +/Flags 34 +/FontBBox [-168 -218 1000 898] +/FontName /Times-Roman +/ItalicAngle 0 +/StemV 84 +/XHeight 450 +/StemH 84 +>> +endobj +35 0 obj +<< +/Type /FontDescriptor +/Ascent 750 +/CapHeight 662 +/Descent -250 +/Flags 34 +/FontBBox [-168 -218 1000 898] +/FontName /Times-Roman +/ItalicAngle 0 +/StemV 84 +/XHeight 450 +/StemH 84 +>> +endobj +36 0 obj +<< +/Type /FontDescriptor +/Ascent 701 +/CapHeight 0 +/Descent -298 +/Flags 4 +/FontBBox [-167 -299 1094 827] +/FontName /DLPJCL+Symbol +/ItalicAngle 0 +/StemV 0 +/FontFile2 37 0 R +>> +endobj +37 0 obj +<< +/Filter /FlateDecode +/Length 20022 +/Length1 39360 +>> +stream +H‰äW}tÕ¿ovgvfwv8žDH8‡ÖŠPÁ„‚%ÅÀ‰©iœ–C9Ìî¾ÍŽÌ~03K6´JJ¤„¯šb ¥©Õ”Ò”Rj)B“È‡Ø¢"-ß" R +‚˜Æ@zßìì&@§Ö?óÞ™ùÝß»÷½¹÷¾÷fÞ€~xsBö#Þ{ß™EóÈØ:ÇohQ`z ?À[q`¾™÷=YœŒ|77!4…îÃ:cŠEƒ¾»l)ò‘•O†âå‘Ö{ÞÜðøf´‡r2”Õïãák†¢}S˜*ÁcÛV7¬A>&Œ òîY€…hCÃ3¹Æ]Z…üGÞc Ã$®ª‡u ^Óbe`Î§q¼7Ð§§#J2.–P^F}^„šÊÛ‰/‰ÕAqCT‰ÐPqPœ8â:_Êëß°mÄËq=¯Ü7ý«ëBýWÁá¬#«€'·[†#®H!9 +÷A'ô*èâ‡dÎ·¦x¼R7åŽn¾áZ€°ž²4öê’wÿåì‡ñ°–ra´Àl8Ošá²F¥¨¡Úð#`4:Z ÂV¼fq{±GFÁ®¦BZ5Ç âØ¾†´€›È5‘õÐÀ-$/ÀLÈ…»œ-p¾›È‡—¸Ùð˜s1.^Ä^ÙÄ@&qS9Nª‡«Î±0…ŸÛ`4BÄq–›í*‚’€0…“0Ær~X ~n)l‡ƒd9DÞ%¥ÜØEºÈ~RÌ³ânÇHZø-0›¸¤` L§#¥/F}.Üþ³+„±ïå×cüÓÈì5 +ÖÁjl_Åü&dõŽèI>¼%XïF^¬š/]ð”ÂA~&4 ‡s,ÝG3ÉG©šo#Œ×;úÃ{d0†8ïâfKp¬MüÜ!®ªá*WÍo&Ça%ßˆùèOøjÎOR9™ +¥ürÔÜ†™‚8g$®ð¥ð*ÁeãÜ¼œÉÍküYNæ¦A8Ï_ ä^áËB3éà«†2ZxºH¾°Œ|BŸëÇ.þ~÷ÂE€Ûo6ƒž °Ç(Hà$ÅÄ º>wÓqàøbl¯A¾¢kc½km\gãOll°ñ9×Ûø¼/8''ôØOÅéqCÕbÑQ/ +5š0éÏ$—P´ bHW¦‹þ\T£!5ªš•BH‹éjôÎ€–ð¿ä +ªJÿà~Éão˜n¾Ìq%H_‘]Uøcf¸)%j4dþÊe‰‰øF·%è*ÒcÑMB–ë”þFŠk ƒyc4 àð¿•Q¡˜T·üÚ,Fš©ÆµÊßÉì÷+¦3m‹'Ž>¨ŠTC¡ßþ„¦Qs«Tç«Aúã¶º¿êAPç+è=JÇHZšm"Õ4büÉc¹5Ÿê&Mn—-Æ¸Ðä_©ª”£7fBîäq¤x¸E|³5[þ,–ÚÒ.OU©n˜ºb»}Uh4íû_Ü)Î‚mi$nVÔl“Õ(Æ‰a³˜ÚùDá5[ìFÍ=>†4šLó½Æf$ü(î“Ó¦Œí—Ó†Œ½î¢øx5¸Y.Rò¼-×è_År] ªØð7¯NËUÃrBWC}üÁµæÊâoú0š (ú\‹¿åÂóm h‡\Á˜QÌð;n-VÎZði‡Ó² þ]²å˜þTjƒ~-–#ÆÖËQwš%âÇ¼iÙòäxÆ-œ.-¶€FËéIÉŠ…u>%g¢P¢Æ»Þž žööÄ€ô=ÉHDÐaÌô¶„h”`ÆÏöš<×Cüæû^?îŒ¹ÔL~Ð›Òä‡½©ß<ïa”¦Lÿ)gHD ^èQùÍ¹,B“y\“½ä¶¢±¼þHdË§H»ìNKfüJF¦É3²ß¼*[¾Z=Íø'½Mvôb~óß>ÛUÛ¶óN“ŸÞÀýfWÊ}Ûúš·‡a4×{)ýf·ëk©7Mú .ë]œv¹r£ææšêé¾ÌAl÷–ÉºKàËø2ÆœÖåÔQ¾¥:ulogÕu‡Øî©u7yj¥=R«wV*n±=¤Ælp×x‡»;åY{ä¹Ä;œÝ=áÞ•qyƒ¼Á÷ ïp–QOXjÄž™ñ]çø"¦—ëV½:# )þpÞ)8N®ho e¾Ò„t¼Ñi0Ú5Ù`äºc6ˆÃêV`Õ~&€”Š/èŒ‘!Fz|ó{ëñeŽ´.·)_îL3B˜ìžÏwä,±öªâv!£dmË[çYžFF>êõ¡.UÓFzBÕõá?.“Êw¨í¯UxÇÏÅíÙj8Ô¨¸1ûÓªƒ'ý²#ÜmŸtèúÈ¶¶ñÃ/zŠ©"2Ö¸¨Å!ä +ñ" ¬Qg–ïòœ9êõ©¾ÎÅk§¯ìÊe›â\VÃšÐÇÚ.5—9Ê=·Ú…ÎrW•„ŒÅJ½gi¿*:ªåšk}ÔßAª{ËjI<9§™ç«>S_§Ê’è P'Ëö±£LgwÚ<9‰¶Á'Úäf72*IÆ@ƒ3¼ÉGÇ›ž›ð5;$\Já†0Ï¾Ø‚…ËQ·4Ux½N‘Óc0¾^Ú<ÓS>Ñ1ÄX÷îÞ*óæÿ!qínÄáD#€o0ÿZ#I2uübñ¤Q"Èè!€¬8Ö û3Üc †yüõO[yìKæÑ%Z´¸è2jV{¾‘Ç›<-;€ëóqAzÍT†œtãÉM’ .,\Ø:çDÖÛ8UAYæõú)ø×Q<Üx÷ž‚w5WÊëÄ.}>ÜõÂø žyå{ž(]ò“C_;wŽÝ¨Ó×®ï’ý5æ§æ£¾ìÍK%ýB Ážó§¦¶_’"²£çcÒø%‹Á*uóñ}ïAgœ}>É˜9k7¼´«¾Œ=³ÚR…ëzv¼¶·6Ñ3zZ|EÛ–£ý=»VœôÌÎþ:q®+Þå‹xÚùHÙ³0ý[gÑñË¯»~Õ{eUMî=Q_pA¨Éuí Ö’Ai’ÈuS«ÎZØÆ>Ø’—\×µ‰¥.ª3ŠBÄX×”Ë±"\{«Å²Î½îQb™-–Úîå¡7Ù››Iîˆún'å¤ÔF‡9Cù¶HÅMO»p +¤‹–:°ÔD‡…Ñ]æõ#£Ê»=È(¤Èéî0tssÉÆèÑ¨¨3Ü`Täò$#b„a±SßiF[?Ä-ÃHÆ³-ÕV•óGsÅ2)mˆ|Ø°’Ÿ,µEAªJ1Â ÆirMFbT‡žNu.¸mÃÐ°6#"ð¢Ñ¶Ã•w€v'…€ì0s<&Â$˜ Ÿ_Ù3áq˜OÁXÏâwÍJXuð +„a4A+´Á^ØïÂûÐ SpÎÃe¸ÿ†Ab!òÉ'?$SÈ£ÄOÊÉ2ŸT“gÉJò2ÑH˜¼JZÈNòÙGÞ&ÉŸI9F>&§I/¹@.‘«ä?”PµQ'Í¥n:†>D¦*-£³é<ú4ý¤KîA}ž®¤/Ò:ºn¡¯Ñ6ú;ú}vÑOèúýí£ý4ÁÌ,‹}=Àd6–MdSY›Á‚ìI¶€-e/°Õ¬ž½ÊZX{“½Ã±ÙIvšEÙEv… pÊE>‚»ù>™Oá?æ¥ü1þ4_ÊŸç/ñz¾‘oæÛù¾¿ËÿÄòxïä‡ù1~‚ÂOñ^åç—øeãÿäÿâü:4Q“Ù”aÊÂê$ì@Å†ÙEÔ¢GÑ3aø§zê5ìØÏàâœ“Ô;ƒç\~¢Uç… føBÈ¶liý1i«Î +c£`ÖnDS”\Bâ$“C’ÒIÎ`ƒLüÑÝ +eÓÖþ1Î±Á©š6“¦b+L©ž`#¨nnïíÊ/m«´½H‘¼»w¿÷ý¾ïsçÞÐÚ 2¬Fãèô„î°äêÛöÛ–íã7v[WuëË;–˜%1†˜ÿ€±ìEé.lY„å–‰U›Jë_€¢hòšÖ™Îîa²9à¥Ë¼¨ÄúbÑjI%‡$Æ)®·û5½áÀbä™ €óI—±,‹¨/=dšÕÄôP'—ž~ÊÕÀ,M»Eh¡Ç§Ãf{lx™)qá‡‘Y¸`XjõC+³\hk®ÉY.ˆŽZf¡Ã˜íÖ.ÞÓYÔ)6(ÛÒz,ê—ôÃãìHÆ9¿ÍçeŽlß¹d`™Ea¿…Ýdñ‚j DjÑ5Á²¾õ0K%ën»méÎÔS¨°êUËRµ.›ó«†!/³qÆœÐêÓ™åìÍK–K×ëmgÊ'tXå0”à•0ä,³( Š{JMqCƒÇUî„ˆ¤Ó»(>{J‚9#gAç¶ÆÙ¤ÏÁHÜ8™´_¿ü¹œE†¨E>eSKÆ»y!#Š<|xN’mÇ,|ÞÒª®çõÉÒ"û ˜ãóÙ¾cÇô-øÙšï,ìâ*zhâ¶%¶n7˜%iŽ,Yf+eG›½±®ô8µ†ß—4j/öÚÀ(NÔJÁãë}¾1=väüjhw¹\e0çžîReuEÊÍÏ ³Ú‹‡Kº^)>?t³1‰î;ùÖ±›¬±iÉ‘P‹úEÍ$• n-È¼HÏ”!£6#ýSÙœåÙ‘ÎÍâùª ÀGwÒ9´i¤ËUÐ?8*M:kC¥K‹]\E½‘ÑR_ÕÖíZ˜Wš¶™|[s¹¨²,~-‘\nÃ²T^ÖöjÕÑ^·©¬n¨0Œöµ˜Ñ¸‡ZjË˜åÌ®”¦xÍ½ð\ÿ e±•Ÿs¹Ó¯ŽnÒÒ‘`úß)sµ]ø³Z,”Ò3}g>Ìªœ#:f‡Î 3Ù•_@ Ëò„MÛè³—ñäÐeÜDcLmFhpÔ +–¾lÀ¬ê3ù‰¥u¸eB¡–Öm&gYF#I4É¼ÿˆèe–2ÁP{´õÊ¶¹”‚[$ÍøŠ5/ÑøO`°¬Öy˜Yº@UYñ-Ð µÆlž¸KI¿:96åÖ©%ø¢’Éì&®êD·e1#ŠÃ{im»¨c•EGAúéºdTÜ`YžÖCþ:;¿ïš|¼tõ‹Ô³‡ÜèñCÆÅ0”·°‹i¼ŒLìð0‹G-BÎR—¨¥rlÊé/óOo?9ÑTM-=Â/íà¥ÆÍ€=¾‡ÅømÈ™L¤ÀZcÈ\¸&UKƒúdQWq‹—6B4',…xiN¦éžYÎ.³Ä°ÊG¦zê%C:š\Ôö¶…N/Íc +BÑnB÷Jjé’:ˆk¯´g¡¢Ç\ÖÁòØÚËåîŽ—+Ç~á[S1îñ?ÿç7¢±ùê§¾uþÜ©ÍÉ EÇð^/Ñ5–ŠèIÐA#„þ +íhÐž%-eO¯oþèÝ_ÂêŠ0h¶ÍcŠ2’~=óy¬ót¯L¸ºW²œ,¨Z„Öü1¼íÖ°ãñ‘ZR×Í+Æ®ƒ1ûœ—Žå7š¿˜f<›Ï6öšãÙcY±1ÐëÏfö¬¹¨Èj¦hæ/¡ÊH2VQüOÞßh‡X,âžOýî•t¶W"ÐØAÿhìÛ³\®³,jã–xì±Ðf{¢[å»û +û‹¹ Ó&gióûÆ¼¥Àþ‘e9À·½À,·ÏbX¼¬xXþú>M«Éõ4êdö°,<ÙÆŸï$ë+j +ýé#±ÇºG+ÔÿLÎ¿AéÔXµOÉ-f9Î¶nf—,´û¯,êC-÷¿ÕÝ–“Î—©Ë÷ì^¨ã×¦¨GÁ9¢ +ºÑ–[¸»:?¨Ùï´õ{YPJß”·?à^KËCGÍ·Ü Ô0Aæ©¥/K«æÿwš=÷_÷B •¿Z½Ûbè¡…ÜKÇîU°ÜçDww+XÖÉªe)MXfù_¶‡ž+ïÝP©xÕñÿcùâø¼Eø-˜†Ã#ðiZÍ×Ãç¡ ¶Òã“ð4=Ìt@ì… !/ÁQ8¯Àiø5üÎÀ,\€÷à}øÜ€E´•"/zÕ¡zÔ„¾Œ¾†v£ï¡4ŽŽ è—è·h½…ÞE—ÐUôtlÇ¥x ^‹Ü€›ñðø)ü Ü…¿¿‹{ñ0žÀSxÿ¿ŽßÄ ü6þNá«ø:^$Ed%YED"}Uä³ä1ROHi'Ïò9@FH”L“SäMò;’$ïwÉûä¯ärƒd¹"ÎÁ¹¸n-·‘kæ¾Ä=É¹}Ü÷¹!n’û1÷3îWœÁ½Í½Ç¥ÿE{ÕEu]ásï»ïíÛÜ·)«efß.‹‚ŠHZˆT6(DíÁhjgdˆ•L'Q›V§FØèîQ@%‘ÖŸV:ÓhgêÄ¤- ¨ÑÑ™LkgÌ@[cÒŽ;QÆŸ×s/¢Æh:æž=ïí»?ç|÷Üßý‹]a·dUN’uyšÇ+ªVœS àÀÿã€«s¬XGÅú±EÒ5ÚÐ¢l„Û2[*ÖäíyŽ5®(˜£ +«¼…˜©™0Šm¥‡é?÷Ä{#Â8:Nh"ub*Qñ +„¿øÇ1Q'ãå6ÉN°…“÷•GûN„Pþ-â ;XZ¡Vj%‰¸^¬€ŠñTâqJ &. DÂ8K(X‚£ àÕ–ÚÀ$‹2ñ4ó¸)X £‰¯cƒkÆUŒCÞÿù±YôXvˆÿ?¹lÈ¦¨G‡¾5¿ÜA˜þ¸‘hcÎ¥‡ qálï›3tØ˜áÞ¸að›xÊ¿ßõ] YKåC‘ñôÅ‘ä4èÝ-iŽÈzíA îÜGS Fœ<6ˆß,4aV©Pj“<É›à¶o8s—‘Ú:ñZN/j,ð„cIrÏÂK³¡’Aò¤œüœ@zá±êÍ5ÖÍ}gŽ;åÓ¡¾.ã¼~T;àB$aÆ ñk‹¸¯ÙHu·é _çƒ¢úƒ-Lm¶ÄÏI¤oÓ+ 7%·W¯¹ÒAGbâÉË»r{;"Qc©<&=¥Y‘”f®Ïzk +_ÄÍëa¥!õ•èãÍN§¯¬%¬uíîð« ¹ƒÄ> Á ]-©kwô$„4hH«’[ÃuôV"9>a™¿¬*³47JëC¯/öŒ")ÉÔIâŸ¯gEé¶^pµ‡öwi.—JC%ßÚú´`_Ô’”T¬• Tî®/@$KïÑñóïW¥½µ³¨ïO»‹ÛÒÌº¦*Sš´Ö8XHd§'•îÏ§e²´uéÆg«27¿ïî;rõêµ~V´*k‡¯Xúˆ³üPë«± ÿ¿Irì¹ÿ°#Ö®Û;ÆÏl›P}Q£Ö[òZ.´cûžµ<ñQ¡V®û}!ŽdËEó«¢ë};V®Ë*oÍªì4O¬ »²Öïï¯5‡¶Øv§½7ÁdÔå¤¬n.\~ )]Ó}…Lõ©Esež¥†oÉ±ÇhiÜÓQæp5ÎÏ?Ì‘,KÞRê=¹ÓÞé1Åñ^ ’__(œíðµÔû"þXÉdË i^}‰[å£Žï©ˆþVñU”Ïž® $Mª2í<&%2+®«„Î"ÛËí'«²\.Ms«vCËX¸Ñ‘NÊÛòŠC`æ1HÖ'm¹ž6]23Hßmú{Ä«U_ÔM½%ÏZDâq–LÀÑQ5¯dš@ˆvFî qhù*éN¾Ö×ÕÄçÉdÝ»äßÆÑñÌ³½<ïlU¶@VÕt=cnxF¬ªØÓ +Žä‹á«–¦e5¨ˆä7½Ó£^ÝåÕWÚÞ¡ÕûšN3Ÿ±ÍkÖCú¹—‚°5þ°8ÚYâó•‹ÇDW‹ÁŸ|uÃSaPc)ˆÆ‚_;µÕ—ªKpí¤'éº/ÄLý~-F"n1:Þ@ø<™6cmÞ¼<(@${9’øÛ4²;=`gôså›FŸ¸T]¬IžOõÑP»¿ ‹Žo%£ù«‚0&ÏHÂ=Vx"ñs§Iøz`,O ©/ýfH*‡?ìƒüw¯U®I›˜SRýo/Ç0’ºÇ…„àu á» +“QM,È…™Èªx,” ³*ƒça1Æþ§ð3XŽÜêUø%¼ 7`32¬tÂxùÕQ8}‚a}ŸÃ—p‹Èxovq“‰d22\Àk.yŽ, ?!Uä%RC^%kIyD‘ym%ÛIÙEö‘·ÉÈ»¤‡#³ä/ä<ù'ù7¹L¾$7ˆA2jyâ¤.dtšJ'Ó)4›Î¼n¤Õt]M×Ò¦éVÚ†Ìnr»ýô ý#=JÑ³ôí§é ’(²»$)EòIOJÙRž`fåÈÍ*¥ji9²³:)"5IÍÈÑÚ¤˜ô;éÔ%”Î K;' O”®I7©cÈÖÌÌÆìÌÉY +s3/›È&±ï±i,“e³–Ë~Èü¬€ÍF™Ò}ì@úF\J¢ŒßçÁ„,ÁŒÜ !ˆ/&TÂ›¾÷‘0_Üê±oõÈ7Ì8‹T´cBe ¾‘+3/ž«òrÎÌ`˜›0dH¼·§ +þÀyW°>ž¸a~!Û¼…*0Qîû1p)móÞPdsÈ"‡E°6± ûÊûÉyf±I&¬3Ìÿ,ÈsÇ‚{xg¼ÿ\¬XÓ$aD„}¡ +Æk„¥Êwy¬BÎhùˆ0•!YeâÉË\¿¦Q.…¬Ê¸Íy«ôÚã_Þ£m³¾¦ÌÏ/Ï"i_Y®‹JTTÊ½Òª&6î|ÚüÊª÷'Iœ™ñ/<¶M£GÍåá ýÚâ[ÓÐt]ø~ó_ÈïJ‹nžè +ö,ü›†Ay²5tùR7îÔO õ]ûÇ/R7}|ùò¯ŒÏM›^1t`õ~l˜"€°ÿ;5ê±z]ü'¥ŽÅ©íÌ È©;tdgLãøÈ~JÜ0«ý:Ó…ßXéòt$¶3öÎkF¦D~¼"½±8+òy?È~aïSÿ#¿|€£¨î8þ{ïmv/¸æ6!ÈF3ÞŽ4Q¤KPIÿH6™$BMT´ÿ–ÒRÆ Â(Jw$@Ž†0Ô¦%hGp°lgè^ÎaÂLF¤#Ž´Âv¬Fm§‰·ý½ÝKr vjý3Ç÷nÿ¾?¿ßïóö·÷Ý +õDh/A»aAÁ¾eÜT»?Vƒ¾ç¶6mÎÀíš‡«|‘fŒ Í¯Ëq¹tÒ-¹•;j:Jòî/Š»ÇËŠOÔA]Óü3so6¬åµ“®¹ý|ÁÜ¢ÚysköKE—ÌÐÆì œ^Òñê÷K*«oê_úÁ¶‚‡._©aæ¿±¼i˜Úãñ|Sò—4{û”œC…Å=e33Ö¾“éuÝ5<3GãÛn<:¿²£¤¸íNÒyÛÜÓ¿6ž€ºÈ¾’9Á“í¼¶;gUÛŒª#Âî·Ûô5ß¬@& ’yïûÕßžy¹ºäpG¡ÝXsà˜¦Îi¾¸¶'C3¯ßõ âXŒ‹n™ôØƒÕEÁpÈÜ£í¸w]7¾?yø½g>7¿¢£¤JØ µó¶DuoßëÇêš×•l?ò±þI1Þª¢Èª¹5{¤lÕ–²Ñnèàû«åVÕè(X|bcmaO+Ý^%Ò=y×çáÐî~€À‡¹v¤øPa‹4_3'¸cçWïÍÙýr—Y§î¼Ùw Ë×WSÝkl€í%ÛÍ“í)ÚSÙTPŠ„vÝ|Ï¡ìÜ#MÑî”í÷=Y}p~‚Ü€vkº ¶FþõK"^t×Ï•äK{ï‡ÆUDÚrÍp‘¹!×\òp'Í†ú§D¼[n8j¢°Í[ëoóÝ§¦Ÿ å[½[Ûë¯ÿÅéñ¡½~øÄÛï¬|»ôÊÑ;pº¸£ûÎêWm}òÂÔ]·.jé‚Ò2ðÍÔÄúæì˜Vù‘AäÛjŸ)]q~ìnw}“õ!SØ‰ë;A +Uò ;JòŠ‹"{½üÍLåâG)$Ì>‚ +M*‚&Of‰Ù´†òÔ$vª¯&Ò¬Òbšh&1®”Î4v3”¡]Ztjo¡æÞ‘SvÓó}°àœ¤Q±ñoOØµ=»+²D›‘Ê#>lwðf'£fÍO+ÏÆ.XaéOIå@PKB1L†©¨¦¦C)ê©2ÔS³ î‚¹p7ê©À"X÷ÁrXzêX›à§°Úá°À8 +Ï£¦:î*ª3pÞDMõ>$À!Œ\E²Éµ¨ª& ®*"7¡²šNn#åd©&ßBuµ€|Xd Y†úêA²†¬'M¤™´m¨°v’=¤‹–’"(ñ¿=5‚Ï=J¨QñŠRwc$¯FU!Æ ® Þ8oìà™huŒ{×k‘Ý–WGEÂ¨Bqsçó¬g¸{Q%ï(ôRZ‹gÉçõG»TØþôJJh#ôX—zåVô}¶àF¥!”4ešÉD»Ÿfº¾yU¬îLT\"nšâ†™ æ“².Ú‘•†+C[øÔdPÁ“IŠ$f”˜„¾xûÑƒ€`Ð*òØkq÷&èÈ.‡ñî‹hÓgóŠøâ«ª‰3üßñCµü%)A±ñáë†²>Ö¢¡T¸vø»à$¾4,j`$‹#ACÏ…|ïÛ÷…bÁ?ÅØfÁ‚AÃ'XHoEÿ¿,¬ÿyÿäÆˆP‡£XhªFì‹ÆÏ“Åú(6ø‡¬ç_ÑÃN} þ‡b^yË›Œ$üYÇ‡§©c&¾ ÓXPãR7d¡~ŒÉ‡Ê’þ/Eµ ÛŒiFjl|¨ùL*^bk£GŠ Ì8J×‘…»{Å)Ûº‘¼bäpÑåô/…ŒHcáwÞðX(Î¢f~ÅÉ_pÝníF»°DþúG™òµ×æs}Z é:Žß¡‹ÞMH +ÄJÔIú“e¨ÅB9wÏ`€‘Î+0g À—Ûåô¯—L‰<ˆÃ¯Ü +‹=²„,šYôÁÌ YÙªÚøÝ%JáÂGÏ&˜Ò×àt´)ï ¹É2«—©Ô°-‰ð|CÒ ±v¿:s{ÔyÉ:"Û ±Ð‡žuâd}È=Œñ¯™xRd‰N‹Ó‡ÛLŸr/†é 4¬²òŠ,2Ø0ºdpÉ²¬úªF}‹Ôû‚OÄaTŸ!Å?ÏKæ0‹K°!Hê ÝÍÅ>yZóÊ|E‚(9Ò£¥¼gÜ0l^*Ó@Üší²°³ˆ=¹T2tK·Œh‹¬fsÎÂ=°`a§šÎ"4ÉóÏïpÇê¼vL#.:-O(ÄÓXÓ²ÆÙŒ¡[dÓÔˆ6ÑÔôà³}¶aåw m4‹°9‹l"rk¹Çbìå÷®`ÑmévÂˆŠA³oi-Qý*áÌx% ŒË×u¡T†Eº¥2•èQî±°T¨GSU‹¢l,¸>È"¡OkÌRÎö…Ÿí–. –Ö #¾þ-µTéÿ°;à´è¶"¦n"Y×ƒ¹Â¶\Ï+L—‚Ä™ôÕ#XÄ.IÖqà*ô=$¸Îd`€9›²ì\³2“çq=…à"Xpd1;ÑÛÐ[cû\ãÅ†A$/˜:—ƒåÂØ‚FW'G°8{ImèeJdS¥QC³ÃÍ áº©’Ž¹d«>ZÙe™YÍåÅÈâßä×_lGðov·»ëtíÛs‚™#—ÜÆ Q"˜#%q¥T·vCÂˆ< R×I”€„ÚK_0¢²ç|§ó!¹Í‰¿®¨‘ªöµ !ñ‚Øë¥¾V2iûf©}8cPÊC•*ÈE7|³»÷Çµ“¶ $æÁ{¾ÛýÍì÷}ãÈòA³Û¡…ë,8•ÒéÊÔhÕëZlZü™dZdÍOâ}Ç‰-èÑZ<²Œ@UZ|-Ì¢&-Øò*ì&ÞôaÍ×½·j5œ¥sÆßåÙÚ÷¯žR—}¥öÎ\êI´`cÃÙ¥áÅ‰«çf–t¦gÌ«ÒÂÂ‡ÐñýoåÈMq³eâ¥w›øÒc¸ÓÍÒB Ö¬‰u=óÖ5Æ˜¶×¢ >Y6ÞãRr½ÑT9U°pdÒÂqJvµ”ÕÆG«,²Èˆšæ”®ÅŸÍ%·ùÈ¼ê~ÚÅ›-£;¯®z†R"³ZxÌû”õTQ—³g×Ð‚M-ªÓ5î£…ufë-te6xx]ûÂyz,»×1tJÇ¬ìRBÍcl[V™Î¬5Ž&Þ€^Á]AN½-ÞoÛà¸òÑ]Ò3ñqn†Äu-¶˜]´ÒïX,h£…9ßÆÓ\¨â‰.¤ãlÈËwÄíY8ÒBˆŽ†{ÑBÖ^Qˆ¤†›Y¨ÎOFåºÃH/Z±E/ÜJ. ÚùÂŠê?‚±“Ðç‘…×dáºài±‰Ã +)Çy„Ò¸5kÉ¹ÅNŸ€´PÂl Â\£Ò¢IËTŸÞf1³hü¡‹º->°.]æF/ÔWyc»,c'ßj™`-¤Ê´$-pEgá@]¬¼°-0˜‚i?[âd¡garbÕ¹¯úY- +øpL§žÇÂxÁQ6qPZDõ¥uîÖ†-çá(§úJh!ÀÓû”æ½YëÔi‘ßÙ"Y cçŒ]qëïÝjÏ¿!ºñâÐI|HªM= -úñÂVë>áýù×1§~ £Å”@7²ÀìiN¼ž0ûN?^x¯21§â”Ù‘Å'E0hgÐ‚¾Ê›±…•]èYx$Ú¥8h1Y‚UYwJVóyÍ°œtl¡IJ ‚g¡ƒ¬LÕU+[z8Ž7óòd³ØŒb§Ì©©„Ákk›Ü•'»ydêt˜G˜e:«+DQ¼`êF–#îÖZ×0‹Œ¬à«n”G¸‘µ–´Ø…î¤;G +'ÒZ§Ì¹³…ýÇÚ¯± Â›)8\ÃRÙ9 -|Y1È×Äb¬ -p?‚&ó›|FZD5¸ojh‘6ið1Æö,~ÇÞtÎj'ÑâGÓì«´X¶f~¶WeÞ…ìòcÙFÞÂ²&ªµ5·H1žèÖ…3ÖÁ]ëÕZóà:~ñÚdkð2V»ÑëÖCÈb€¬Á,úõE’LaéŽnd±[ÆÎRla©M-XKì×ñŠ"Œè3Wþ±¤NÔññë‹²îÄ{¹»Ì_ƒ‹zdayþeŽµ„cE{3?ÓF‹Äõú á{8ûdIŽ<ÓÎ¿ÉÖÆ¦Mzü¹£#Þü R¤›GËÔŸÍ¥_ÊÍÍ—×ç¢\nVÐš#àõêN,eÝ‰µ^ØpS%×On|Öø¹Üc©’ +$\Ö<¬;‡ål.hOZh²W‡÷ëÎ]° /“ªì´HF%i!ZÒbQxù§v ÂˆÚ75Ëú58Ö5¯iZØn:ºº; mhÛì¹ÄÀ~Dˆ¶.7R=‹þ~Dƒ‚¼LnC‹]öû¼Äß -p:Tè5|O lm>F‹çOÆ‹è%U¼m€ÁQö«ÇÔ¿+‘ç–»ÿÁ{i;ß!>åÀÁü\øŠê;ôÐ;//-†l€%„Ê–¡áFâ¾,ìøØ·PåWnúNî=ZÀv‹ÚŽq†Æ\`˜79'"Šé-C³ùW€m4wmáƒË6`aò»Yø>é[¤ûú˜XJã_ÑÙòå\†Ãö}—Ž[9¡W·mhç|Ô¦ñ‡¾…žàw±Hp?1Tíþ7:Ø×‡Z¾×QºñÑ>Y(Ò¢ºÍbÇ5õÑ[7ÆAžÆEÈ¥…!ï~§xÉoÄè^Ôõ»kã½Oé{¥?Äâ?Ø,î§ñûïÂ‰¶³ZhÒbå¿iñ¿Óœøh;^ßÂÿÿ´è6Û‰Þüßi¡bèÛ‡¥ãpÎÀ×á[pž€<Ž9¬eŸÃ/á%ø üð¼ ëðWø!d˜|‚d#’iòMr‰|â‘eò"ù-y•¬“wÉ-ÅPÆ”qå3Ê åËÊ×”ÊS¸{*?U~¥¼¨ü‹öjŠò¸ÂwÿvE1ô_ÉÒ(TS´-.Fðµ"˜]cëB”ÄÓôD‹Ä×Ò +kµ<4Š©5Æ0¦O¤kÓÖG´õqTÔª1&>“Æcm|ÄcE‚Û;?ë#œj<Çô¿ÿæÞ;÷›;óÏ?÷ßL·Óýô$ýœ^¥Œ3ëÍY +Ä²Øhæbnö36—-dõl5[Ï6±í¬}Ì.°«ì?¬xèw@½xŒá“ø‹|&÷ð×y3ßÄwñü(?Ç¿àWùm)\ê)i’UzF&‘Š¥)R…´Hj”~'m’>”ŽHç¥ë2—Ír‚œ&gÉy²ü’\./’_—×Ëòù„üOù‚|SaJ„ÒOù‘’«LV^Vf)s”ÅÊ*ååe¦µ{•ÃÊå¤rVù\ù—rIéT™ªªFÕ¤öV5üÃKV¨Õ5S¦æ"‚èvÝ‘àéüþÀªÄa$œ™IíAT¢RÑR™(VP‹,Ê.ÂUU \éAÂÁDŒ`5’H¬‚=iO¬G’(]j2´Ž"FUvFá5ÂS˜î+”?B÷¥®d€Pˆ@&´3Ñ0¡Äp”áÃ/b *#‚„û ŒF²HûH1ˆL—†êãØawÆEc$Ôƒ‘›Qnæ1U1ë›îEÒÛB×“š!\ +'‘ˆg€>$#†3ŽsQh"t’0F u¸ +øqÖB”‚:EX N?¨#:±¸¸bÝÞÄÙ_‡ôÇÿ<¨Ñ (nƒøÄ\íÿ†B=X¼z® žÜÿí(†:·=EO¶5e“»þtÝ¾ÌoEÁ^•÷HÜù¡è{Åöšíþa¥ƒVê(‡Ö]·oà®¢•u`]±øä ,{¶ulcçÍUõ¿ºuÎÖŽˆ¯{f70*çÑÿWHårú‹7ô¬,ÆäØ˜ŽR¾d(q\RÃ©9ÿÈêh}ÅåiîCIñî}ÿ~>e¤¯Ÿ_š2-»À¾%¹>ÏxbY~uiËÏ½Í¶À+c=1Y6 ¶¾™ù¢•ÅÉ¦'„ó¼¼dÏ/{Õ¨0¾°Ó…O¿WqyÎ)ó”ê™Ù‰š#¾aaôù4÷±£eËØWå +H«Úà_YvÝöVÍúBÃòQÉÍù›Uõt}Ì(y»tokîÈÌË‹NQÇ´è¨ÅïÚØ+Ñƒ®Ì€p¦¼r×TãBGUbüÆÍ3'BýüÏ]ki=z(dòòx÷Þ÷š³7þõ¹ƒù5sÝoï¤>7b]¡Úp1¹öùÕuUõ–Ë²– +Sü¹Ö‹¥¹eïLH<®¦ŽÚêTÉa‹Ïü~·JB~õÒ-D©[t;{ãû<¯3¯Òãˆ¸ÔÚ’æ>½_Äuîå¿eA~C^IböuYhÞ¢6äÚkÍùÕ‰UÞššmˆÒP’›ò~³¹EG‰¦#âŽ|Yì¹}Æ–3c1>Þ3º|’@©J®´Tq»œˆ±|Õ°ÐhB}Æê‹‡d÷wÖ®èÝ¬nÝúÇ@ãêöÕ—O7~0ç/žo?xh>Ì0ªM:×ØKÕ²ñËIÓlc•ÅX§ò¬+7+é³;ß ƒ5}±ö2®Ëéö¸ÙÜ®¯‹%²âL®Î˜þ&S›ñ¿øfß6àÉDÕŽ"Îèo²hf¦¸Û’§í=‰GÓÍÝQŠñÞ~FÝCa¦¥p/Á»‡¢#ÎÅß•û·Þ)s}I?œÖaƒÇ¾ò#ýìu’öÊ‡¢{Ã?Šø-Š†XˆÃPã! wÀ@ü?Cà' Ã!Æ@>æ[áyx§Ê /Bf^³à5XUPK1÷Z «á-h†?@+f`;`7€Ãpó°3p.À¿á:´CBÅYgD4éMâHÌÿDv½ä 9N>!§Ég˜^"WÉ ÒN¾¦„Jxæ…S3¦O`¦˜LSi:B3©æÑ±˜3ºhJ§Ñ˜;–Óy˜?ÖÐ¥t]E×èYäê£~ºîÂ\ò0=J?¢§ègô"½L¯Ñ¯è ÚNoÑN`„1Ì1CY8æ™‘,Šõb}X,‹cÏ’Ø“¬?{ +ieÝ3„;úHùE¦`T’È’(§%¢Å¨Ä˜^J´± 2×ûÉ]ÄDMÁ>².S)&ºWÑKXð …ŒýUÝNxƒ~y°ÅîJî'ô!{Q]òH1>4~á“b$TøeJé™¬3b#.»S±‡paW4 +Ñ{uõ•¿A]+h«R‰KA©ð/éÌ‘ºfIÖëAb:s®¯ •dIôÂB¬(…ŽqÜ¿R `Sd‰‹Øª}4)×í³sj»]–Tk·¦fT48|áš?p8y¬äòI}},Iõñ¤„³RžMµŽt85?QrìA·9ÅvŽwbU´PŒò{ªëH?Èç{„,uùI Úö'¶àg†M.BµjÕ´œév)ÆFˆ)¬…Zµá5<ß™àÒ¼š7×íÕ†kÓ¦¸q`ú%^×Ó8ÄñÎéX8->›+önµÄå‚~z?\÷ãu¡‡² ‡2Ý:èD£0ëHÍÇú9œãœ>=Ög³»b--Ç·Íáôm³ÇZ\.´ +¿;R|Î›sŽ9<+†./8¶X¸¼Þ®V‚Åçñzc½G°í‡mÝºlAt,)ÇO<]åI°Ä +A‚%Á‚ãt‰I6Š¹ÏÁ‘Z\©âè‘š:›ðÔ˜p»¥ãµ²+S¼ïÚÍ÷C©^»…Ç,>h|Ê!pKnJ9Š±]„\ÌÝ0õNäZš¸†¯ØPä5È?ÖÓ‘ŸB.@Î@ÎGE3` rö>œâÉ–À<ôY ±¾dÇáM²Öˆ'K‡ +ö.¼‹v“þËvõ…:Ž•ñôÞ¶3¨ø0ìƒ²ŽÃ Ã¸i’6½·Ã’´ùÓ´M›“äœä bš4M›¤MoÒÛ?x–AÁ‡ÁqT˜'YEÆAXÑ\|D|^}—aD¸žÞ¹Ëbá×ïäœïÿ÷œ“Òc*ÙÛ½”³‹©‡/¨»d^-? v}ê+Ì¹R¾Edî¯EÿüC¢ï_dþFñU!gåß÷rD¦\ (jy©+¹ O×¯<£²=öã«úÑsDôýhÒÙ(Qß+=9Y‚S|JqÅ©·ö(=¡*¥ç$?§šdü6á»~å:¡O¨Û¥·¨%¡è¨3‚ßR×ˆÌÍÒ·©7ËoRYûbùëÔùò‘ˆß=T©â£Bp›Ø¸V¬œÿ„zHÖ>¿‘sñ_¿X /,òÅº¿½^;$s_¢þH‘ðö'Çåíéÿý.Ô>æ8?ÿý'iár_Ýs»i¿—¿5šÆ>¡ï¾öì5ß.™/Äcs°Ë6+Ú@Ä…3¼7Ç(8sÀ4Ùdž,*°vGµxêÖÖ‹În2íEjKP‘›IÕúy Œk£Zj„ÌØðSÉ0ífh"¸A’ï˜]KÚEH@4¢µcu=©‹~8=I;§ƒaÛÑ¦Â 5ÑÂ‰o1«„åV¦âÑ÷Í°ž$ Z úTýEv¢zt—æ«GgOå<ïO"õ¸uZâ*0•¥s‘%¡«ûË¨Ã‡¼ii³%ˆÃ1ËÙHÔ†Ä¶çÐc¥¶ FÚ`z„Oî¬Ún¡Ü¤æ*ÂÄqçéÊBáJ2Oš‚Ùôšd›"»`šª¡/åí‰qoÂ(` úbÂÕK¢%1]À$syÙ™ÓhVˆ….¬õ9•Ÿ›,#R×–aåq5PAKO>fµ-Ž<·“uê'Ä®ÁÚ¨!=¥0·kÄOÒQª®p°â†QÏç~„QÂ9ÎÛ>Âé(’¡eÈõ=F6ÍÈ±Õ—¤É±Û13u;ëW‡6Î^T]Ï GG|z*wô¾):£lOeÍ³8Þ˜˜üÔZ“.áúH‘V@¬ØX$}4]Ôê! KM“JÞM³ ·,«¼aÄ02…-s³ÅLt]nMìjkTµ)’peÉ¤Õ±…9ÌªÇÙQ86v{z¤UEÝîËÓÐ2‡½™W ×wî<þòƒWïÿð×ß¼ú·?Ýy~ÿÏ'ÿþó£Ã_¾÷+ã³öçîÎþùìÇàgèì—yTÔ×Çïo~³£0`EA%!UB5B‚‚7ÔŠ¤h@§JÑA¢H—ºFeÑDHŽB‹ .Q1¨I §Q\â£ipè}_æxÏÉ?==é?w~Ÿß}÷¾íwß»ï½94ä§%ùú>¯\Œ±¼m“Ò[ñ]agÍö„¶ºéQ^ïnŸì8šr1Å)âœN*»ïu¬³©#½2ÜÊ²Ãö÷›#ç¬øc`ÏTÉ¾»b4Íqi[æ–¯ÞàØ¸ãD÷âYiq³j3>Oþ$ÑaëÖ+«¼‚ý“/\Õµ˜å„îo¹ã×ôö‹ÞµýÊ²2ªï•5(îvï>}ØúÁÁU——UßÎîH°õ8¶aoçšy>ÙÃfzGÔ:÷U¾ô±Í§)»²Î„l¨kŸì´¶õ£Eó”¿S¸Ðó¶Kþ´¨ø[Ë¾v¾2¹¬ó›m-uçæe¦×ªô-¥á{NIœÛ¼ýF…uWväKÞzŸ+w;_:¼+Ý=ïñÆ¼Ìù §––Ëô;¯K‹>9ãÈ–qëôÇ+ªê6U2/yÞ*êÔßÕ{*o>ÊÞ|û|Áú•Í)†‰Q®¦à=Y]¹ŠoKô/†”Tß—÷jó>…ãåÚ–)1E£G>ô¯²k¼:¶júµž 1š%ê³y7ÛŽ«ÄŠï¼ØQÜÿˆ±üÒ›Ó”þKwúäNé_7Õë½G5?vsu~‘c4!µéÇ+Â’Š®ÞÛfŠŒKøæ‹Ä9rPphñú„ÄòöyC“KŠÎ}v·hnã…¼Ù«Ûãµ5•kOèV-›T¢Ys‚ÿÆùJ5¤‘ìÈÚW2IöG¯P0 §|±ó5Itƒš©ˆfP¤EÓf=Sæ9 +¥äI.¤³hÉÿg2IZ®(Ê|ÚP:H›h7ícÑô¥”Jñ4æ©Æ–Þ~FcG3Ÿé^G“~¦¡É‰¯o¶¾Õ’Mï?:C"KR‘™dI Ê<YR@–@¤Ð>»ÁŸÀ‚ÁGààC°|ÞïßƒwÁN°lïàÊyò-ºI ¿ENÈ2}ùx¼^ÛÀ+à·à?ÀVððøwðkð+ð"½Cƒ¸·‹4”s_B÷%ËJ:¹ÙB¡9ùØž¢æÁð$ø9Æþ7È'ÀãàQÐëÀÃ`-XC‡(†ÇUÓ›ëiæþ…F¦jª"[¶T“rYl©¢J¾º«`‘™a¬«Ä¥¾‚F1?£$zx©ðšTñ{k¢Ü§è¡c-£Ü£ŠßBw€öÓÎ È‰žö[Z™)Zø˜¢X.EpøÚüF3÷BÞ}1z/‚¦ÐÒ^!EN´'42íF½]d`~Às"Óû¨½½í€ü¸]¬cÚF/1·B³ÜŒ6ÁúWp#úÜëz^É2C™|X×‚k0§ï¢L¸šÿ®0{¾ç±åB³ +\iY;+90eÈ2å°§Å÷ä Dæm¾'›ý×Ê–lX²©ž-Y´œ{UÁ"3…‡—s°‡²NXd¦ðˆÐˆh5ÿ.£¥(µ¬7‡~–¢T4ÓÁ%øêÅ†Þ¸6òfÉ5½9Ô™Rf!,i¼åˆÙOÃì§al©ô c]*f?c™RP'œÎç€3Áàtp8•Þ@¬OEî Œs +äp2¾Æ±˜©I'‚1àkà«`4Žï¹Ì#‡öÍËˆèÈá Ã×Œ…<ü- +†€£Á`®-óšrúƒ£ÀX'“ä‘àPþ†Æ3}!û€ÃÁçÉ›ûPñ[ä¼±B‡Aö=ÉŽ9”\™¼âer‡~ûH¦Á(ïÍ ÈAWCï:p ïþ(å:ŽêØ;Ï‘=÷¨â·Ðõ#ö¦Šß¢G‹ÍÑ(d™ë˜AQ×ÑeM_°¨m@kÐ +ÔP SÍ»«L8£gÉ ±¥@ËÆŸÈ_ŸÈÚ,n}?ü”ñSÏ†$)ze¾dôýU~ôëtóßü Ç-±+‰ªæåXÏN y‚£mØÑJž,q¨¨Ø¡Ö[‘•½–'Íz°–í6¬×rÒ°ÃûpYg=ý9ixq `‹¹8hyš\YHÝ´<]ƒXv#7ng0 æv†pÒòòuç’œ´¼¬‡rION*^ú^¬yž“Šg8Ë#9‡˜ËœˆC2åPl†ã9Xµ´€ïAÄÛÒ[,ÿ‰7)¢Åœ´¼Ší¬€·F-4…¬7ñ!¤åo_”ña}Œ5'ùè¦þÁ?IæÊ$Õ,Rç0k%©%+•BI#›Z›^ Ýù¦óM~ýìÝí½ÜíÝ“”Ôm”]»¯›·jlß_¤Nð³Qr×åjö^P˜›Z©Q‰{—ê¬æŒâ,¶Ñ¨¤TKár„Õx]W×µQÎÁÜrw{w»½Cp°xü$¯ •£ÊÛË=P½Ñ<]¯Hx²O/ÿØ¦ø°4Ù¼Óœ\j=yüÏSüÿÓ¿%BÜ$=¬¾–¨#Ž˜¾œze5K.""•Ö¬qáuß++8¦YlÜ1YÉò›YÍrÎËÑ'DDûÆf,˜:ÿ—3|êEóy9O®h>wbù®°€fsˆÌç³t.ŸÛ‹YšÅ·_.÷ŸXð• |eSãkÅ6ÆGinZ=`›;?{Œö3íBJöV(Xxzu–x_H4=1—>yßª^½ÞêõýK€Ã¬ +endstream +endobj +38 0 obj +<< +/Type /FontDescriptor +/Ascent 813 +/CapHeight 0 +/Descent -176 +/Flags 4 +/FontBBox [0 -143 976 814] +/FontName /DLPJDD+ZapfDingbats +/ItalicAngle 0 +/StemV 0 +/FontFile2 39 0 R +>> +endobj +39 0 obj +<< +/Filter /FlateDecode +/Length 4941 +/Length1 7996 +>> +stream +H‰ämlgù¹³ï.MšÖ«Ò.Å@Ï\“µrB>'q“6Îùîâ¯8±ã³5!Ÿ?'±§1Iš*[;oÕ¶?ûª©BâC¥ ó˜P[@+ü@0 ‰Á$ bCüé¤?ÐhxÞ³š“BBâÍ=yŸï÷ùz}´Ã6˜`vf®opÖž¸ƒœ_#Ä³ëþ±Á£jé?Ï¯œÍ}çñÛ·èä]//”Ö¿'ýÀôVX(žŸ¿úòAÀ‘Ÿ"ï©B^ËÝ}þ‰/3£ýp¢ÜE€}÷>^(U6_;0ò €ÖÔ?S\Éj@_}à#*ÒRIÛ,·oûÀÇßA}¾”¯h¯Þùh¹rV+åË;jøØŒG.ŸË—þÚÏ¾p˜ø¿“¤žÀÃë z~ÿA†¦hŠ3Óì¾‡ÅSÒî{ü½ûlu—ú"{êú»Ôü’ùëÌe8Lvø#ü`ç÷†ÀÀQ~Ý|~¿0¿·Í¿„oÿÃéÿùã{à¿´˜[Ì-ð#B™0¿i~ÒÛÙÆº‘/´§´ò{Ã™´}NÈi«ºIC£ªI®V/êØõ“‚¤ŸÜz§SÎë=‚$ëv"»P:Óeøêû€ÁïÞÝËÑ¶Ëò>”¤¸[&”7qÀØ0BÌÏf#±Kø¶…:Bõo)öÂýñûÉFÞÜõwúë üXËïW¸Ã§ƒdìoÁiæû ±³àe#Qaž…û&„¸4çÀÉ¾ÎóÜòÉþxÑVa[!ÄþmŽ¢ý£0a~¿-–ÀÅZQÖ"{¡ÆLïÁ˜y œæ ¸Ì/áyO£ülÈrnUa–M!\D›Ñ~y· nà× Šü ö+0Ëe@dÞ‰ù(Ì}1lãažÃÝ‰z]0†tÏ–˜¯—¹†zŸÆœ® ü +|Š}"èÛOåó9„Pçú÷c,A´yÅ¨Cõ6öÅ6àP=7NÀxŒ<PLŸ‡ÞD/=^ÖÒ$€Ÿ£¢OÓ1˜ @? ¢Î:˜a]L^ P¿‰}u˜_AÚœ‚ „>Î&Žñúv‹9Í·1‡Ë0ÆÐXûÐn]ÿ'{ëŒõÅi˜®AŠùg0‡ý!» +Üê”p6ØëXRû«8o9œ=qÄW!Â¡ý+H[à4«ãŒ¸‡úØO‘{ipšÃ³vœ»èwÎ +Nî»h;Î•Ï áÙ"wý« ;CîJc5ïÔ r´r¹XÇÙJf±ˆw'?¦›zÍ/ºúw$½lúÎO¯nÄåTFÕü.Í¹:¬M2á•Â`&èLÍ%ò…³¾’¼ ¥¦“jn-™ð•ÙLÖ\teŠ3N9ë“kýçRË¥rNÝÌ.ÄJ¾¬Ï‹9™œ³2+äsC¡‘de`ÑáœÎ$†gÔXqØNy\©¡ßBÑ·>27rV±xH•‹™þÐÊrBì¯”Šñ¸¯0wTV––+Ë‰ÁD0â-;5¬à]“·¦V+£KÞ…iï†4)OmN—6–9y+ãyF“þå)ÏÂš&W6×ÕÔ`T©¬¨Ž|"ö«¥Âjn9J×ÂJdEUœJ~`8±³Ï—²•À‚¸œ;’$¹”šíâäh~`F ø¦KSÙ²J[açÚÐº2)ÛcC%W2”ôy&WBþÑ¡Íx¬ lzbKÓÃâ¦¿Üïñ×\“«J¤/X[LEÊáT$•qˆbjY žó‹ó1us9ÍºçGÙ¸˜s…óý•b*6ˆ…ÃÓÎJ@rØÏÿÆv¹Iq”|g÷Ž»$w—$UpáêrUÜÌìîÝn²·³3³»³Ï™Ùy¦ØÙÙ÷ÌììãöEx1Pˆ–&V^–’ÊÃ(„xA +‚„`I‘(y" Ábå„€¨<\Ze•_}Ýß×¿î?¾îúºëkE—˜—mE’‰£QÝ¦‹³Ì3µ²½±#ò+T©éó8(ˆ®'ØçiÖp4äÀ“¼Ta„¦h0›72LUQÈ,áÓDnÔNh…J=F& µÆRõ&´6E'Á@´?@ +œŒfbA®@³†?["‡!ŠP1YSPÖÖ}u?ÆJ”qÃrŠ¨CŒmB–š©D¤A9¢yƒc ûhVàIEsÒªv0B1˜3²Â!~M§ít>ãNèDœê#rÁ(Jø¯±hŒ"ÄáP…âŠ0:³ç+n*¢ÓE'*!u”Åá"¥‘£I+š`ÅŠÂa04Ù7TNê™ªìåŒ`,FC9x”ó:uçÒªJf8}B—N¦¨‰p˜Pvó|ËziRò*Q•sêXÜš”°b•ªiO¹Ec)‰%a«§L`¹Q>ë«”’0YlF–ÉówêªŠòY©îË!vN±×³"4"I°Ä$yo$…á%oK~D¢TXÄŸc|ÉÎÀÜÌ'}FIöyÒ•‡QÒHm¢{±gxÖ¦‘‘'¡5%¯XÓ%@±†Äsé‘°iNÒ8„j„ªTÃŠ’hÒ†øUŽ(Æ`gA¼ešHp¶JQb¤µõT‘]ÐlÊMRŽš'ãžbš%ø\æX‘0)$3Òò™¤W¡Ry'‹×=ZtˆÄÈ#'05#r¤ÀGÈ"[¢Yƒè<íFx3yê ÈÖÒJ(²[c¾T0¦Ç›Á©C•`=õ4õ«Ã‘a†@T`Å«VhI ¤¸º.C‘$Åóåœæi¤¸ð¨®6Â4Kød².+ª’fì<‡gb¬?øÑ–r×BõUå}%sÏk´?¡iAJFd†9žÆTØ—ç¹F9€‹—Â©‚ÕÃ2É%O§—/ÿòÂY`Âyë=÷Oš‡®•¦¶L…Û@~ó»ëv<ðËß~ð—™“OØzì‡g„ÍÈ³×iÏ¯_4!¯ŸÚ3]yøàä~9ú%ãü»óŠÏ†ÉBï%ü{Ï‘×>UoÛ³vòÈÕC–_Üñú“ýËÞ>}àýÍg¦ªÁ[Ü¦›™+ŸþøkGf®83ï½6£t·œ¸’œûëÁÇI_¿}Õö¹±¶¥ÇÞèÜpÏ‚ý›«è;Ÿ<Y½ûÈ.>«u.˜¾sÿë‹w™gï|4ïygÉäÉ†ëæÏÊ—¶½øâØõ£Sbß–+3äèÞã¿¢O\_ž,_O–½ú›ÏeS¦hŽ¸iÑéU!Ó«ßê.zÏ¡SÏo½ôØ=w_Ø·xòfôíÕ¿;þÂ+³\Ñg>W,Ï66œÞ˜¼ï5½ùîj*ÝèH?Ñœ^kûì;ËŸÞ7Òwÿñâû+¡ë{Æ¾ZÕÁJIKžAÐÐPGç‚Ùø ˜N*`²ÅqŒ·˜H ‚<«€l‹1”R-ÄAÒ§€¾#0ÄZÌãîÑV»{6Î¹ûîDÀÞ¼}¶·!`ÇLØuo'k¹×ÌÆ˜GæíÀ.`K`WÇ-:°½3ú°6‹“›6™ÐþÀö»˜Öo«Ç* ™†þ+@k|Aþ¯ùWe6)7OXžnÿ¾Ébê0ÕÇ˜î.°ËÕeéî;Ì®€«ènÛÌ.à2Ý˜»M ÉìêZ³=íÓíæž¶é6seÚbnp@iÚdn·tµ™:;€ÎVoêùðÝ–_2ÿ[€ÿ8ã}½{—,ì]¨X7î737^½ybÆ¡¿Ž–Ú?ùŸÿÖ¼±ÞëfÀôœXn7›Ð˜ahåøÊñ–Bÿ¬Ã·.¶¿ÙÚÍ³c¬ß5ðÜÀµèY +ýƒ½jéi"ŠÂç»·¤b¡¾èk Ð¢™ËËtá(´Q)#DyDE#hˆã3FcbB•…Àè +câRW¾®Lté/0FÖÓé .]¸2Ü{Ïœï¼nî9÷dnJx“ðÔ#›€ô'P»XXì.¸ µâ€†qxãPc˜bGm´û‘õAîS!|*²^ÈƒÌUàPî¹°¢@)ŠÎñáœñÎ~·‘vB8fB†cÎk:Ðá€¼2ä¢×è9)âR°â¡@šËàÁöP ,¶¼„å$’KõxPúþ +ã{æëÐUQH`€³èJ`¹µ?j ÓœˆÖ2Òdœùlm1„c(D1…èŒBjQDCF.Âb2Ö}!‚å0waV0®f‡ê9—ºá2‚LGK¡pÄ¿äš>Þû¾¾ÎµÈ\Æ’ŠAí*4i/„Y‰!77`¨2ËY~æ,ð•o¨Á“JJ_Y9u½îBÕËª—vCX·˜+}rº5‹€GÑ¢›%}Õ¯¨±,f)È´¢Š«fËVÔõ"™9{¯Üj„ù«ÿìK]I$•2¥.‘jHñjHmÛÚÚÒòliÞÞº½ÕZÎù•üÎnÏLË®hpcDíZ?ìqU&‚¾›WÍk·vl™?ï¼”ÿ¼2›Ò/Ç“5cÇ”òÓÑ6³zSµ~ôãûÛ¯ž4nl\÷»¿ýAoþÉëk´Fÿ?ñS3j¿’T";«6V¥ØJŽrÖ¤¨ÍÆ‚ÜdÚX²þ”ŒïÚXaü,ÓÛ·'“Ñ†ÏŒf&&ÇF†§§þNEê¥>ÚÃû—1ÿÒË®Ú;4‘‹¸2U´™sé>¹n[”|š¾ì=aV¦¿b}éö¸ý¢Å?Œ?ÝM”ÿXöV¹bU¼A?C-£‰ +endstream +endobj +40 0 obj +<< +/Type /FontDescriptor +/Ascent 753 +/CapHeight 562 +/Descent -246 +/Flags 35 +/FontBBox [-28 -250 628 805] +/FontName /Courier +/ItalicAngle 0 +/StemV 51 +/XHeight 426 +/StemH 51 +>> +endobj +41 0 obj +<< +/Type /FontDescriptor +/Ascent 750 +/CapHeight 653 +/Descent -250 +/Flags 98 +/FontBBox [-169 -217 1010 883] +/FontName /Times-Italic +/ItalicAngle -15 +/StemV 76 +/XHeight 441 +/StemH 76 +>> +endobj +4 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 32 +/LastChar 121 +/Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 333 0 0 +500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 0 778 667 944 0 778 +611 0 0 556 667 0 722 1000 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 556 278 833 556 500 +556 0 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 ] +/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding +/BaseFont /Times-Bold +/FontDescriptor 32 0 R +>> +endobj +5 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 32 +/LastChar 151 +/Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 611 611 667 722 611 611 722 722 333 444 667 556 833 667 722 +0 722 611 500 556 722 0 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 500 500 444 500 444 278 500 500 278 278 444 278 722 500 500 +500 500 389 389 278 500 444 667 444 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 889 ] +/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding +/BaseFont /Times-Italic +/FontDescriptor 33 0 R +>> +endobj +6 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 32 +/LastChar 151 +/Widths [250 333 0 0 500 0 0 0 333 333 0 564 250 333 250 278 +500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 0 0 444 +0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 +556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 0 0 0 0 0 +0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 +500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 333 444 444 350 0 1000 ] +/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding +/BaseFont /Times-Roman +/FontDescriptor 34 0 R +>> +endobj +7 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 222 +/LastChar 223 +/Widths [556 556 ] +/Encoding /MacRomanEncoding +/BaseFont /Times-Roman +/FontDescriptor 35 0 R +>> +endobj +16 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /Type0 +/BaseFont /DLPJCL+Symbol +/Encoding /Identity-H +/DescendantFonts [ 42 0 R ] +/ToUnicode 43 0 R +>> +endobj +42 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /CIDFontType2 +/BaseFont /DLPJCL+Symbol +/FontDescriptor 36 0 R +/CIDSystemInfo<< +/Registry (Adobe) +/Ordering (Identity) +/Supplement 0 +>> +/DW 1000 +/W [ +65 [986] +] +>> +endobj +17 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /Type0 +/BaseFont /DLPJDD+ZapfDingbats +/Encoding /Identity-H +/DescendantFonts [ 44 0 R ] +/ToUnicode 45 0 R +>> +endobj +44 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /CIDFontType2 +/BaseFont /DLPJDD+ZapfDingbats +/FontDescriptor 38 0 R +/CIDSystemInfo<< +/Registry (Adobe) +/Ordering (Identity) +/Supplement 0 +>> +/DW 1000 +/W [ +3 [277] +22 [754] +] +>> +endobj +24 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 32 +/LastChar 121 +/Widths [600 0 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 0 600 0 600 600 +600 600 600 600 600 0 600 0 0 0 0 0 600 600 600 0 +0 0 600 600 600 600 0 0 600 0 0 0 600 600 600 0 +600 600 0 600 600 0 600 600 0 0 0 600 600 600 0 600 +0 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 +600 0 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 ] +/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding +/BaseFont /Courier +/FontDescriptor 40 0 R +>> +endobj +25 0 obj +<< +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 222 +/LastChar 222 +/Widths [500 ] +/Encoding /MacRomanEncoding +/BaseFont /Times-Italic +/FontDescriptor 41 0 R +>> +endobj +43 0 obj +<< +/Filter /FlateDecode +/Length 217 +>> +stream +H‰TP±NÄ0Ýó91¤n©êr,8-ì¹Ä-‘¨¹éÐ¿'‰ÚC¶åg?½gËK÷Ò‘‹ ßÙ›#ŒŽ,ãâW67œAÀ:÷®d3ë2‘ûm‰8w4zh!?Òp‰¼ÁÃ0<=V'ol‘M 9«Ï¯„ôk?8#E¨ mÁâ(äåU‡«žd!þÃTéë]Û[\‚6Èš&„¦ªÎu{$û~°n£ùÖ,ŽmU?«V¤íÏ¼|ÓÝ‡Y™“Årx1’-8Âûo‚Y-‡ø`áYj€ +endstream +endobj +45 0 obj +<< +/Filter /FlateDecode +/Length 228 +>> +stream +H‰T=oÄ †w~…Çž:@¸ªU¥ˆåºdè‡š´;NŠtä!ÿ¾@£;uä×~ìóS÷Òy—€P0=&·„KXÉ œqr Ö™´Gõ6³ŽÀ3ÜoKÂ¹óc€¶eü3'—DÜ Ãó½8'‹äü”•ùõ•~ñ‚3ú”‹#ã§WßôŒÀ+x‡-"È7ûì`q‰Ú i?!´Bˆ£*Oó¨½ýŸgò:æG»UK¡Øµò©9*–Ù½ªt)?¼º2+Q6\×PmCÎãuS1Ä2»ö+Àm' +endstream +endobj +1 0 obj +<< +/Type /Page +/Parent 9 0 R +/Resources 3 0 R +/Contents 2 0 R +>> +endobj +10 0 obj +<< +/Type /Page +/Parent 9 0 R +/Resources 12 0 R +/Contents 11 0 R +>> +endobj +13 0 obj +<< +/Type /Page +/Parent 9 0 R +/Resources 15 0 R +/Contents 14 0 R +>> +endobj +18 0 obj +<< +/Type /Page +/Parent 9 0 R +/Resources 20 0 R +/Contents 19 0 R +>> +endobj +21 0 obj +<< +/Type /Page +/Parent 9 0 R +/Resources 23 0 R +/Contents 22 0 R +>> +endobj +26 0 obj +<< +/Type /Page +/Parent 9 0 R +/Resources 28 0 R +/Contents 27 0 R +>> +endobj +29 0 obj +<< +/Type /Page +/Parent 9 0 R +/Resources 31 0 R +/Contents 30 0 R +>> +endobj +46 0 obj +<< +/S /D +>> +endobj +47 0 obj +<< +/Nums [0 46 0 R ] +>> +endobj +9 0 obj +<< +/Type /Pages +/Kids [1 0 R 10 0 R 13 0 R 18 0 R 21 0 R 26 0 R 29 0 R] +/Count 7 +/MediaBox [0 0 612 792] +>> +endobj +48 0 obj +<< +/CreationDate (D:20201119110005-05'00') +/ModDate (D:20201119110005-05'00') +/Producer (Apple pstopdf) +>> +endobj +49 0 obj +<< +/Type /Catalog +/Pages 9 0 R +/PageLabels 47 0 R +>> +endobj +xref +0 50 +0000000000 65535 f +0000078410 00000 n +0000000016 00000 n +0000005560 00000 n +0000074764 00000 n +0000075207 00000 n +0000075725 00000 n +0000076301 00000 n +0000047914 00000 n +0000079056 00000 n +0000078490 00000 n +0000005688 00000 n +0000014714 00000 n +0000078573 00000 n +0000014843 00000 n +0000021986 00000 n +0000076475 00000 n +0000076821 00000 n +0000078656 00000 n +0000022139 00000 n +0000029596 00000 n +0000078739 00000 n +0000029725 00000 n +0000033767 00000 n +0000077187 00000 n +0000077647 00000 n +0000078822 00000 n +0000033911 00000 n +0000041023 00000 n +0000078905 00000 n +0000041152 00000 n +0000047785 00000 n +0000048054 00000 n +0000048256 00000 n +0000048456 00000 n +0000048653 00000 n +0000048850 00000 n +0000049040 00000 n +0000069152 00000 n +0000069344 00000 n +0000074373 00000 n +0000074564 00000 n +0000076618 00000 n +0000077819 00000 n +0000076970 00000 n +0000078109 00000 n +0000078988 00000 n +0000079016 00000 n +0000079179 00000 n +0000079302 00000 n +trailer +<< +/Size 50 +/Root 49 0 R +/Info 48 0 R +/ID [<02520166e9790ee3952417697513653c><02520166e9790ee3952417697513653c>] +>> +startxref +79371 +%%EOF diff --git a/gpic.pdf b/gpic.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e422e52 Binary files /dev/null and b/gpic.pdf differ diff --git a/gpic.raymond.ps b/gpic.raymond.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e66abed --- /dev/null +++ b/gpic.raymond.ps @@ -0,0 +1,2760 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.08 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Times-Roman +%%+ font Courier +%%+ font Symbol +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.08 0 +%%+ font Symbol-Slanted +%%Pages: 34 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.08 0 +/setpacking where{ +pop +currentpacking +true setpacking +}if +/grops 120 dict dup begin +/SC 32 def +/A/show load def +/B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/C{0 exch ashow}bind def +/D{0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/E{0 rmoveto show}bind def +/F{0 rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/G{0 rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/H{0 rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/I{0 exch rmoveto show}bind def +/J{0 exch rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/K{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/L{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/M{rmoveto show}bind def +/N{rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/O{rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/P{rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/Q{moveto show}bind def +/R{moveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/S{moveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/T{moveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/SF{ +findfont exch +[exch dup 0 exch 0 exch neg 0 0]makefont +dup setfont +[exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def +}bind def +/MF{ +findfont +[5 2 roll +0 3 1 roll +neg 0 0]makefont +dup setfont +[exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def +}bind def +/level0 0 def +/RES 0 def +/PL 0 def +/LS 0 def +/PLG{ +gsave newpath clippath pathbbox grestore +exch pop add exch pop +}bind def +/BP{ +/level0 save def +1 setlinecap +1 setlinejoin +72 RES div dup scale +LS{ +90 rotate +}{ +0 PL translate +}ifelse +1 -1 scale +}bind def +/EP{ +level0 restore +showpage +}bind def +/DA{ +newpath arcn stroke +}bind def +/SN{ +transform +.25 sub exch .25 sub exch +round .25 add exch round .25 add exch +itransform +}bind def +/DL{ +SN +moveto +SN +lineto stroke +}bind def +/DC{ +newpath 0 360 arc closepath +}bind def +/TM matrix def +/DE{ +TM currentmatrix pop +translate scale newpath 0 0 .5 0 360 arc closepath +TM setmatrix +}bind def +/RC/rcurveto load def +/RL/rlineto load def +/ST/stroke load def +/MT/moveto load def +/CL/closepath load def +/FL{ +currentgray exch setgray fill setgray +}bind def +/BL/fill load def +/LW/setlinewidth load def +/RE{ +findfont +dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin +{ +1 index/FID ne{def}{pop pop}ifelse +}forall +/Encoding exch def +dup/FontName exch def +currentdict end definefont pop +}bind def +/DEFS 0 def +/EBEGIN{ +moveto +DEFS begin +}bind def +/EEND/end load def +/CNT 0 def +/level1 0 def +/PBEGIN{ +/level1 save def +translate +div 3 1 roll div exch scale +neg exch neg exch translate +0 setgray +0 setlinecap +1 setlinewidth +0 setlinejoin +10 setmiterlimit +[]0 setdash +/setstrokeadjust where{ +pop +false setstrokeadjust +}if +/setoverprint where{ +pop +false setoverprint +}if +newpath +/CNT countdictstack def +userdict begin +/showpage{}def +}bind def +/PEND{ +clear +countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat +level1 restore +}bind def +end def +/setpacking where{ +pop +setpacking +}if +%%EndResource +%%IncludeResource: font Symbol +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman +%%IncludeResource: font Courier +%%BeginResource: font Symbol-Slanted +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Symbol +/MakeTransformedFont{ +findfont dup maxlength dict begin +{ +exch dup dup/FID ne exch/UniqueID ne and{ +exch def +}{ +pop pop +}ifelse +}forall +/FontBBox +currentdict/FontBBox get +4 array copy def +FontBBox aload pop +4 index transform 4 2 roll +4 index transform 4 2 roll +FontBBox astore pop +FontMatrix exch matrix concatmatrix +/FontMatrix exch def +dup/FontName exch def +currentdict end +definefont pop +}bind def +/Symbol-Slanted +[.89 0.0 15.5 dup sin exch cos div .89 0.0 0.0] +/Symbol +MakeTransformedFont +%%EndResource +grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 def/PL +792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron/scaron/zcaron +/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/space +/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft +/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four +/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C +/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/backslash +/bracketright/circumflex/underscore/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q +/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/braceleft/bar/braceright/tilde/.notdef/quotesinglbase +/guillemotleft/guillemotright/bullet/florin/fraction/perthousand/dagger +/daggerdbl/endash/emdash/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/hungarumlaut +/dotaccent/breve/caron/ring/ogonek/quotedblleft/quotedblright/oe/lslash +/quotedblbase/OE/Lslash/.notdef/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen/brokenbar +/section/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guilsinglleft/logicalnot/minus +/registered/macron/degree/plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior/acute/mu +/paragraph/periodcentered/cedilla/onesuperior/ordmasculine/guilsinglright +/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters/questiondown/Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde +/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute +/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis +/multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn/germandbls +/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute +/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis/eth/ntilde/ograve +/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex +/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis]def/Courier@0 ENC0/Courier RE/Times-Roman@0 +ENC0/Times-Roman RE/Times-Italic@0 ENC0/Times-Italic RE/Times-Bold@0 ENC0 +/Times-Bold RE +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(Making Pictur)204.552 123 Q(es W)-.216 E(ith GNU PIC) +-.216 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Eric S. Raymond)254.255 147 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF()-.05 E F1(ABSTRA) +264.535 201 Q(CT)-.3 E F2(The)133 228.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)2.553 E F2 +.053(language is a)2.553 F F3(tr)2.553 E(off)-.18 E F2 -.15(ex)2.553 G .053 +(tension that mak).15 F .052(es it easy to create and alter box-and-)-.1 F +(arro)108 240.6 Q 2.643(wd)-.25 G .143 +(iagrams of the kind frequently used in technical papers and te)138.713 240.6 R +2.643(xtbooks. This)-.15 F(paper)2.644 E .19 +(is both an introduction to and reference for)108 252.6 R F1(gpic)2.69 E F2 .19 +($1$, the implementation distrib)B .19(uted by the)-.2 F(Free Softw)108 264.6 +Q(are F)-.1 E(oundation for use with)-.15 E F1(gr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F2 +($1$.)A F3 2.5(1. Intr)72 300.6 R(oduction to PIC)-.18 E 2.5(1.1. Wh)72 324.6 +R 2.5(yP)-.15 G(IC?)121.02 324.6 Q F2(The)97 340.2 Q F3(pic)2.543 E F2 .043 +(language pro)2.543 F .043(vides an easy w)-.15 F .043 +(ay to write procedural box-and-arro)-.1 F 2.544(wd)-.25 G .044 +(iagrams to be included in)402.724 340.2 R F3(tr)72 352.2 Q(off)-.18 E F2 2.658 +(documents. The)2.658 F .158(language is suf)2.658 F .158(\214ciently \215e) +-.25 F .158(xible to be quite useful for state charts, Petri-net diagrams,)-.15 +F<8d6f>72 364.2 Q 3.563(wc)-.25 G 1.064(harts, simple circuit schematics, jump\ +er layouts, and other kinds of illustration in)97.533 364.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +1.064(lving repetiti).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .93 +(uses of simple geometric forms and splines.)72 376.2 R .93 +(Because these descriptions are procedural and object-based,)5.93 F(the)72 +388.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re both compact and easy to modify)96.01 388.2 Q(.)-.65 E +(The)97 403.8 Q F1(gpic)3.128 E F2 .628($1$ implementation of)B F3(pic)3.128 +E F2 .629(is distrib)3.128 F .629(uted by the Free Softw)-.2 F .629(are F)-.1 F +.629(oundation for use with their)-.15 F F1(gr)72 415.8 Q(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F2 +1.218($1$ implementation of)B F3(tr)3.718 E(off)-.18 E F2 6.218(.B)C 1.218 +(ecause both implementations are widely a)219.382 415.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.217 +(ilable in source form for).25 F(free, the)72 427.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G +(re good bets for writing v)116.55 427.8 Q(ery portable documentation.)-.15 E +F3 2.5(1.2. PIC)72 451.8 R -1(Ve)2.5 G(rsions)1 E F2 1.01 +(The original 1984 pre-)97 467.4 R F1(ditr)A(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F2 1.01 +($1$ v)B 1.01(ersion of)-.15 F F3(pic)3.51 E F2 1.01(is long obsolete.)3.51 F +1.01(The re)6.01 F 1.01(written 1991 v)-.25 F 1.01(ersion is still)-.15 F -.2 +(av)72 479.4 S(ailable as part of the Documenter')-.05 E 2.5(sW)-.55 G +(ork Bench module of System V)231.82 479.4 Q(.)-1.29 E 3.256(Where dif)97 495 R +3.256(ferences between Documenter')-.25 F 5.756(sW)-.55 G 3.256 +(ork Bench $1991$)288.904 495 R F3(pic)5.755 E F2 3.255(and GNU)5.755 F F3 +(pic)5.755 E F2 3.255(need to be)5.755 F .564(described, original)72 507 R F3 +(pic)3.064 E F2 .564(is referred to as "D)3.064 F .565(WB pic".)-.3 F .565 +(Details on the history of the program are gi)5.565 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.065(na) +.15 G 3.065(tt)485.935 507 S(he)494.56 507 Q(end of this document.)72 519 Q +(In this document, the)97 534.6 Q F1(gpic)2.5 E F2($1$ e)A +(xtensions will be mark)-.15 E(ed as such.)-.1 E F3 2.5(2. In)72 558.6 R -.1 +(vo)-.4 G(king PIC).1 E F2(Ev)97 574.2 Q(ery)-.15 E F3(pic)3.244 E F2 .743 +(description is a little program, which gets compiled by)3.244 F F1(pic)3.243 E +F2 .743($1$ into)B F1(gtr)3.243 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F2 .743($1$ macros.)B +(Pro-)5.743 E .018(grams that process or display)72 586.2 R F1(gtr)2.518 E(of) +-.45 E(f)-.18 E F2 .018($1$ output need not kno)B 2.518(wo)-.25 G 2.519(rc) +321.28 586.2 S .019(are that parts of the image be)331.569 586.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 +G 2.519(nl).05 G .019(ife as)467.302 586.2 R F3(pic)2.519 E F2(descriptions.)72 +598.2 Q(The)97 613.8 Q F1(pic)4.075 E F2 1.575 +($1$ program tries to translate an)B 1.574(ything between)-.15 F F3(.PS)4.074 +E F2(and)4.074 E F3(.PE)4.074 E F2(mark)4.074 E 1.574(ers, and passes through) +-.1 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)72 625.8 T .622(rything else.).25 F .622 +(The normal de\214nitions of)5.622 F F3(.PS)3.122 E F2(and)3.122 E F3(.PE)3.122 +E F2 .622(in the)3.122 F F1(ms)3.122 E F2 .623(macro package and else)3.123 F +.623(where ha)-.25 F .923 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(lso).15 E(the side-ef)72 637.8 Q +(fect of centering the)-.25 E F3(pic)2.5 E F2(output on the page.)2.5 E +(Other details of the)97 653.4 Q F1([gt]r)2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F2 +($1$ interf)A(ace)-.1 E F3 2.5(2.1. PIC)72 677.4 R(Err)2.5 E(or Messages)-.18 +E F2 .175(If you mak)97 693 R 2.675(ea)-.1 G F3(pic)A F2 .175(syntax error) +2.675 F(,)-.4 E F1(gpic)2.675 E F2 .175 +($1$ will issue an error message in the standard)B F1(gcc)2.674 E F2 +($1$-lik)A 2.674(es)-.1 G(yntax.)479.28 693 Q 2.5(At)72 705 S +(ypical error message looks lik)84.5 705 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G(his,)214.1 705 Q EP +%%Page: 2 2 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-2-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF +(pic:pic.ms:: parse error before `')108 84 Q +(pic:pic.ms:: giving up on this picture)108 96 Q F0 +(where is a line number)72 117.6 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(nd is a tok)-.1 E(en near $usually just after$ the error location.)-.1 E/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3. Basic)72 141.6 R(PIC Concepts)2.5 E F0 1.067 +(Pictures are described procedurally)97 157.2 R 3.567(,a)-.65 G 3.567(sc) +250.848 157.2 S 1.068(ollections of objects connected by motions.)262.745 157.2 +R(Normally)6.068 E(,)-.65 E F2(pic)3.568 E F0 .121 +(tries to string together objects left-to-right in the sequence the)72 169.2 R +2.621(ya)-.15 G .12(re described, joining them at visually natu-)331.91 169.2 R +(ral points.)72 181.2 Q(Here is an e)5 E(xample illustrating the \215o)-.15 E +2.5(wo)-.25 G 2.5(fd)281.86 181.2 S(ata in)292.69 181.2 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0 +(processing:)2.5 E 54 36 99 217.2 DE .4 LW ST(document)79.28 219.4 Q 162 217.2 +126 217.2 DL 162 217.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 162 217.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL +0 -3.6 RL CL ST 216 235.2 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(gpic)174.56 219.4 Q F0($1$)A 252 217.2 216 217.2 DL 252 +217.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 252 217.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST +255.6 235.2 252 235.2 DL 262.512 235.2 258.912 235.2 DL 269.424 235.2 265.824 +235.2 DL 276.336 235.2 272.736 235.2 DL 283.176 235.2 279.576 235.2 DL 290.088 +235.2 286.488 235.2 DL 297 235.2 293.4 235.2 DL 303.912 235.2 300.312 235.2 DL +310.824 235.2 307.224 235.2 DL 317.664 235.2 314.064 235.2 DL 324.576 235.2 +320.976 235.2 DL 331.488 235.2 327.888 235.2 DL 338.4 235.2 334.8 235.2 DL +338.4 231.6 338.4 235.2 DL 338.4 225.12 338.4 228.72 DL 338.4 218.64 338.4 +222.24 DL 338.4 212.16 338.4 215.76 DL 338.4 205.68 338.4 209.28 DL 338.4 199.2 +338.4 202.8 DL 334.8 199.2 338.4 199.2 DL 327.888 199.2 331.488 199.2 DL +320.976 199.2 324.576 199.2 DL 314.136 199.2 317.736 199.2 DL 307.224 199.2 +310.824 199.2 DL 300.312 199.2 303.912 199.2 DL 293.4 199.2 297 199.2 DL +286.488 199.2 290.088 199.2 DL 279.576 199.2 283.176 199.2 DL 272.736 199.2 +276.336 199.2 DL 265.824 199.2 269.424 199.2 DL 258.912 199.2 262.512 199.2 DL +252 199.2 255.6 199.2 DL 252 202.8 252 199.2 DL 252 209.28 252 205.68 DL 252 +215.76 252 212.16 DL 252 222.24 252 218.64 DL 252 228.72 252 225.12 DL 252 +235.2 252 231.6 DL F3(gtbl)259.425 213.4 Q F0($1$ or)A F3 -.1(ge)2.5 G(qn).1 +E F0($1$)A($optional$)275.48 225.4 Q 374.4 217.2 338.4 217.2 DL 374.4 217.2 +MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 374.4 217.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 428.4 +235.2 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST F3(gtr)384.77 219.4 Q(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 +E F0($1$)A 464.4 217.2 428.4 217.2 DL 464.4 217.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL +BL 464.4 217.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 54 36 491.4 217.2 DE ST +(PostScript)470.84 219.4 Q(Figure 3-1: Flo)231.6 258.2 Q 2.5(wo)-.25 G(f)306.63 +258.2 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0(data)2.5 E(This w)97 285.8 Q +(as produced from the follo)-.1 E(wing)-.25 E F2(pic)2.5 E F0(program:)2.5 E F1 +(.PS)108 303.8 Q(ellipse "document";)108 315.8 Q(arrow;)108 327.8 Q +(box "\\fIpic\\fP$1$")108 339.8 Q(arrow;)108 351.8 Q +(box width 1.2 "\\fIgtbl\\fP$1$ or \\fIgeqn\\fP$1$" "$optional$" dashed;) +108 363.8 Q(arrow;)108 375.8 Q(box "\\fIgtroff\\fP$1$";)108 387.8 Q(arrow;) +108 399.8 Q(ellipse "PostScript")108 411.8 Q(.PE)108 423.8 Q F0 .53 +(This little program illustrates se)72 445.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F2(pic) +3.03 E F0 3.03(basics. Firstly)3.03 F 3.03(,w)-.65 G 3.03(es)310.46 445.4 S .53 +(ee ho)321.82 445.4 R 3.03(wt)-.25 G 3.03(oi)356.51 445.4 S -1.9 -.4(nv o) +367.32 445.4 T .73 -.1(ke t).4 H .53(hree object types; ellipses,).1 F(arro)72 +457.4 Q 1.168(ws, and box)-.25 F 3.668(es. W)-.15 F 3.668(es)-.8 G 1.168(ee ho) +175.722 457.4 R 3.668(wt)-.25 G 3.668(od)211.688 457.4 S 1.168(eclare te) +225.356 457.4 R 1.167(xt lines to go within an object $and that te)-.15 F +1.167(xt can ha)-.15 F 1.467 -.15(ve f)-.2 H(ont).15 E .697(changes in it$.)72 +469.4 R 2.297 -.8(We s)5.697 H .697(ee ho).8 F 3.197(wt)-.25 G 3.198(oc)190.662 +469.4 S .698(hange the line style of an object from solid to dashed.)203.3 +469.4 R .698(And we see that a)5.698 F .001(box can be made wider than its def) +72 481.4 R .001(ault size to accommodate more te)-.1 F(xt $we')-.15 E +(ll discuss this f)-.1 E(acility in detail in)-.1 E(the ne)72 493.4 Q +(xt section$.)-.15 E 3.083 -.8(We a)97 509 T 1.483(lso get to see).8 F F2(pic) +3.983 E F0 2.583 -.55('s s)D 1.483(imple syntax.).55 F 1.483 +(Statements are ended by ne)6.483 F 1.484(wlines or semicolons.)-.25 F(String) +6.484 E .496(quotes are required around all te)72 521 R .495(xt ar)-.15 F .495 +(guments, whether or not the)-.18 F 2.995(yc)-.15 G .495(ontain spaces.)348.02 +521 R .495(In general, the order of)5.495 F .118(command ar)72 533 R .118 +(guments and modi\214ers lik)-.18 F 2.619(e")-.1 G .119 +(width 1.2" or "dashed" doesn')237.211 533 R 2.619(tm)-.18 G(atter)370.966 533 +Q 2.619(,e)-.4 G .119(xcept that the order of te)397.745 533 R(xt)-.15 E(ar)72 +545 Q(guments is signi\214cant.)-.18 E(Here are all b)97 560.6 Q +(ut one of the basic)-.2 E F2(pic)2.5 E F0(objects at their def)2.5 E +(ault sizes:)-.1 E 135 614.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(box)100.5 598.8 +Q 207 596.6 171 596.6 DL(line)181.5 592.8 Q 279 596.6 243 596.6 DL 279 596.6 MT +-7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 279 596.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST(arro) +249.465 592.8 Q(w)-.25 E 333 596.6 18 DC ST(circle)321.895 598.8 Q 54 36 414 +596.6 DE ST(ellipse)400.945 598.8 Q 477 578.6 18 90.0000 0.0000 DA(arc)488.895 +616.8 Q(Figure 3-2: Basic)230.225 637.6 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0(objects)2.5 E .346 +(The missing simple object type is a)97 665.2 R F3(spline)2.846 E F0 5.346(.T)C +.346(here is also a w)280.88 665.2 R .346(ay to collect objects into)-.1 F F3 +(bloc)2.846 E 2.846(kc)-.2 G(ompos-)474.56 665.2 Q(ites)72 677.2 Q F0 1.047 +(which allo)3.547 F 1.047(ws you to treat the whole group as a single object \ +$resembling a box$ for man)-.25 F 3.548(yp)-.15 G(urposes.)470.95 677.2 Q -.8 +(We)72 689.2 S -.1('l).8 G 2.5(ld).1 G(escribe both of these later on.)101.37 +689.2 Q 1.008(The box, ellipse, circle, and block composite objects are)97 +704.8 R F3(closed)3.507 E F0 3.507(;l)C 1.007(ines, arro)367.865 704.8 R 1.007 +(ws, arcs and splines are)-.25 F F3(open)72 716.8 Q F0 5(.T)C +(his distinction will often be important in e)105.05 716.8 Q +(xplaining command modi\214ers.)-.15 E EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-3-)282.17 48 Q(Figure 3-2 w)97 84 Q +(as produced by the follo)-.1 E(wing)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)2.5 E F0 +(program, which introduces some more basic concepts:)2.5 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF +(.PS)108 102 Q(box "box";)108 114 Q(move;)108 126 Q(line "line" "";)108 138 Q +(move;)108 150 Q(arrow "arrow" "";)108 162 Q(move;)108 174 Q(circle "circle";) +108 186 Q(move;)108 198 Q(ellipse "ellipse";)108 210 Q(move;)108 222 Q +(arc; down; move; "arc")108 234 Q(.PE)108 246 Q F0 .477 +(The \214rst thing to notice is the)97 267.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mo)2.977 +E(ve)-.1 E F0 .477(command, which mo)2.977 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.977(sad).15 G(ef) +358.134 267.6 Q .478(ault distance $1/2 inch$ in the cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E +(rent mo)72 279.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ment direction.).15 E(Secondly)97 295.2 Q +3.335(,s)-.65 G .835(ee ho)143.295 295.2 R 3.335(ww)-.25 G 3.335(ec)183.035 +295.2 S .835(an also decorate lines and arro)195.25 295.2 R .835(ws with te) +-.25 F 3.335(xt. The)-.15 F .835(line and arro)3.335 F 3.335(wc)-.25 G(ommands) +465.11 295.2 Q .817(each tak)72 307.2 R 3.317(et)-.1 G 1.017 -.1(wo a)116.294 +307.2 T -.18(rg).1 G .817(uments here, specifying te).18 F .817(xt to go abo) +-.15 F 1.117 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .817(nd belo).15 F 3.317(wt)-.25 G .817 +(he object.)362.054 307.2 R .818(If you w)5.817 F .818(onder wh)-.1 F 3.318(yo) +-.05 G(ne)494.56 307.2 Q(ar)72 319.2 Q(gument w)-.18 E +(ould not do, contemplate the output of)-.1 E F1(arr)2.5 E .2 -.1(ow ")-.18 H +-.1(ow).1 G(!").1 E F0(:)A .4 LW 306 337.2 270 337.2 DL 306 337.2 MT -7.2 1.8 +RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 306 337.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST -.25(ow)280.35 +339.4 S(!).25 E(Figure 3-3: T)212.46 360.2 Q -.15(ex)-.7 G 2.5(tc).15 G +(entered on an arro)284.1 360.2 Q(w)-.25 E .514(When a command tak)97 387.8 R +.514(es one te)-.1 F .514(xt string,)-.15 F F1(pic)3.014 E F0 .514 +(tries to place it at the object')3.014 F 3.014(sg)-.55 G .514(eometric center) +404.98 387.8 R 5.513(.A)-.55 G 3.013(sy)482.097 387.8 S(ou)494 387.8 Q +(add more strings,)72 399.8 Q F1(pic)2.5 E F0(treats them as a v)2.5 E +(ertical block to be centered.)-.15 E(The program)5 E F2(line "1";)108 417.8 Q +(line "1" "2";)108 429.8 Q(line "1" "2" "3";)108 441.8 Q(line "1" "2" "3" "4";) +108 453.8 Q(line "1" "2" "3" "4" "5";)108 465.8 Q F0(for e)72 487.4 Q +(xample, gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou this:)153.1 487.4 Q 234 529.4 +198 529.4 DL(1)213.5 531.6 Q 270 529.4 234 529.4 DL(1)249.5 525.6 Q(2)249.5 +537.6 Q 306 529.4 270 529.4 DL(1)285.5 519.6 Q(2)285.5 531.6 Q(3)285.5 543.6 Q +342 529.4 306 529.4 DL(1)321.5 513.6 Q(2)321.5 525.6 Q(3)321.5 537.6 Q(4)321.5 +549.6 Q 378 529.4 342 529.4 DL(1)357.5 507.6 Q(2)357.5 519.6 Q(3)357.5 531.6 Q +(4)357.5 543.6 Q(5)357.5 555.6 Q(Figure 3-4: Ef)196.355 576.4 Q +(fects of multiple te)-.25 E(xt ar)-.15 E(guments)-.18 E .128 +(The last line of Figure 3.2')97 604 R 2.628(sp)-.55 G .128(rogram, `)215.818 +604 R F1(ar)A .128(c; do)-.18 F .128(wn; mo)-.1 F -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.628(;").1 G +(ar)336.09 604 Q(c")-.18 E F0 .128(', describing the captioned arc, intro-)B +.558(duces se)72 616 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .558(ral ne).15 F 3.058(wi)-.25 G 3.058 +(deas. Firstly)151.054 616 R 3.057(,w)-.65 G 3.057(es)215.129 616 S .557(ee ho) +226.516 616 R 3.057(wt)-.25 G 3.057(oc)261.26 616 S .557 +(hange the direction in which objects are joined.)273.757 616 R .557(Had we) +5.557 F(written)72 628 Q F1(ar)3.577 E 1.077(c; mo)-.18 F -.1(ve)-.1 G 3.577 +(;").1 G(ar)159.541 628 Q(c")-.18 E F0 3.577(,o)C(mitting)189.868 628 Q F1(do) +3.577 E(wn)-.1 E F0 1.077(the caption w)3.577 F 1.077(ould ha)-.1 F 1.377 -.15 +(ve b)-.2 H 1.077(een joined to the top of the arc, lik).15 F(e)-.1 E(this:)72 +640 Q EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-4-)282.17 48 Q .4 LW 279 120 18 90.0000 0.0000 DA(arc) +290.895 86.2 Q(Figure 3-5: Result of)222.23 161 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ar)2.5 +E(c; mo)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(;).1 E F0 .129(This is because dra)97 188.6 R .129 +(wing an arc changes the def)-.15 F .128(ault direction to the one its e)-.1 F +.128(xit end points at.)-.15 F 1.728 -.8(To r)5.128 H(ein-).8 E +(force this point, consider:)72 200.6 Q 279 236.6 18 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA(arc) +290.895 274.8 Q(Figure 3-6: Result of)215.15 295.6 Q F1(ar)2.5 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G +(w; mo)321.9 295.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(;).1 E F0 1.439(All we')97 323.2 R 1.739 -.15 +(ve d)-.5 H 1.439(one dif).15 F 1.439 +(ferently here is specify "cw" for a clockwise arc.)-.25 F(Observ)6.44 E 3.94 +(eh)-.15 G 1.94 -.25(ow i)430.22 323.2 T 3.94(tc).25 G 1.44(hanges the)460.07 +323.2 R(def)72 335.2 Q(ault direction to do)-.1 E(wn, rather than up.)-.25 E +(Another good w)97 350.8 Q(ay to see this via with the follo)-.1 E +(wing program:)-.25 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(line; arc; arc cw; line)108 368.8 Q F0 +(which yields:)72 390.4 Q 270 444.4 234 444.4 DL 270 426.4 18 90.0000 0.0000 DA +306 426.4 18 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 342 408.4 306 408.4 DL(Figure 3-7: Result of) +199.86 467.4 Q F1(line; ar)2.5 E(c; ar)-.18 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; line)347.53 +467.4 Q F0(Notice that we did not ha)72 495 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(os).15 G +(pecify "up" for the second arc to be joined to the end of the \214rst.)198.58 +495 Q(Finally)97 510.6 Q 3.206(,o)-.65 G(bserv)135.396 510.6 Q 3.206(et)-.15 G +.705(hat a string, alone, is treated as te)167.332 510.6 R .705 +(xt to be surrounded by an in)-.15 F .705(visible box of a size)-.4 F .22 +(either speci\214ed by width and height attrib)72 522.6 R .221 +(utes or by the def)-.2 F(aults)-.1 E F1(textwid)2.721 E F0(and)2.721 E F1 +(textht)2.721 E F0 5.221(.B)C .221(oth are initially zero)422.517 522.6 R +($because we don')72 534.6 Q 2.5(tk)-.18 G(no)152.07 534.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G +(he def)174.32 534.6 Q(ault font size$.)-.1 E F1 2.5(4. Sizes)72 558.6 R +(and Spacing)2.5 E F0 .252(Sizes are speci\214ed in inches.)97 574.2 R .251 +(If you don')5.251 F 2.751(tl)-.18 G(ik)271.58 574.2 Q 2.751(ei)-.1 G .251 +(nches, it')289.231 574.2 R 2.751(sp)-.55 G .251 +(ossible to set a global style v)337.233 574.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(scale)2.751 +E F0 .314(that changes the unit.)72 586.2 R(Setting)5.314 E F1 .314 +(scale = 2.54)2.814 F F0 .314(will ef)2.814 F(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(ly change the internal unit to centimeters $all other).15 F(size v)72 598.2 Q +(ariable v)-.25 E(aluess will be scaled correspondingly$.)-.25 E F1(4.1.)72 +622.2 Q F0(Here are the def)97 637.8 Q(ault sizes for)-.1 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0 +(objects:)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-5-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 12.5 +(Object Default)97 84 R(Size)2.5 E .08 LW 236.26 90.5 97 90.5 DL F0 26.38 +(box 0.75")97 102 R(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 19.17(circle 0.5")97 114 R +(diameter)2.5 E 15.27(ellipse 0.75")97 126 R(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 29.17 +(arc 0.5")97 138 R(radius)2.5 E 26.38(line 0.5")97 150 R(long)2.5 E(arro)97 162 +Q 20.81(w0)-.25 G(.5" long)145.88 162 Q 236.26 171.5 97 171.5 DL 133.38 72.5 +133.38 171.5 DL .076(The simplest w)97 190.6 R .076 +(ay to think about these def)-.1 F .076(aults is that the)-.1 F 2.575(ym)-.15 G +(ak)339.975 190.6 Q 2.575(et)-.1 G .075 +(he other basic objects \214t snugly into)359.11 190.6 R 2.5(ad)72 202.6 S(ef) +83.94 202.6 Q(ault-sized box.)-.1 E F1 2.5(4.2. Objects)72 226.6 R(Do Not Str) +2.5 E(etch!)-.18 E F0 -1.25 -.7(Te x)97 242.2 T 2.711(ti).7 G 2.711(sr)119.971 +242.2 S .211(endered in the current font with normal trof)129.902 242.2 R 2.711 +(fl)-.25 G .211(ine spacing.)314.08 242.2 R(Box)5.211 E .211 +(es, circles, and ellipses do)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(not)2.712 E F0 +(automatically resize to \214t enclosed te)72 254.2 Q 2.5(xt. Thus,)-.15 F +(if you say)2.5 E F1(box "text far too long")2.5 E F0(you')2.5 E(ll get this:) +-.1 E 315 308.2 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST(this te)208.6 292.4 Q +(xt is f)-.15 E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E(Figure 4-1: Box) +196.695 331.2 Q(es do not automatically resize)-.15 E +(which is probably not the ef)97 358.8 Q(fect you w)-.25 E(ant.)-.1 E F1 2.5 +(4.3. Resizing)72 382.8 R(Boxes)2.5 E F0 1.6 -.8(To c)97 398.4 T +(hange the box size, you can specify a box width with the "width" modi\214er:) +.8 E 396 452.4 MT 0 -36 RL -216 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(this te)208.6 436.6 Q +(xt is f)-.15 E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E +(Figure 4-2: Result of)219.94 475.4 Q F1(box width 3)2.5 E F0 .316 +(This modi\214er tak)97 503 R .316(es a dimension in inches.)-.1 F .315 +(There is also a "height" modi\214er that will change a box')5.315 F(s)-.55 E +2.5(height. The)72 515 R F1(width)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E +(ord may be abbre)-.1 E(viated to)-.25 E F1(ewid)2.5 E F0 2.5(;t)C(he)305.54 +515 Q F1(height)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord to)-.1 E F1(height)2.5 E F0 +(.)A F1 2.5(4.4. Resizing)72 539 R(Other Object T)2.5 E(ypes)-.74 E F0 2.083 +-.8(To c)97 554.6 T .483(hange the size of a circle, gi).8 F .783 -.15(ve i) +-.25 H 2.983(ta).15 G F1(rad)A F0(or)2.983 E F1(diam)2.983 E F0 .483 +(modi\214er; this changes the radius or diameter of)2.983 F +(the circle, according to the numeric ar)72 566.6 Q(gument that follo)-.18 E +(ws.)-.25 E 223.2 606.2 7.2 DC ST(0.1)216.95 630 Q 266.4 606.2 14.4 DC ST(0.2) +260.15 608.4 Q 338.4 606.2 21.6 DC ST(0.3)332.15 608.4 Q +(Figure 4-3: Circles with increasing radii)207.87 650.8 Q(The)97 678.4 Q F1(mo) +3.271 E -.1(ve)-.1 G F0 .771(command can also tak)3.371 F 3.271(ead)-.1 G .771 +(imension, which just tells it ho)253.447 678.4 R 3.27(wm)-.25 G(an)398.11 +678.4 Q 3.27(yi)-.15 G .77(nches to mo)418.45 678.4 R 1.07 -.15(ve i)-.15 H +3.27(nt).15 G(he)494.56 678.4 Q(current direction.)72 690.4 Q .848 +(Ellipses are sized to \214t in the rectangular box de\214ned by their ax)97 +706 R .849(es, and can be resized with)-.15 F F1(width)3.349 E F0(and)72 718 Q +F1(height)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E 2.5(eb)-.1 G(ox)140.51 718 Q(es.)-.15 E EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-6-)282.17 48 Q -1.1(Yo)97 84 S 2.854(uc)1.1 G .353 +(an also change the radius of curv)120.414 84 R .353(ature of an arc with)-.25 +F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(rad)2.853 E F0 .353 +($which speci\214es the radius of the cir)2.853 F(-)-.2 E +(cle of which the arc is a se)72 96 Q 2.5(gnmment$. Lar)-.15 F(ger v)-.18 E +(alues yield \215atter arcs.)-.25 E .4 LW 241.2 128.4 7.2 90.0000 0.0000 DA +(0.1)234.95 152.2 Q 277.2 121.2 14.4 90.0000 0.0000 DA(0.2)270.95 152.2 Q 313.2 +114 21.6 90.0000 0.0000 DA(0.3)306.95 152.2 Q(Figure 4-4:)206.435 173 Q F1(ar) +2.5 E 2.5(cr)-.18 G(ad)274.295 173 Q F0(with increasing radii)2.5 E(Observ)97 +200.6 Q 2.666(et)-.15 G .166(hat because an arc is de\214ned as a quarter circ\ +le, increasing the radius also increases the size)135.616 200.6 R(of the arc') +72 212.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ounding box.)123.93 212.6 Q F1 2.5(4.5. The)72 236.6 R +(`same' K)2.5 E(eyw)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .231 +(In place of a dimension speci\214cation, you can use the k)97 252.2 R -.15(ey) +-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rd).1 E F1(same)2.731 E F0 5.231(.T)C .231(his gi)388.535 +252.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(st).15 G .231(he object the same)429.157 252.2 R +(size as the pre)72 264.2 Q(vious one of its type.)-.25 E(As an e)5 E +(xample, the program)-.15 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 282.2 Q +(box; box wid 1 ht 1; box same; box)108 294.2 Q(.PE)108 306.2 Q F0(gi)72 327.8 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou)100.21 327.8 Q 216 399.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL +0 36 RL CL ST 288 417.8 MT 0 -72 RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 360 417.8 MT 0 -72 +RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 414 399.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST +(Figure 4-5: The)225.965 440.8 Q F1(same)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord) +-.1 E F1 2.5(5. Generalized)72 488.8 R(Lines and Splines)2.5 E 2.5 +(5.1. Diagonal)72 512.8 R(Lines)2.5 E F0 .466 +(It is possible to specify diagonal lines or arro)97 528.4 R .466 +(ws by adding multiple)-.25 F F1(up)2.966 E F0(,)A F1(do)2.966 E(wn)-.1 E F0(,) +A F1(left)2.966 E F0 2.966(,a)C(nd)443.068 528.4 Q F1(right)2.966 E F0(modi-) +2.966 E .374(\214ers to the line object.)72 540.4 R(An)5.374 E 2.874(yo)-.15 G +2.874(ft)192.974 540.4 S .374(hese can ha)201.958 540.4 R .674 -.15(ve a m)-.2 +H(ultiplier).15 E 5.374(.T)-.55 G 2.874(ou)320.158 540.4 S .373 +(nderstand the ef)333.032 540.4 R .373(fects, think of the dra)-.25 F(wing)-.15 +E(area as being gridded with standard-sized box)72 552.4 Q(es.)-.15 E 72 570.4 +108 606.4 DL 72 570.4 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL BL 72 570.4 MT 6.336 +3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL ST 72 606.4 72 606.4 DL 75.6 606.4 75.6 606.4 DL 79.2 +606.4 79.2 606.4 DL 82.8 606.4 82.8 606.4 DL 86.4 606.4 86.4 606.4 DL 90 606.4 +90 606.4 DL 93.6 606.4 93.6 606.4 DL 97.2 606.4 97.2 606.4 DL 100.8 606.4 100.8 +606.4 DL 104.4 606.4 104.4 606.4 DL 108 606.4 108 606.4 DL 108 606.4 108 606.4 +DL 108 602.8 108 602.8 DL 108 599.2 108 599.2 DL 108 595.6 108 595.6 DL 108 592 +108 592 DL 108 588.4 108 588.4 DL 108 584.8 108 584.8 DL 108 581.2 108 581.2 DL +108 577.6 108 577.6 DL 108 574 108 574 DL 108 570.4 108 570.4 DL 108 570.4 108 +570.4 DL 104.4 570.4 104.4 570.4 DL 100.8 570.4 100.8 570.4 DL 97.2 570.4 97.2 +570.4 DL 93.6 570.4 93.6 570.4 DL 90 570.4 90 570.4 DL 86.4 570.4 86.4 570.4 DL +82.8 570.4 82.8 570.4 DL 79.2 570.4 79.2 570.4 DL 75.6 570.4 75.6 570.4 DL 72 +570.4 72 570.4 DL 72 570.4 72 570.4 DL 72 574 72 574 DL 72 577.6 72 577.6 DL 72 +581.2 72 581.2 DL 72 584.8 72 584.8 DL 72 588.4 72 588.4 DL 72 592 72 592 DL 72 +595.6 72 595.6 DL 72 599.2 72 599.2 DL 72 602.8 72 602.8 DL 72 606.4 72 606.4 +DL F1(line up left)67.22 626.6 Q 144 570.4 216 606.4 DL 144 570.4 MT 7.272 +1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL BL 144 570.4 MT 7.272 1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL ST +144 606.4 144 606.4 DL 147.6 606.4 147.6 606.4 DL 151.2 606.4 151.2 606.4 DL +154.8 606.4 154.8 606.4 DL 158.4 606.4 158.4 606.4 DL 162 606.4 162 606.4 DL +165.6 606.4 165.6 606.4 DL 169.2 606.4 169.2 606.4 DL 172.8 606.4 172.8 606.4 +DL 176.4 606.4 176.4 606.4 DL 180 606.4 180 606.4 DL 180 606.4 180 606.4 DL 180 +602.8 180 602.8 DL 180 599.2 180 599.2 DL 180 595.6 180 595.6 DL 180 592 180 +592 DL 180 588.4 180 588.4 DL 180 584.8 180 584.8 DL 180 581.2 180 581.2 DL 180 +577.6 180 577.6 DL 180 574 180 574 DL 180 570.4 180 570.4 DL 180 570.4 180 +570.4 DL 176.4 570.4 176.4 570.4 DL 172.8 570.4 172.8 570.4 DL 169.2 570.4 +169.2 570.4 DL 165.6 570.4 165.6 570.4 DL 162 570.4 162 570.4 DL 158.4 570.4 +158.4 570.4 DL 154.8 570.4 154.8 570.4 DL 151.2 570.4 151.2 570.4 DL 147.6 +570.4 147.6 570.4 DL 144 570.4 144 570.4 DL 144 570.4 144 570.4 DL 144 574 144 +574 DL 144 577.6 144 577.6 DL 144 581.2 144 581.2 DL 144 584.8 144 584.8 DL 144 +588.4 144 588.4 DL 144 592 144 592 DL 144 595.6 144 595.6 DL 144 599.2 144 +599.2 DL 144 602.8 144 602.8 DL 144 606.4 144 606.4 DL 180 606.4 180 606.4 DL +183.6 606.4 183.6 606.4 DL 187.2 606.4 187.2 606.4 DL 190.8 606.4 190.8 606.4 +DL 194.4 606.4 194.4 606.4 DL 198 606.4 198 606.4 DL 201.6 606.4 201.6 606.4 DL +205.2 606.4 205.2 606.4 DL 208.8 606.4 208.8 606.4 DL 212.4 606.4 212.4 606.4 +DL 216 606.4 216 606.4 DL 216 606.4 216 606.4 DL 216 602.8 216 602.8 DL 216 +599.2 216 599.2 DL 216 595.6 216 595.6 DL 216 592 216 592 DL 216 588.4 216 +588.4 DL 216 584.8 216 584.8 DL 216 581.2 216 581.2 DL 216 577.6 216 577.6 DL +216 574 216 574 DL 216 570.4 216 570.4 DL 216 570.4 216 570.4 DL 212.4 570.4 +212.4 570.4 DL 208.8 570.4 208.8 570.4 DL 205.2 570.4 205.2 570.4 DL 201.6 +570.4 201.6 570.4 DL 198 570.4 198 570.4 DL 194.4 570.4 194.4 570.4 DL 190.8 +570.4 190.8 570.4 DL 187.2 570.4 187.2 570.4 DL 183.6 570.4 183.6 570.4 DL 180 +570.4 180 570.4 DL 180 570.4 180 570.4 DL 180 574 180 574 DL 180 577.6 180 +577.6 DL 180 581.2 180 581.2 DL 180 584.8 180 584.8 DL 180 588.4 180 588.4 DL +180 592 180 592 DL 180 595.6 180 595.6 DL 180 599.2 180 599.2 DL 180 602.8 180 +602.8 DL 180 606.4 180 606.4 DL(arr)148.34 626.6 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 +G(eft 1)193.06 626.6 Q 252 570.4 360 606.4 DL 252 570.4 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 +3.384 RL CL BL 252 570.4 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 3.384 RL CL ST 252 606.4 252 +606.4 DL 255.6 606.4 255.6 606.4 DL 259.2 606.4 259.2 606.4 DL 262.8 606.4 +262.8 606.4 DL 266.4 606.4 266.4 606.4 DL 270 606.4 270 606.4 DL 273.6 606.4 +273.6 606.4 DL 277.2 606.4 277.2 606.4 DL 280.8 606.4 280.8 606.4 DL 284.4 +606.4 284.4 606.4 DL 288 606.4 288 606.4 DL 288 606.4 288 606.4 DL 288 602.8 +288 602.8 DL 288 599.2 288 599.2 DL 288 595.6 288 595.6 DL 288 592 288 592 DL +288 588.4 288 588.4 DL 288 584.8 288 584.8 DL 288 581.2 288 581.2 DL 288 577.6 +288 577.6 DL 288 574 288 574 DL 288 570.4 288 570.4 DL 288 570.4 288 570.4 DL +284.4 570.4 284.4 570.4 DL 280.8 570.4 280.8 570.4 DL 277.2 570.4 277.2 570.4 +DL 273.6 570.4 273.6 570.4 DL 270 570.4 270 570.4 DL 266.4 570.4 266.4 570.4 DL +262.8 570.4 262.8 570.4 DL 259.2 570.4 259.2 570.4 DL 255.6 570.4 255.6 570.4 +DL 252 570.4 252 570.4 DL 252 570.4 252 570.4 DL 252 574 252 574 DL 252 577.6 +252 577.6 DL 252 581.2 252 581.2 DL 252 584.8 252 584.8 DL 252 588.4 252 588.4 +DL 252 592 252 592 DL 252 595.6 252 595.6 DL 252 599.2 252 599.2 DL 252 602.8 +252 602.8 DL 252 606.4 252 606.4 DL 288 606.4 288 606.4 DL 291.6 606.4 291.6 +606.4 DL 295.2 606.4 295.2 606.4 DL 298.8 606.4 298.8 606.4 DL 302.4 606.4 +302.4 606.4 DL 306 606.4 306 606.4 DL 309.6 606.4 309.6 606.4 DL 313.2 606.4 +313.2 606.4 DL 316.8 606.4 316.8 606.4 DL 320.4 606.4 320.4 606.4 DL 324 606.4 +324 606.4 DL 324 606.4 324 606.4 DL 324 602.8 324 602.8 DL 324 599.2 324 599.2 +DL 324 595.6 324 595.6 DL 324 592 324 592 DL 324 588.4 324 588.4 DL 324 584.8 +324 584.8 DL 324 581.2 324 581.2 DL 324 577.6 324 577.6 DL 324 574 324 574 DL +324 570.4 324 570.4 DL 324 570.4 324 570.4 DL 320.4 570.4 320.4 570.4 DL 316.8 +570.4 316.8 570.4 DL 313.2 570.4 313.2 570.4 DL 309.6 570.4 309.6 570.4 DL 306 +570.4 306 570.4 DL 302.4 570.4 302.4 570.4 DL 298.8 570.4 298.8 570.4 DL 295.2 +570.4 295.2 570.4 DL 291.6 570.4 291.6 570.4 DL 288 570.4 288 570.4 DL 288 +570.4 288 570.4 DL 288 574 288 574 DL 288 577.6 288 577.6 DL 288 581.2 288 +581.2 DL 288 584.8 288 584.8 DL 288 588.4 288 588.4 DL 288 592 288 592 DL 288 +595.6 288 595.6 DL 288 599.2 288 599.2 DL 288 602.8 288 602.8 DL 288 606.4 288 +606.4 DL 324 606.4 324 606.4 DL 327.6 606.4 327.6 606.4 DL 331.2 606.4 331.2 +606.4 DL 334.8 606.4 334.8 606.4 DL 338.4 606.4 338.4 606.4 DL 342 606.4 342 +606.4 DL 345.6 606.4 345.6 606.4 DL 349.2 606.4 349.2 606.4 DL 352.8 606.4 +352.8 606.4 DL 356.4 606.4 356.4 606.4 DL 360 606.4 360 606.4 DL 360 606.4 360 +606.4 DL 360 602.8 360 602.8 DL 360 599.2 360 599.2 DL 360 595.6 360 595.6 DL +360 592 360 592 DL 360 588.4 360 588.4 DL 360 584.8 360 584.8 DL 360 581.2 360 +581.2 DL 360 577.6 360 577.6 DL 360 574 360 574 DL 360 570.4 360 570.4 DL 360 +570.4 360 570.4 DL 356.4 570.4 356.4 570.4 DL 352.8 570.4 352.8 570.4 DL 349.2 +570.4 349.2 570.4 DL 345.6 570.4 345.6 570.4 DL 342 570.4 342 570.4 DL 338.4 +570.4 338.4 570.4 DL 334.8 570.4 334.8 570.4 DL 331.2 570.4 331.2 570.4 DL +327.6 570.4 327.6 570.4 DL 324 570.4 324 570.4 DL 324 570.4 324 570.4 DL 324 +574 324 574 DL 324 577.6 324 577.6 DL 324 581.2 324 581.2 DL 324 584.8 324 +584.8 DL 324 588.4 324 588.4 DL 324 592 324 592 DL 324 595.6 324 595.6 DL 324 +599.2 324 599.2 DL 324 602.8 324 602.8 DL 324 606.4 324 606.4 DL(arr)270.59 +626.6 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1.5)315.31 626.6 Q 396 570.4 540 +606.4 DL 396 570.4 MT 7.416 0 RL -.864 3.528 RL CL BL 396 570.4 MT 7.416 0 RL +-.864 3.528 RL CL ST 396 606.4 396 606.4 DL 399.6 606.4 399.6 606.4 DL 403.2 +606.4 403.2 606.4 DL 406.8 606.4 406.8 606.4 DL 410.4 606.4 410.4 606.4 DL 414 +606.4 414 606.4 DL 417.6 606.4 417.6 606.4 DL 421.2 606.4 421.2 606.4 DL 424.8 +606.4 424.8 606.4 DL 428.4 606.4 428.4 606.4 DL 432 606.4 432 606.4 DL 432 +606.4 432 606.4 DL 432 602.8 432 602.8 DL 432 599.2 432 599.2 DL 432 595.6 432 +595.6 DL 432 592 432 592 DL 432 588.4 432 588.4 DL 432 584.8 432 584.8 DL 432 +581.2 432 581.2 DL 432 577.6 432 577.6 DL 432 574 432 574 DL 432 570.4 432 +570.4 DL 432 570.4 432 570.4 DL 428.4 570.4 428.4 570.4 DL 424.8 570.4 424.8 +570.4 DL 421.2 570.4 421.2 570.4 DL 417.6 570.4 417.6 570.4 DL 414 570.4 414 +570.4 DL 410.4 570.4 410.4 570.4 DL 406.8 570.4 406.8 570.4 DL 403.2 570.4 +403.2 570.4 DL 399.6 570.4 399.6 570.4 DL 396 570.4 396 570.4 DL 396 570.4 396 +570.4 DL 396 574 396 574 DL 396 577.6 396 577.6 DL 396 581.2 396 581.2 DL 396 +584.8 396 584.8 DL 396 588.4 396 588.4 DL 396 592 396 592 DL 396 595.6 396 +595.6 DL 396 599.2 396 599.2 DL 396 602.8 396 602.8 DL 396 606.4 396 606.4 DL +432 606.4 432 606.4 DL 435.6 606.4 435.6 606.4 DL 439.2 606.4 439.2 606.4 DL +442.8 606.4 442.8 606.4 DL 446.4 606.4 446.4 606.4 DL 450 606.4 450 606.4 DL +453.6 606.4 453.6 606.4 DL 457.2 606.4 457.2 606.4 DL 460.8 606.4 460.8 606.4 +DL 464.4 606.4 464.4 606.4 DL 468 606.4 468 606.4 DL 468 606.4 468 606.4 DL 468 +602.8 468 602.8 DL 468 599.2 468 599.2 DL 468 595.6 468 595.6 DL 468 592 468 +592 DL 468 588.4 468 588.4 DL 468 584.8 468 584.8 DL 468 581.2 468 581.2 DL 468 +577.6 468 577.6 DL 468 574 468 574 DL 468 570.4 468 570.4 DL 468 570.4 468 +570.4 DL 464.4 570.4 464.4 570.4 DL 460.8 570.4 460.8 570.4 DL 457.2 570.4 +457.2 570.4 DL 453.6 570.4 453.6 570.4 DL 450 570.4 450 570.4 DL 446.4 570.4 +446.4 570.4 DL 442.8 570.4 442.8 570.4 DL 439.2 570.4 439.2 570.4 DL 435.6 +570.4 435.6 570.4 DL 432 570.4 432 570.4 DL 432 570.4 432 570.4 DL 432 574 432 +574 DL 432 577.6 432 577.6 DL 432 581.2 432 581.2 DL 432 584.8 432 584.8 DL 432 +588.4 432 588.4 DL 432 592 432 592 DL 432 595.6 432 595.6 DL 432 599.2 432 +599.2 DL 432 602.8 432 602.8 DL 432 606.4 432 606.4 DL 468 606.4 468 606.4 DL +471.6 606.4 471.6 606.4 DL 475.2 606.4 475.2 606.4 DL 478.8 606.4 478.8 606.4 +DL 482.4 606.4 482.4 606.4 DL 486 606.4 486 606.4 DL 489.6 606.4 489.6 606.4 DL +493.2 606.4 493.2 606.4 DL 496.8 606.4 496.8 606.4 DL 500.4 606.4 500.4 606.4 +DL 504 606.4 504 606.4 DL 504 606.4 504 606.4 DL 504 602.8 504 602.8 DL 504 +599.2 504 599.2 DL 504 595.6 504 595.6 DL 504 592 504 592 DL 504 588.4 504 +588.4 DL 504 584.8 504 584.8 DL 504 581.2 504 581.2 DL 504 577.6 504 577.6 DL +504 574 504 574 DL 504 570.4 504 570.4 DL 504 570.4 504 570.4 DL 500.4 570.4 +500.4 570.4 DL 496.8 570.4 496.8 570.4 DL 493.2 570.4 493.2 570.4 DL 489.6 +570.4 489.6 570.4 DL 486 570.4 486 570.4 DL 482.4 570.4 482.4 570.4 DL 478.8 +570.4 478.8 570.4 DL 475.2 570.4 475.2 570.4 DL 471.6 570.4 471.6 570.4 DL 468 +570.4 468 570.4 DL 468 570.4 468 570.4 DL 468 574 468 574 DL 468 577.6 468 +577.6 DL 468 581.2 468 581.2 DL 468 584.8 468 584.8 DL 468 588.4 468 588.4 DL +468 592 468 592 DL 468 595.6 468 595.6 DL 468 599.2 468 599.2 DL 468 602.8 468 +602.8 DL 468 606.4 468 606.4 DL 504 606.4 504 606.4 DL 507.6 606.4 507.6 606.4 +DL 511.2 606.4 511.2 606.4 DL 514.8 606.4 514.8 606.4 DL 518.4 606.4 518.4 +606.4 DL 522 606.4 522 606.4 DL 525.6 606.4 525.6 606.4 DL 529.2 606.4 529.2 +606.4 DL 532.8 606.4 532.8 606.4 DL 536.4 606.4 536.4 606.4 DL 540 606.4 540 +606.4 DL 540 606.4 540 606.4 DL 540 602.8 540 602.8 DL 540 599.2 540 599.2 DL +540 595.6 540 595.6 DL 540 592 540 592 DL 540 588.4 540 588.4 DL 540 584.8 540 +584.8 DL 540 581.2 540 581.2 DL 540 577.6 540 577.6 DL 540 574 540 574 DL 540 +570.4 540 570.4 DL 540 570.4 540 570.4 DL 536.4 570.4 536.4 570.4 DL 532.8 +570.4 532.8 570.4 DL 529.2 570.4 529.2 570.4 DL 525.6 570.4 525.6 570.4 DL 522 +570.4 522 570.4 DL 518.4 570.4 518.4 570.4 DL 514.8 570.4 514.8 570.4 DL 511.2 +570.4 511.2 570.4 DL 507.6 570.4 507.6 570.4 DL 504 570.4 504 570.4 DL 504 +570.4 504 570.4 DL 504 574 504 574 DL 504 577.6 504 577.6 DL 504 581.2 504 +581.2 DL 504 584.8 504 584.8 DL 504 588.4 504 588.4 DL 504 592 504 592 DL 504 +595.6 504 595.6 DL 504 599.2 504 599.2 DL 504 602.8 504 602.8 DL 504 606.4 504 +606.4 DL(arr)436.34 626.6 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 2)481.06 626.6 Q +F0(Figure 5-1: Diagonal arro)138.76 647.4 Q(ws $dotted box)-.25 E(es sho)-.15 +E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he implied 0.5-inch grid$)337.25 647.4 Q F1 2.5 +(5.2. Multi-Segment)72 683.4 R(Line Objects)2.5 E F0 3.228(A")97 699 S .728 +(line" or "arro)111.528 699 R .728 +(w" object may actually be a path consisting of an)-.25 F 3.228(yn)-.15 G .729 +(umber of se)381.504 699 R .729(gments of v)-.15 F(arying)-.25 E .104 +(lengths and directions.)72 711 R 1.704 -.8(To d)5.104 H .104 +(escribe a path, connect se).8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .104(ral line or arro).15 F +2.604(wc)-.25 G .103(ommands with the k)368.668 711 R -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 +G(rd).1 E F1(then)2.603 E F0(.)A EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-7-)282.17 48 Q .4 LW 324 84 252 84 DL 252 120 324 84 +DL 324 120 252 120 DL(Figure 5-2:)174.3 143 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(line right 1 then do)2.5 E(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E 2.5(5.3. Spline)72 +179 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 .31(If you start a path with the)97 194.6 R F1(spline) +2.81 E F0 -.1(ke)2.81 G(yw)-.05 E .311(ord, the path v)-.1 F .311 +(ertices are treated as control points for a spline)-.15 F(curv)72 206.6 Q 2.5 +<658c>-.15 G(t.)102.12 206.6 Q 190.8 224.6 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 24 6 0 18 RC -24 12 +-24 18 0 18 RC 36 0 RL ST(The spline curv)189.8 277.2 Q(e...)-.15 E 309.6 224.6 +306 224.6 DL 317.232 224.6 313.632 224.6 DL 324.792 224.6 321.192 224.6 DL +332.424 224.6 328.824 224.6 DL 339.984 224.6 336.384 224.6 DL 347.616 224.6 +344.016 224.6 DL 355.176 224.6 351.576 224.6 DL 362.808 224.6 359.208 224.6 DL +370.368 224.6 366.768 224.6 DL 378 224.6 374.4 224.6 DL 374.76 226.184 378 +224.6 DL 368.496 229.28 371.736 227.696 DL 362.232 232.448 365.472 230.864 DL +355.968 235.544 359.208 233.96 DL 349.776 238.712 353.016 237.128 DL 343.512 +241.808 346.752 240.224 DL 337.248 244.976 340.488 243.392 DL 330.984 248.072 +334.224 246.488 DL 324.72 251.168 327.96 249.584 DL 318.456 254.336 321.696 +252.752 DL 312.264 257.432 315.504 255.848 DL 306 260.6 309.24 259.016 DL 309.6 +260.6 306 260.6 DL 317.232 260.6 313.632 260.6 DL 324.792 260.6 321.192 260.6 +DL 332.424 260.6 328.824 260.6 DL 339.984 260.6 336.384 260.6 DL 347.616 260.6 +344.016 260.6 DL 355.176 260.6 351.576 260.6 DL 362.808 260.6 359.208 260.6 DL +370.368 260.6 366.768 260.6 DL 378 260.6 374.4 260.6 DL 306 224.6 MT 36 0 RL 24 +0 24 6 0 18 RC -24 12 -24 18 0 18 RC 36 0 RL ST(1)296.3 226.8 Q(2)382.7 226.8 Q +(3)296.3 262.8 Q(4)382.7 262.8 Q(...with tangents displayed)291.03 277.2 Q +(Figure 5-3:)169.575 298 Q F1(spline right 1 then do)2.5 E +(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97 325.6 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G +(an describe man)120.06 325.6 Q 2.5(yn)-.15 G(atural-looking b)197.39 325.6 Q +(ut irre)-.2 E(gular curv)-.15 E(es this w)-.15 E(ay)-.1 E 2.5(.F)-.65 G(or e) +380.13 325.6 Q(xample:)-.15 E 156.384 375.136 MT 18 0 RL 12 0 18 -6 18 -18 RC 0 +-12 -6 -18 -18 -18 RC -12 0 -18 6 -18 18 RC 0 18 RL ST 156.384 375.136 MT -1.8 +-7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 156.384 375.136 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST F1 +(spline right then up then left then do)80.457 391.664 Q(wn ->;)-.1 E +(spline left then up right then do)295.347 391.664 Q(wn right ->;)-.1 E 383.616 +375.136 MT -18 0 RL -12 0 -12 -6 0 -18 RC 12 -12 24 -12 36 0 RC 18 18 RL ST +419.616 375.136 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL BL 419.616 375.136 MT +-6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL ST F0(Figure 5-4: T)210.895 412.464 Q .2 -.1 +(wo m)-.8 H(ore spline e).1 E(xamples)-.15 E .97(Note the arro)97 440.064 R +3.47(wd)-.25 G 3.47(ecorations. Arro)167.14 440.064 R .97 +(wheads can be applied naturally to an)-.25 F 3.47(yp)-.15 G .97 +(ath-based object, line or)405 440.064 R 2.5(spline. W)72 452.064 R(e')-.8 E +(ll see ho)-.1 E 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(nt)165.28 452.064 S(he ne)175.56 452.064 Q +(xt section.)-.15 E F1 2.5(6. Decorating)72 476.064 R(Objects.)2.5 E 2.5 +(6.1. Dashed)72 500.064 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 -.8(We)97 515.664 S -1.65 -.5('v e) +.8 H 1.399(already seen that the modi\214er)4.399 F F1(dashed)3.899 E F0 1.4 +(can change the line style of an object from solid to)3.899 F 3.755 +(dashed. GNU)72 527.664 R F1(gpic)3.755 E F0 1.254 +(permits you to dot or dash ellipses, circles, and arcs $and splines in)3.755 +F/F2 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(t)3.754 E F0 3.754(xm)C 1.254(ode only$;)461.916 +527.664 R .312(some v)72 539.664 R .312(ersions of D)-.15 F .312 +(WB may only permit dashing of lines and box)-.3 F 2.812(es. It')-.15 F 2.812 +(sp)-.55 G .313(ossible to change the dash inter)374.046 539.664 R(-)-.2 E -.25 +(va)72 551.664 S 2.5(lb).25 G 2.5(ys)91.47 551.664 S +(pecifying a number after the modi\214er)102.86 551.664 Q(.)-.55 E 84.6 609.264 +81 609.264 DL 91.8 609.264 88.2 609.264 DL 99 609.264 95.4 609.264 DL 106.2 +609.264 102.6 609.264 DL 113.4 609.264 109.8 609.264 DL 120.6 609.264 117 +609.264 DL 127.8 609.264 124.2 609.264 DL 135 609.264 131.4 609.264 DL 135 +605.664 135 609.264 DL 135 599.184 135 602.784 DL 135 592.704 135 596.304 DL +135 586.224 135 589.824 DL 135 579.744 135 583.344 DL 135 573.264 135 576.864 +DL 131.4 573.264 135 573.264 DL 124.2 573.264 127.8 573.264 DL 117 573.264 +120.6 573.264 DL 109.8 573.264 113.4 573.264 DL 102.6 573.264 106.2 573.264 DL +95.4 573.264 99 573.264 DL 88.2 573.264 91.8 573.264 DL 81 573.264 84.6 573.264 +DL 81 576.864 81 573.264 DL 81 583.344 81 579.744 DL 81 589.824 81 586.224 DL +81 596.304 81 592.704 DL 81 602.784 81 599.184 DL 81 609.264 81 605.664 DL(def) +94.165 593.464 Q(ault)-.1 E 174.6 609.264 171 609.264 DL 181.8 609.264 178.2 +609.264 DL 189 609.264 185.4 609.264 DL 196.2 609.264 192.6 609.264 DL 203.4 +609.264 199.8 609.264 DL 210.6 609.264 207 609.264 DL 217.8 609.264 214.2 +609.264 DL 225 609.264 221.4 609.264 DL 225 605.664 225 609.264 DL 225 599.184 +225 602.784 DL 225 592.704 225 596.304 DL 225 586.224 225 589.824 DL 225 +579.744 225 583.344 DL 225 573.264 225 576.864 DL 221.4 573.264 225 573.264 DL +214.2 573.264 217.8 573.264 DL 207 573.264 210.6 573.264 DL 199.8 573.264 203.4 +573.264 DL 192.6 573.264 196.2 573.264 DL 185.4 573.264 189 573.264 DL 178.2 +573.264 181.8 573.264 DL 171 573.264 174.6 573.264 DL 171 576.864 171 573.264 +DL 171 583.344 171 579.744 DL 171 589.824 171 586.224 DL 171 596.304 171 +592.704 DL 171 602.784 171 599.184 DL 171 609.264 171 605.664 DL(0.05)189.25 +593.464 Q 268.2 609.264 261 609.264 DL 283.824 609.264 276.624 609.264 DL +299.376 609.264 292.176 609.264 DL 315 609.264 307.8 609.264 DL 315 602.064 315 +609.264 DL 315 587.664 315 594.864 DL 315 573.264 315 580.464 DL 307.8 573.264 +315 573.264 DL 292.176 573.264 299.376 573.264 DL 276.624 573.264 283.824 +573.264 DL 261 573.264 268.2 573.264 DL 261 580.464 261 573.264 DL 261 594.864 +261 587.664 DL 261 609.264 261 602.064 DL(0.1)281.75 593.464 Q 361.8 609.264 +351 609.264 DL 383.4 609.264 372.6 609.264 DL 405 609.264 394.2 609.264 DL 405 +598.464 405 609.264 DL 405 573.264 405 584.064 DL 394.2 573.264 405 573.264 DL +372.6 573.264 383.4 573.264 DL 351 573.264 361.8 573.264 DL 351 584.064 351 +573.264 DL 351 609.264 351 598.464 DL(0.15)369.25 593.464 Q 455.4 609.264 441 +609.264 DL 495 609.264 480.6 609.264 DL 495 594.864 495 609.264 DL 495 573.264 +495 587.664 DL 480.6 573.264 495 573.264 DL 441 573.264 455.4 573.264 DL 441 +587.664 441 573.264 DL 441 609.264 441 594.864 DL(0.2)461.75 593.464 Q +(Figure 6-1: Dashed objects)233.98 632.264 Q F1 2.5(6.2. Dotted)72 668.264 R +(Objects)2.5 E F0 .192(Another a)97 683.864 R -.25(va)-.2 G .192 +(ilable quali\214er is).25 F F1(dotted)2.692 E F0 5.191(.G)C(NU)258.319 683.864 +Q F1(gpic)2.691 E F0 .191 +(permits you to dot or dash ellipses, circles, and arcs)2.691 F .502 +($and splines in)72 695.864 R F2(t)3.002 E F0 3.002(xm)C .502 +(ode only$; some v)154.028 695.864 R .503(ersions of D)-.15 F .503 +(WB may only permit dashing of lines and box)-.3 F 3.003(es. It)-.15 F(too) +3.003 E(can be suf)72 707.864 Q<8c78>-.25 E +(ed with a number to specify the interv)-.15 E(al between dots:)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-8-)282.17 48 Q .4 LW 81 120 81 120 DL 84.6 120 84.6 +120 DL 88.2 120 88.2 120 DL 91.8 120 91.8 120 DL 95.4 120 95.4 120 DL 99 120 99 +120 DL 102.6 120 102.6 120 DL 106.2 120 106.2 120 DL 109.8 120 109.8 120 DL +113.4 120 113.4 120 DL 117 120 117 120 DL 120.6 120 120.6 120 DL 124.2 120 +124.2 120 DL 127.8 120 127.8 120 DL 131.4 120 131.4 120 DL 135 120 135 120 DL +135 120 135 120 DL 135 116.4 135 116.4 DL 135 112.8 135 112.8 DL 135 109.2 135 +109.2 DL 135 105.6 135 105.6 DL 135 102 135 102 DL 135 98.4 135 98.4 DL 135 +94.8 135 94.8 DL 135 91.2 135 91.2 DL 135 87.6 135 87.6 DL 135 84 135 84 DL 135 +84 135 84 DL 131.4 84 131.4 84 DL 127.8 84 127.8 84 DL 124.2 84 124.2 84 DL +120.6 84 120.6 84 DL 117 84 117 84 DL 113.4 84 113.4 84 DL 109.8 84 109.8 84 DL +106.2 84 106.2 84 DL 102.6 84 102.6 84 DL 99 84 99 84 DL 95.4 84 95.4 84 DL +91.8 84 91.8 84 DL 88.2 84 88.2 84 DL 84.6 84 84.6 84 DL 81 84 81 84 DL 81 84 +81 84 DL 81 87.6 81 87.6 DL 81 91.2 81 91.2 DL 81 94.8 81 94.8 DL 81 98.4 81 +98.4 DL 81 102 81 102 DL 81 105.6 81 105.6 DL 81 109.2 81 109.2 DL 81 112.8 81 +112.8 DL 81 116.4 81 116.4 DL 81 120 81 120 DL(def)94.165 104.2 Q(ault)-.1 E +171 120 171 120 DL 174.6 120 174.6 120 DL 178.2 120 178.2 120 DL 181.8 120 +181.8 120 DL 185.4 120 185.4 120 DL 189 120 189 120 DL 192.6 120 192.6 120 DL +196.2 120 196.2 120 DL 199.8 120 199.8 120 DL 203.4 120 203.4 120 DL 207 120 +207 120 DL 210.6 120 210.6 120 DL 214.2 120 214.2 120 DL 217.8 120 217.8 120 DL +221.4 120 221.4 120 DL 225 120 225 120 DL 225 120 225 120 DL 225 116.4 225 +116.4 DL 225 112.8 225 112.8 DL 225 109.2 225 109.2 DL 225 105.6 225 105.6 DL +225 102 225 102 DL 225 98.4 225 98.4 DL 225 94.8 225 94.8 DL 225 91.2 225 91.2 +DL 225 87.6 225 87.6 DL 225 84 225 84 DL 225 84 225 84 DL 221.4 84 221.4 84 DL +217.8 84 217.8 84 DL 214.2 84 214.2 84 DL 210.6 84 210.6 84 DL 207 84 207 84 DL +203.4 84 203.4 84 DL 199.8 84 199.8 84 DL 196.2 84 196.2 84 DL 192.6 84 192.6 +84 DL 189 84 189 84 DL 185.4 84 185.4 84 DL 181.8 84 181.8 84 DL 178.2 84 178.2 +84 DL 174.6 84 174.6 84 DL 171 84 171 84 DL 171 84 171 84 DL 171 87.6 171 87.6 +DL 171 91.2 171 91.2 DL 171 94.8 171 94.8 DL 171 98.4 171 98.4 DL 171 102 171 +102 DL 171 105.6 171 105.6 DL 171 109.2 171 109.2 DL 171 112.8 171 112.8 DL 171 +116.4 171 116.4 DL 171 120 171 120 DL(0.05)189.25 104.2 Q 261 120 261 120 DL +267.768 120 267.768 120 DL 274.536 120 274.536 120 DL 281.232 120 281.232 120 +DL 288 120 288 120 DL 294.768 120 294.768 120 DL 301.464 120 301.464 120 DL +308.232 120 308.232 120 DL 315 120 315 120 DL 315 120 315 120 DL 315 112.8 315 +112.8 DL 315 105.6 315 105.6 DL 315 98.4 315 98.4 DL 315 91.2 315 91.2 DL 315 +84 315 84 DL 315 84 315 84 DL 308.232 84 308.232 84 DL 301.464 84 301.464 84 DL +294.768 84 294.768 84 DL 288 84 288 84 DL 281.232 84 281.232 84 DL 274.536 84 +274.536 84 DL 267.768 84 267.768 84 DL 261 84 261 84 DL 261 84 261 84 DL 261 +91.2 261 91.2 DL 261 98.4 261 98.4 DL 261 105.6 261 105.6 DL 261 112.8 261 +112.8 DL 261 120 261 120 DL(0.1)281.75 104.2 Q 351 120 351 120 DL 361.8 120 +361.8 120 DL 372.6 120 372.6 120 DL 383.4 120 383.4 120 DL 394.2 120 394.2 120 +DL 405 120 405 120 DL 405 120 405 120 DL 405 107.976 405 107.976 DL 405 96.024 +405 96.024 DL 405 84 405 84 DL 405 84 405 84 DL 394.2 84 394.2 84 DL 383.4 84 +383.4 84 DL 372.6 84 372.6 84 DL 361.8 84 361.8 84 DL 351 84 351 84 DL 351 84 +351 84 DL 351 96.024 351 96.024 DL 351 107.976 351 107.976 DL 351 120 351 120 +DL(0.15)369.25 104.2 Q 441 120 441 120 DL 454.536 120 454.536 120 DL 468 120 +468 120 DL 481.464 120 481.464 120 DL 495 120 495 120 DL 495 120 495 120 DL 495 +107.976 495 107.976 DL 495 96.024 495 96.024 DL 495 84 495 84 DL 495 84 495 84 +DL 481.464 84 481.464 84 DL 468 84 468 84 DL 454.536 84 454.536 84 DL 441 84 +441 84 DL 441 84 441 84 DL 441 96.024 441 96.024 DL 441 107.976 441 107.976 DL +441 120 441 120 DL(0.2)461.75 104.2 Q(Figure 6-2: Dotted objects)235.365 143 Q +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(6.3. Rounding)72 179 R(Box Cor)2.5 E(ners)-.15 E F0 +(It is also possible, in GNU)97 194.6 Q F1(gpic)2.5 E F0(only)2.5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 +G 2.5(om)250.8 194.6 S(odify a box so it has rounded corners)266.08 194.6 Q +84.6 245 3.6 -180.0000 90.0000 DA 84.6 216.2 3.6 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 131.4 +216.2 3.6 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 131.4 245 3.6 90.0000 0.0000 DA 81 216.2 81 245 +DL 131.4 212.6 84.6 212.6 DL 135 245 135 216.2 DL 84.6 248.6 131.4 248.6 DL +(rad 0.05)91.615 232.8 Q 178.2 241.4 7.2 -180.0000 90.0000 DA 178.2 219.8 7.2 +-90.0000 180.0000 DA 217.8 219.8 7.2 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 217.8 241.4 7.2 +90.0000 0.0000 DA 171 219.8 171 241.4 DL 217.8 212.6 178.2 212.6 DL 225 241.4 +225 219.8 DL 178.2 248.6 217.8 248.6 DL(rad 0.1)184.115 232.8 Q 271.8 237.8 +10.8 -180.0000 90.0000 DA 271.8 223.4 10.8 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 304.2 223.4 +10.8 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 304.2 237.8 10.8 90.0000 0.0000 DA 261 223.4 261 237.8 +DL 304.2 212.6 271.8 212.6 DL 315 237.8 315 223.4 DL 271.8 248.6 304.2 248.6 DL +(rad=0.15)270.045 232.8 Q 365.4 234.2 14.4 -180.0000 90.0000 DA 365.4 227 14.4 +-90.0000 180.0000 DA 390.6 227 14.4 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 390.6 234.2 14.4 +90.0000 0.0000 DA 351 227 351 234.2 DL 390.6 212.6 365.4 212.6 DL 405 234.2 405 +227 DL 365.4 248.6 390.6 248.6 DL(rad=0.2)362.545 232.8 Q 459 230.6 18 +-180.0000 90.0000 DA 459 230.6 18 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 477 230.6 18 -0.0000 +-90.0000 DA 477 230.6 18 90.0000 0.0000 DA 441 230.6 441 230.6 DL 477 212.6 459 +212.6 DL 495 230.6 495 230.6 DL 459 248.6 477 248.6 DL(rad=0.25)450.045 232.8 Q +(Figure 6-3:)187.16 271.6 Q F1(box rad)2.5 E F0(with increasing radius v)2.5 E +(alues;)-.25 E(Radius v)97 299.2 Q(alues higher than half the minimum box dime\ +nsion are silently truncated to that v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 2.5(6.4. Arr)72 +323.2 R -.1(ow)-.18 G(heads).1 E F0 .757 +(Lines and arcs can be decorated as well.)97 338.8 R(An)5.756 E 3.256(yl)-.15 G +.756(ine or arc $and an)291.66 338.8 R 3.256(ys)-.15 G .756 +(pline as well$ can be decorated)376.65 338.8 R(with arro)72 350.8 Q +(wheads by adding one or more as modi\214ers:)-.25 E 306 368.8 270 368.8 DL 270 +368.8 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL BL 270 368.8 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL ST 306 +368.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 306 368.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST +(Figure 6-4: Double-headed line made with)181.065 391.8 Q F1(line <- ->)5 E F0 +.631(In f)97 419.4 R .631(act, the)-.1 F F1(arr)3.131 E -.1(ow)-.18 G F0 .632 +(command is just shorthand for)3.231 F F1 .632(line ->)3.132 F F0 5.632(.A)C +.632(nd there is a double-head modi\214er <->,)343.678 419.4 R +(so the \214gure abo)72 431.4 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.15 H(ould ha).15 E .3 -.15(ve b) +-.2 H(een made with).15 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(Wline <->)2.5 E F0(.)A(Arro)97 447 +Q .505(wheads ha)-.25 F .805 -.15(ve a)-.2 H F1(width)3.155 E F0(attrib)3.005 E +.505(ute, the distance across the rear; and a)-.2 F F1(height)3.005 E F0 +(attrib)3.005 E .505(ute, the length of)-.2 F(the arro)72 459 Q +(whead along the shaft.)-.25 E(Arro)97 474.6 Q .528 +(whead style is controlled by the style v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)3.028 E +-.1(ow)-.18 G(head).1 E F0 5.528(.T)C .528(he D)365.65 474.6 R .528 +(WB and GNU v)-.3 F .528(ersions inter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E .798(pret it dif)72 486.6 +R(ferently)-.25 E 5.798(.D)-.65 G .798(WB def)156.234 486.6 R .798 +(aults to open arro)-.1 F .798(wheads and an)-.25 F F1(arr)3.297 E -.1(ow)-.18 +G(head).1 E F0 -.25(va)3.297 G .797(lue of 2; the K).25 F .797(ernighan paper) +-.25 F .668(says a v)72 498.6 R .668(alue of 7 will mak)-.25 F 3.168(es)-.1 G +.668(olid arro)191.586 498.6 R 3.168(wheads. GNU)-.25 F F1(gpic)3.168 E F0(def) +3.168 E .668(aults to solid arro)-.1 F .669(wheads and an)-.25 F F1(arr)3.169 E +-.1(ow)-.18 G(head).1 E F0 -.25(va)72 510.6 S(lue of 1; a v).25 E +(alue of 0 will produce open arro)-.25 E(wheads.)-.25 E F1 2.5(6.5. Line)72 +534.6 R(Thickness)2.5 E F0(It')97 550.2 Q 2.572(sa)-.55 G .071 +(lso possible to change the line thickness of an object $this is a GNU e) +116.792 550.2 R .071(xtension, D)-.15 F(WB)-.3 E F1(pic)2.571 E F0(doesn')2.571 +E(t)-.18 E .46(support it.$.)72 562.2 R .46(The def)5.46 F .46 +(ault thickness of the lines used to dra)-.1 F 2.96(wo)-.15 G .46 +(bjects is controlled by the)321.78 562.2 R F1(linethick)2.96 E F0 -.25(va)2.96 +G(riable.).25 E .65(This gi)72 574.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.15(st).15 G .65 +(he thickness of lines in points.)119.57 574.2 R 3.149(An)5.65 G -2.25 -.15 +(eg a)264.949 574.2 T(ti).15 E .949 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .649 +(alue means use the def)-.1 F .649(ault thickness: in)-.1 F/F3 10 +/Symbol-Slanted SF(t)3.149 E F0 3.149(xo)C(utput)483.44 574.2 Q .294 +(mode, this means use a thickness of 8 milliinches; in)72 586.2 R F3(t)2.794 E +F0 2.794(xo)C .294(utput mode with the)304.694 586.2 R F1(-c)2.794 E F0 .294 +(option, this means use the)2.794 F 1.065(line thickness speci\214ed by)72 +598.2 R F1(.ps)3.565 E F0 1.065(lines; in trof)3.565 F 3.565(fo)-.25 G 1.064 +(utput mode, this means use a thickness proportional to the)262.21 598.2 R +3.293(pointsize. A)72 610.2 R .793(zero v)3.293 F .793(alue means dra)-.25 F +3.293(wt)-.15 G .793(he thinnest possible line supported by the output de) +226.878 610.2 R 3.294(vice. Initially)-.25 F(it)3.294 E .036(has a v)72 622.2 R +.036(alue of -1.)-.25 F .036(There is also a)5.036 F F1(thickness)2.536 E F0 +(attrib)2.536 E .036(ute $which can be abbre)-.2 F .036(viated to)-.25 F F1 +(thick)2.535 E F0 2.535($. F)B .035(or e)-.15 F(xample,)-.15 E F1(cir)2.535 E +(-)-.37 E .475(cle thickness 1.5)72 634.2 R F0 -.1(wo)2.975 G .475(uld dra).1 F +2.975(wac)-.15 G .476(ircle using a line with a thickness of 1.5 points.)207.08 +634.2 R .476(The thickness of lines is)5.476 F(not af)72 646.2 Q +(fected by the v)-.25 E(alue of the)-.25 E F1(scale)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G +(riable, nor by an).25 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G(idth or height gi)310.76 646.2 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(nt)394.25 646.2 S(he)404.53 646.2 Q F1(.PS)2.5 E F0 +(line.)2.5 E F1 2.5(6.6. In)72 670.2 R(visible Objects)-.4 E F0 .001 +(The modi\214er)97 685.8 R F1(in)2.501 E(vis)-.4 E F0(mak)2.501 E .001 +(es an object entirely in)-.1 F 2.501(visible. This)-.4 F 0 +(used to be useful for positioning te)2.501 F(xt in an)-.15 E(in)72 697.8 Q +.301(visible object that is properly joined to neighboring ones.)-.4 F(Ne)5.301 +E .301(wer D)-.25 F .301(WB v)-.3 F .301(ersions and GNU)-.15 F F1(pic)2.802 E +F0 .302(treat stan-)2.802 F(dalone te)72 709.8 Q(xt in e)-.15 E(xactly this w) +-.15 E(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-9-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(6.7. Filled) +72 84 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 .17(It is possible to \214ll box)97 99.6 R .17 +(es, circles, and ellipses.)-.15 F .17(The modi\214er)5.17 F F1(\214ll[ed])2.67 +E F0 .17(accomplishes this.)2.67 F -1.1(Yo)5.17 G 2.67(uc)1.1 G .17(an suf-) +476.34 99.6 R(\214x it with a \214ll v)72 111.6 Q(alue; the def)-.25 E +(ault is gi)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nb).15 G 2.5(yt)244.03 111.6 S(he stule v) +254.31 111.6 Q(ariable)-.25 E F1(\214llv)2.5 E(al)-.1 E F0(.)A -.3(DW)97 127.2 +S(B).3 E F1(pic)4.191 E F0(and)4.191 E F1(gpic)4.191 E F0(ha)4.191 E 1.991 -.15 +(ve o)-.2 H 1.691(pposite con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.691(ntions for \214ll v).15 +F 1.692(alues and dif)-.25 F 1.692(ferent def)-.25 F 4.192(aults. D)-.1 F(WB) +-.3 E F1(\214llv)4.192 E(al)-.1 E F0(def)72 139.2 Q(aults to 0.3 and smaller v) +-.1 E(alues are dark)-.25 E(er; GNU)-.1 E F1(\214llv)2.5 E(al)-.1 E F0 +(uses 0 for white and 1 for black.)2.5 E 216 175.2 18 DC 0.5000 FL 216 175.2 18 +DC .4 LW ST 288 175.2 18 DC 0.6000 FL 288 175.2 18 DC ST 360 175.2 18 DC 0.8000 +FL 360 175.2 18 DC ST(Figure 6-5:)158.355 216.2 Q F1(cir)2.5 E(cle \214ll; mo) +-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)281.005 216.2 Q(cle \214ll 0.4; mo)-.18 E +-.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)366.995 216.2 Q(cle \214ll 0.9;)-.18 E F0(GNU)97 +243.8 Q F1(gpic)2.528 E F0(mak)2.528 E .028(es some additional guarantees.)-.1 +F 2.528<418c>5.028 G .028(ll v)301.236 243.8 R .027 +(alue greater than 1 can also be used: this means)-.25 F .716 +(\214ll with the shade of gray that is currently being used for te)72 255.8 R +.717(xt and lines.)-.15 F .717(Normally this will be black, b)5.717 F(ut)-.2 E +.519(output de)72 267.8 R .519(vices may pro)-.25 F .519 +(vide a mechanism for changing this.)-.15 F .519(The in)5.519 F .519 +(visible attrib)-.4 F .518(ute does not af)-.2 F .518(fect the \214ll-)-.25 F +.215(ing of objects.)72 279.8 R(An)5.215 E 2.715(yt)-.15 G -.15(ex)157.15 279.8 +S 2.715(ta).15 G .215(ssociated with a \214lled object will be added after the\ + object has been \214lled, so that)176.375 279.8 R(the te)72 291.8 Q +(xt will not be obscured by the \214lling.)-.15 E 1.135 +(The closed-object modi\214er)97 307.4 R F1(solid)3.635 E F0 1.135(is equi) +3.635 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.135(lent to).25 F F1(\214ll)3.635 E F0 1.135 +(with the dark)3.635 F 1.135(est \214ll v)-.1 F 1.135(alue $D)-.25 F(WB)-.3 E +F1(pic)3.635 E F0 1.135(had this)3.635 F(capability b)72 319.4 Q +(ut mentioned it only in a reference opinion$.)-.2 E F1 2.5(7. Mor)72 343.4 R +2.5(eA)-.18 G(bout T)117.36 343.4 Q(ext Placement)-.92 E F0 .757(By def)97 359 +R .757(ault, te)-.1 F .757 +(xt is centered at the geometric center of the object it is associated with.) +-.15 F .758(The modi\214er)5.757 F F1(ljust)72 371 Q F0 .302 +(causes the left end to be at the speci\214ed point $which means that the te) +2.803 F .302(xt lies to the right of the speci-)-.15 F .548 +(\214ed place!$, The modi\214er)72 383 R F1(rjust)3.048 E F0 .548 +(puts the right end at the place.)3.048 F .549(The modi\214ers)5.548 F F1(abo) +3.049 E -.1(ve)-.1 G F0(and)3.149 E F1(belo)3.049 E(w)-.1 E F0 .549(center the) +3.049 F(te)72 395 Q(xt one half line space in the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(nd).15 G(irection.)220.87 395 Q -1.25 -.7(Te x)97 410.6 T 2.5(ta).7 G(ttrib) +121.42 410.6 Q(utes can be combined:)-.2 E 126 428.6 126 464.6 DL(ljust te)126 +448.8 Q(xt)-.15 E 234 428.6 234 464.6 DL(rjust te)198.87 448.8 Q(xt)-.15 E 342 +446.6 270 446.6 DL 342 446.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 342 446.6 MT -7.2 +1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST(ljust abo)306 442.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 450 446.6 378 446.6 +DL 450 446.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 450 446.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL +CL ST(rjust belo)369.53 454.8 Q(w)-.25 E(Figure 7-1: T)235.89 487.6 Q -.15(ex) +-.7 G 2.5(ta).15 G(ttrib)307.53 487.6 Q(utes)-.2 E .205 +(What actually happens is that n te)97 515.2 R .204 +(xt strings are centered in a box that is)-.15 F F1(textwid)2.704 E F0 .204 +(wide by)2.704 F F1(textht)2.704 E F0(high.)2.704 E 1.774(Both these v)72 527.2 +R 1.774(ariables are initially zero $that is)-.25 F F1(pic)4.274 E F0 2.874 +-.55('s w)D 1.774(ay of not making assumptions about).45 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF([tg]r)4.274 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0(\(1$')A(s)-.55 E(def)72 539.2 Q +(ault point size\).)-.1 E .637(In GNU)97 554.8 R F1(gpic)3.137 E F0 3.137(,o)C +.637(bjects can ha)161.681 554.8 R .937 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E F1(aligned) +3.137 E F0(attrib)3.137 E 3.137(ute. This)-.2 F .637(will only w)3.137 F .637 +(ork when the postprocessor is)-.1 F F1(gr)72 566.8 Q(ops)-.18 E F0 5.744(.A)C +1.044 -.15(ny t)111.174 566.8 T -.15(ex).15 G 3.244(ta).15 G .744 +(ssociated with an object ha)146.802 566.8 R .744(ving the)-.2 F F1(aligned) +3.244 E F0(attrib)3.244 E .744(ute will be rotated about the center of)-.2 F +.471(the object so that it is aligned in the direction from the start point to\ + the end point of the object.)72 578.8 R .47(Note that)5.47 F(this attrib)72 +590.8 Q(ute will ha)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)180.61 590.8 +S(ect for objects whose start and end points are coincident.).25 E F1 2.5 +(8. Mor)72 614.8 R 2.5(eA)-.18 G(bout Dir)117.36 614.8 Q(ection Changes)-.18 E +F0 -.8(We)97 630.4 S -1.65 -.5('v e).8 H .87(already seen ho)3.87 F 3.37(wt) +-.25 G 3.37(oc)202.63 630.4 S .871 +(hange the direction in which objects are composed from rightw)215.44 630.4 R +.871(ards to)-.1 F(do)72 642.4 Q(wnw)-.25 E 2.5(ards. Here)-.1 F +(are some more illustrati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.25 H(amples:).15 E EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-10-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(right; box; arr) +204.365 86.2 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)288.785 86.2 Q(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1 +(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)349.405 86.2 Q 234 134.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 +36 RL CL .4 LW ST 270 116.4 234 116.4 DL 270 116.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL +BL 270 116.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 288 116.4 18 DC ST 342 116.4 306 +116.4 DL 342 116.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 342 116.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 +-3.6 RL CL ST 54 36 369 116.4 DE ST(left; box; arr)207.98 158.2 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G +2.5(;c).1 G(ir)285.17 158.2 Q(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse) +345.79 158.2 Q 396 206.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 306 188.4 342 188.4 +DL 306 188.4 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL BL 306 188.4 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL +ST 288 188.4 18 DC ST 234 188.4 270 188.4 DL 234 188.4 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL +CL BL 234 188.4 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL ST 54 36 207 188.4 DE ST F0 +(Figure 8-1: Ef)159.8 229.4 Q(fects of dif)-.25 E +(ferent motion directions $right and left$)-.25 E F1(do)102.635 261.6 Q +(wn; box; arr)-.1 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)189.185 261.6 Q(cle; arr)-.18 +E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse;)249.805 261.6 Q 216 309.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 +RL 0 36 RL CL ST 189 345.8 189 309.8 DL 189 345.8 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL +BL 189 345.8 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 189 363.8 18 DC ST 189 417.8 189 +381.8 DL 189 417.8 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 189 417.8 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 +0 RL CL ST 54 36 189 435.8 DE ST 414 453.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST +387 381.8 387 417.8 DL 387 381.8 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL BL 387 381.8 MT 1.8 +7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL ST 387 363.8 18 DC ST 387 309.8 387 345.8 DL 387 309.8 MT +1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL BL 387 309.8 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL ST 54 36 387 +291.8 DE ST(up; box; arr)306.695 261.6 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)381.125 +261.6 Q(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse;)441.745 261.6 Q F0 +(Figure 8-2: Ef)159.925 476.8 Q(fects of dif)-.25 E +(ferent motion directions $up and do)-.25 E(wn$)-.25 E(Something that may ap\ +pear surprising happens if you change directions in the ob)97 504.4 Q(vious w) +-.15 E(ay:)-.1 E 265.5 558.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 301.5 540.4 +265.5 540.4 DL 301.5 540.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 301.5 540.4 MT -7.2 +1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 319.5 540.4 18 DC ST 337.5 576.4 337.5 540.4 DL 337.5 +576.4 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 337.5 576.4 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST +54 36 337.5 594.4 DE ST(Figure 8-3:)179.69 635.4 Q F1(box; arr)2.5 E -.1(ow) +-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)284.39 635.4 Q(cle; do)-.18 E(wn; arr)-.1 E -.1(ow)-.18 G +2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)374.08 635.4 Q F0 -1.1(Yo)72 663 S 2.5(um)1.1 G(ight ha)98.4 +663 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H(pected that program to yield this:).15 E EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-11-)279.67 48 Q 274.5 120 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL +CL .4 LW ST 310.5 102 274.5 102 DL 310.5 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL +310.5 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 328.5 102 18 DC ST 328.5 156 328.5 120 +DL 328.5 156 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 328.5 156 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL +CL ST 54 36 328.5 174 DE ST(Figure 8-4: More intuiti)233.62 215 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(?).15 E(But, in f)72 242.6 Q(act, to get Figure 8.3 you ha)-.1 E .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(od).15 G 2.5(ot)244.04 242.6 S(his:)254.32 242.6 Q/F1 10 +/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 260.6 Q(box;)108 272.6 Q(arrow;)108 284.6 Q(circle;)108 +296.6 Q(move to last circle .s;)108 308.6 Q(down;)108 320.6 Q(arrow;)108 332.6 +Q(ellipse)108 344.6 Q(.PE)108 356.6 Q F0(Wh)72 374.6 Q 2.892(yi)-.05 G 2.891 +(st)97.062 374.6 S 2.891(his? Because)106.623 374.6 R .391(the e)2.891 F .391 +(xit point for the current direction is already set when you dra)-.15 F 2.891 +(wt)-.15 G .391(he object.)443.788 374.6 R(The)5.391 E .059(second arro)72 +386.6 R 2.559(wi)-.25 G 2.559(nF)130.738 386.6 S .059(igure 8.2 dropped do) +143.857 386.6 R(wnw)-.25 E .059(ards from the circle')-.1 F 2.559(sa)-.55 G .06 +(ttachment point for an object to be joined)338.32 386.6 R(to the right.)72 +398.6 Q .19(The meaning of the command)97 414.2 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mo)2.69 +E .39 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.69(ol).1 G .19(ast cir)259.49 414.2 R .19(cle .s)-.18 F +F0 .19(should be ob)2.69 F 2.69(vious. In)-.15 F .19(order to see ho)2.69 F +2.69(wi)-.25 G 2.69(tg)473.19 414.2 S(ener)483.66 414.2 Q(-)-.2 E(alizes, we') +72 426.2 Q(ll need to go into detail on tw)-.1 E 2.5(oi)-.1 G +(mportant topics; locations and object names.)242.34 426.2 Q F2 2.5(9. Naming) +72 450.2 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 .436(The most natural w)97 465.8 R .436 +(ay to name locations in)-.1 F F2(pic)2.936 E F0 .436(is relati)2.936 F .736 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.936(oo).15 G 2.936(bjects. In)346.712 465.8 R .436 +(order to do this, you ha)2.936 F .736 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(o).15 E .187 +(be able you ha)72 477.8 R .487 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.686(ob).15 G 2.686(ea)157.844 +477.8 S .186(ble to name objects.)169.41 477.8 R(The)5.186 E F2(pic)2.686 E F0 +.186(language has rich f)2.686 F .186(acilities for this that try to emulate) +-.1 F(the syntax of English.)72 489.8 Q F2 2.5(9.1. Naming)72 513.8 R +(Objects By Order Of Drawing)2.5 E F0 .303 +(The simplest $and generally the most useful$ w)97 529.4 R .304 +(ay to name an object is with a)-.1 F F2(last)2.804 E F0 2.804(clause. It)2.804 +F .304(needs to)2.804 F .542(be follo)72 541.4 R .542 +(wed by an object type name;)-.25 F F2(box)3.042 E F0(,)A F2(cir)3.042 E(cle) +-.18 E F0(,)A F2(ellipse)3.042 E F0(,)A F2(line)3.042 E F0(,)A F2(arr)3.041 E +-.1(ow)-.18 G F0(,).1 E F2(spline)3.041 E F0(or)3.041 E F2([])3.041 E F0 .541 +($the last type refers to a)3.041 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .226 +(composite object)72 553.4 R F0 .227(which we')2.726 F .227 +(ll discuss later$.)-.1 F .227(So, for e)5.227 F .227(xample, the)-.15 F F2 +.227(last cir)2.727 F(cle)-.18 E F0 .227(clause in the program attached)2.727 F +(to Figure 9.1.3 refers to the last circle dra)72 565.4 Q(wn.)-.15 E .769 +(More generally)97 581 R 3.269(,o)-.65 G .768(bjects of a gi)169.258 581 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.268(nt).15 G .768 +(ype are implicitly numbered $starting from 1$.)243.03 581 R -1.1(Yo)5.768 G +3.268(uc)1.1 G .768(an refer to)461.374 581 R .076 +($say$ the third ellipse in the current picture with)72 593 R F2 .076 +(3rd ellipse)2.576 F F0 2.576(,o)C 2.576(rt)320.586 593 S 2.576(ot)329.272 593 +S .076(he \214rst box as)339.628 593 R F2 .076(1st box)2.576 F F0 2.576(,o)C +2.576(rt)438.694 593 S 2.576(ot)447.38 593 S .077(he \214fth line)457.736 593 R +(as)72 605 Q F2(5th line)2.5 E F0(.)A .655(Objects are also numbered backw)97 +620.6 R .654(ards by type from the last one of Y)-.1 F .654(ou can say)-1.1 F +F2 .654(2nd last box)3.154 F F0 .654(to get)3.154 F(the second-to-last box, or) +72 632.6 Q F2(3rd last ellipse)2.5 E F0(to get the third-to-last box.)2.5 E +.385(In places where)97 648.2 R F3(n)2.885 E F2(th)A F3 .386(is allowed,)2.885 +F F2(`)2.886 E F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2('th)A F3 .386(is also allowed.)2.886 F +.386(Note that)5.386 F F2('th)2.886 E F3 .386(is a single tok)2.886 F .386 +(en: no space is)-.1 F(allowed between the)72 660.2 Q F2(')2.5 E F3(and the)2.5 +E F2(th)2.5 E F3 5(.F)C(or e)215.66 660.2 Q(xample)-.2 E(,)-.1 E F0 +(for i = 1 to 4 do {)133 681.8 Q(line from `i')140.5 693.8 Q +(th box.nw to `i+1')-.18 E(th box.se)-.18 E(})133 705.8 Q EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-12-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(9.2. Naming) +72 84 R(Objects W)2.5 E(ith Labels)-.18 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97 99.6 S 3.338(uc)1.1 G +.838(an also specify an object by referring to a label.)120.898 99.6 R 3.338 +(Al)5.838 G .838(abel is a w)337.566 99.6 R .838(ord $which must be)-.1 F .838 +(gin with a)-.15 F .26(capital letter$ follo)72 111.6 R .26(wed by a colon; y\ +ou declare it by placing it immediately before the object dra)-.25 F .26 +(wing com-)-.15 F 2.5(mand. F)72 123.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the program)-.15 E +/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 141.6 Q(A: box "first" "object")108 153.6 Q(move;) +108 165.6 Q(B: ellipse "second" "object")108 177.6 Q(move;)108 189.6 Q +(arrow left at A;)108 201.6 Q(.PE)108 213.6 Q F0(declares labels)72 235.2 Q F1 +(A)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(B)2.5 E F0(for its \214rst and second objects.)2.5 E +(Here')5 E 2.5(sw)-.55 G(hat that looks lik)331.95 235.2 Q(e:)-.1 E 270 289.2 +MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST(\214rst)235.22 267.4 Q(object)230.78 +279.4 Q 54 36 333 271.2 DE ST(second)319.115 267.4 Q(object)320.78 279.4 Q 180 +271.2 216 271.2 DL 180 271.2 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL BL 180 271.2 MT 7.2 +-1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL ST(Figure 9-1: Example of label use)222.315 312.2 Q(The)72 +336.2 Q F1(at)3.35 E F0 .85(statement in the fourth line uses the label)3.35 F +F1(A)3.35 E F0 .85($the beha)3.35 F .85(vior of)-.2 F F1(at)3.35 E F0 .85 +(will be e)3.35 F .85(xplained in the ne)-.15 F .85(xt sec-)-.15 F 2.5 +(tion$. W)72 348.2 R(e')-.8 E(ll see later on that labels are most useful for\ + referring to block composite objects.)-.1 E 1.224(Labels are not constants b) +97 363.8 R 1.224(ut v)-.2 F 1.225(ariables $you can vie)-.25 F 3.725(wc)-.25 G +1.225(olon as a sort of assignment$.)323.66 363.8 R -1.1(Yo)6.225 G 3.725(uc) +1.1 G 1.225(an say)477.505 363.8 R .452(something lik)72 375.8 R(e)-.1 E F1 +.452(A: A + $1,0$;)2.952 F F0 .452(and the ef)2.952 F .452 +(fect will be to reassign the label)-.25 F F1(A)2.952 E F0 .452 +(to designate a position one inch)2.952 F(to the right of its old v)72 387.8 Q +(alue.)-.25 E F1 2.5(10. Describing)72 411.8 R(locations)2.5 E F0 .376 +(The location of points can be described in man)97 427.4 R 2.877(yd)-.15 G(if) +299.928 427.4 Q .377(ferent w)-.25 F 2.877(ays. All)-.1 F .377 +(these forms are interchangeable)2.877 F .581(as for as the)72 439.4 R F1(pic) +3.081 E F0 .581(language syntax is concerned; where you can use one, an)3.081 F +3.08(yo)-.15 G 3.08(ft)387.15 439.4 S .58(he others that w)396.34 439.4 R .58 +(ould mak)-.1 F(e)-.1 E(semantic sense are allo)72 451.4 Q(wed.)-.25 E +(The special label)97 467 Q F1(Her)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F0(al)2.5 E -.1(wa)-.1 G +(ys refers to the current position.).1 E F1 2.5(10.1. Absolute)72 491 R +(Coordinates)2.5 E F0 .853(The simplest is absolute coordinates in inches;)97 +506.6 R F1(pic)3.353 E F0 .854(uses a Cartesian system with $0, 0$ at the lo) +3.353 F(wer)-.25 E .593(left corner of the virtual dra)72 518.6 R .593 +(wing surf)-.15 F .592 +(ace for each picture $that is, X increases to the right and Y increases)-.1 F +(upw)72 530.6 Q 3.232(ards$. An)-.1 F .732(absolute location may al)3.232 F +-.1(wa)-.1 G .732(ys be written in the con).1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .732 +(ntional form as tw).15 F 3.233(oc)-.1 G(omma-separated)437.91 530.6 Q .539 +(numbers surrounded by parentheses $and this is recommended for clarity$.)72 +542.6 R .538(In conte)5.539 F .538(xts where it creates no)-.15 F(ambiguity)72 +554.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he pair of X and Y coordinates suf)119.69 554.6 Q +(\214ces without punctuation.)-.25 E .034(It is a good idea to a)97 570.2 R -.2 +(vo)-.2 G .034(id absolute coordinates, ho).2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.634 +-.55(r. T).15 H(he).55 E 2.535(yt)-.15 G .035(end to mak)351.695 570.2 R 2.535 +(ep)-.1 G .035(icture descriptions dif)408.08 570.2 R<8c2d>-.25 E .133 +(cult to understand and modify)72 582.2 R 5.133(.I)-.65 G .133 +(nstead, there are quite a number of w)202.835 582.2 R .133 +(ays to specify locations relati)-.1 F .432 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(o).15 E F1(pic) +2.632 E F0(objects and pre)72 594.2 Q(vious locations.)-.25 E F1 2.5 +(10.2. Locations)72 621.8 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1 G(bjects) +197.07 621.8 Q F0 .73(The symbol)97 637.4 R F1(her)3.23 E(e)-.18 E F0(al)3.23 E +-.1(wa)-.1 G .73(ys refers to the position of the last object dra).1 F .73 +(wn or the destination of the last)-.15 F F1(mo)72 649.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G F0(.).1 +E 1.113(Alone and unquali\214ed, a)97 665 R F1 1.113(last cir)3.613 F(cle)-.18 +E F0 1.113(or an)3.613 F 3.613(yo)-.15 G 1.112(ther w)282.484 665 R 1.112 +(ay of specifying a closed-object or arc location)-.1 F .752 +(refers as a position to the geometric center of the object.)72 677 R .753 +(Unquali\214ed, the name of a line or spline object)5.753 F +(refers to the position of the object start.)72 689 Q(Also,)97 704.6 Q F1(pic) +3.016 E F0 .516(objects ha)3.016 F .816 -.15(ve q)-.2 H .516(uite a fe).15 F +3.016(wn)-.25 G .516(amed locations associated with them.)243.322 704.6 R .516 +(One of these is the object)5.516 F(center)72 716.6 Q 2.77(,w)-.4 G .27 +(hich can be indicated $redundantly$ with the suf)108.52 716.6 R<8c78>-.25 E +F1(.center)2.771 E F0 .271($or just)2.771 F F1(.c)2.771 E F0 2.771($. Thus,)B +F1 .271(last cir)2.771 F .271(cle .center)-.18 F F0(is)2.771 E(equi)72 728.6 Q +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(last cir)2.5 E(cle)-.18 E F0(.)A EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-13-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5 +(10.2.1. Locations)72 84 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oC).1 G +(losed Objects)204.01 84 Q F0(Ev)97 99.6 Q .931(ery closed object $box, circl\ +e, ellipse, or block composite$ also has eight compass points associ-)-.15 F +(ated with it;)72 111.6 Q 213.12 203.04 MT 0 -72 RL -108 0 RL 0 72 RL CL .4 LW +ST 159.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 159.12 167.04 1.44 DC ST F1(.c)161.62 169.24 +Q 159.12 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 159.12 131.04 1.44 DC ST(.n)155.09 127.24 Q +213.12 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 213.12 131.04 1.44 DC ST(.ne)208.12 127.24 Q +213.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 213.12 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.e)215.62 169.24 Q +213.12 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 213.12 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.se)208.955 211.24 Q +159.12 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 159.12 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.s)155.925 211.24 Q +105.12 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 105.12 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.sw)97.065 211.24 Q +105.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 105.12 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.w)92.9 169.24 Q +105.12 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 105.12 131.04 1.44 DC ST(.nw)96.23 127.24 Q 288 +167.04 36 DC ST 288 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 288 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.c)290.5 +169.24 Q 288 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 288 131.04 1.44 DC ST(.n)283.97 127.24 Q +313.488 141.552 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 313.488 141.552 1.44 DC ST(.ne)308.488 +137.752 Q 324 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 324 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.e)326.5 169.24 Q +313.488 192.528 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 313.488 192.528 1.44 DC ST(.se)309.323 +200.728 Q 288 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 288 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.s)284.805 211.24 +Q 262.512 192.528 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 262.512 192.528 1.44 DC ST(.sw)254.457 +200.728 Q 252 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 252 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.w)239.78 169.24 Q +262.512 141.552 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 262.512 141.552 1.44 DC ST(.nw)253.622 +137.752 Q 108 72 416.88 167.04 DE ST 416.88 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 416.88 +167.04 1.44 DC ST(.c)419.38 169.24 Q 416.88 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 416.88 +131.04 1.44 DC ST(.n)412.85 127.24 Q 455.04 141.552 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 455.04 +141.552 1.44 DC ST(.ne)450.04 137.752 Q 470.88 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 470.88 +167.04 1.44 DC ST(.e)473.38 169.24 Q 455.04 192.528 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 455.04 +192.528 1.44 DC ST(.se)450.875 200.728 Q 416.88 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 416.88 +203.04 1.44 DC ST(.s)413.685 211.24 Q 378.72 192.528 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 378.72 +192.528 1.44 DC ST(.sw)370.665 200.728 Q 362.88 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 362.88 +167.04 1.44 DC ST(.w)350.66 169.24 Q 378.72 141.552 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 378.72 +141.552 1.44 DC ST(.nw)369.83 137.752 Q F0(Figure 10-1: Compass points)230.08 +227.48 Q .588 +(these are the locations where eight compass rays from the geometric center w) +72 255.08 R .588(ould intersect the \214gure.)-.1 F(So)5.589 E .421 +(when we say)72 267.08 R F1 .421(last cir)2.921 F .421(cle .s)-.18 F F0 .421 +(we are referring to the south compass point of the last circle dra)2.921 F +2.921(wn. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.921 G(pla-).15 E(nation of Figure 7.3')72 279.08 +Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G(rogram is no)165.61 279.08 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(omplete.)230.07 +279.08 Q .135($In case you dislik)97 294.68 R 2.635(ec)-.1 G .135 +(ompass points, the names)182.42 294.68 R F1(.top)2.635 E F0(,)A F1(.bottom) +2.635 E F0(,)A F1(.left)2.635 E F0(and)2.635 E F1(.right)2.635 E F0 .136 +(are synon)2.636 F .136(yms for)-.15 F F1(.n)2.636 E F0(,)A F1(.s)2.636 E F0(,) +A F1(.e)72 306.68 Q F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)88.38 306.68 Q F1(.w)2.5 E F0(respecti)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ly; the).15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an e)190.31 306.68 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(nb).15 G 2.5(ea)228.23 306.68 S(bbre)239.61 306.68 Q(viated to)-.25 E F1 +(.t)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.b)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.l)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(.r)2.5 E F0 +($.)A .44(The names)97 322.28 R F1(center)2.94 E F0(,)A F1(top)2.94 E F0(,)A +F1(bottom)2.94 E F0(,)A F1(left)2.94 E F0(and)2.94 E F1(right)2.94 E F0 .439 +(can also be used $without the leading dot$ in a pre\214x)2.94 F 1.131 +(form mark)72 334.28 R 1.131(ed by)-.1 F F1(of)3.631 E F0 3.631(;t)C(hus,) +159.744 334.28 Q F1 1.131(center of last cir)3.631 F 1.132 +(cle and top of 2nd last ellipse ar)-.18 F 3.632(eb)-.18 G 1.132(oth v)408.224 +334.28 R 1.132(alid object r)-.1 F(efer)-.18 E(-)-.37 E(ences.)72 346.28 Q F0 +(Arc objects also ha)97 361.88 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.2 H(ompass point; the).15 E 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(re the compass points of the implied circle.)271.75 361.88 Q F1 2.5 +(10.2.2. Locations)72 385.88 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1 G +(pen Objects)204.57 385.88 Q F0(Ev)97 401.48 Q .102 +(ery open object $line, arro)-.15 F 1.402 -.65(w, a)-.25 H .102 +(rc, or spline$ has three named points;).65 F F1(.start)2.602 E F0(,)A F1 +(.center)2.602 E F0 2.602(,a)C(nd)445.338 401.48 Q F1(.end)2.601 E F0 5.101(.T) +C(he)489.71 401.48 Q(y)-.15 E .486 +(can also be used without leading dots in the)72 413.48 R F1(of)2.986 E F0 .486 +(pre\214x form.)2.986 F .487(The center of an arc is the center of its circle,) +5.486 F -.2(bu)72 425.48 S 2.5(tt).2 G +(he center of a line, path, or spline is halfw)89.86 425.48 Q +(ay between its endpoints.)-.1 E 157.14 450.68 85.14 486.68 DL 121.14 468.68 +1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 121.14 468.68 1.44 DC ST(.center)87.01 463.68 Q 85.14 486.68 +1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 85.14 486.68 1.44 DC ST(.start)58.22 481.68 Q 157.14 450.68 +1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 157.14 450.68 1.44 DC ST(.end)133 445.68 Q 201.78 486.68 36 +-0.0000 -90.0000 DA 201.78 486.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 201.78 486.68 1.44 DC ST +(.center)167.65 481.68 Q 201.78 450.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 201.78 450.68 1.44 DC +ST(.start)174.86 445.68 Q 237.78 486.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 237.78 486.68 1.44 DC +ST(.end)213.64 481.68 Q 354.42 450.68 282.42 450.68 DL 282.42 486.68 354.42 +450.68 DL 354.42 486.68 282.42 486.68 DL 318.42 468.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 318.42 +468.68 1.44 DC ST(.center)284.29 463.68 Q 282.42 450.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL +282.42 450.68 1.44 DC ST(.start)255.5 445.68 Q 354.42 486.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL +354.42 486.68 1.44 DC ST(.end)330.28 481.68 Q 399.06 486.68 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 42 +-6 54 -18 RC 12 -12 12 -18 0 -18 RC -12 0 -30 0 -54 0 RC -36 0 RL ST 399.06 +468.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 399.06 468.68 1.44 DC ST(.center)364.93 463.68 Q +399.06 486.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 399.06 486.68 1.44 DC ST(.start)372.14 481.68 Q +399.06 450.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 399.06 450.68 1.44 DC ST(.end)374.92 445.68 Q +(Figure 10-2: Special points on open objects)201.06 525.52 Q F1 2.5(10.3. W)72 +565.12 R(ays of Composing P)-.65 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 .852(Once you ha)97 580.72 +R 1.152 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.052 -.1(wo p).15 H .852(ositions to w).1 F .852 +(ork with, there are se)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .852(ral w).15 F .851 +(ays to combine them to specify ne)-.1 F(w)-.25 E(positions.)72 592.72 Q F1 2.5 +(10.3.1. V)72 616.72 R(ector Sums and Displacements)-1 E F0(An)97 632.32 Q +2.665(yt)-.15 G .365 -.1(wo p)119.515 632.32 T .165 +(ositions may be added or subtracted to yield a ne).1 F 2.665(wp)-.25 G 2.666 +(osition. The)350.67 632.32 R .166(result is the con)2.666 F -.15(ve)-.4 G +(ntional).15 E -.15(ve)72 644.32 S 1.455(ctor sum or dif).15 F 1.455 +(ference of coordinates.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)6.455 G 3.955(re).15 G(xample,)267.265 +644.32 Q F1 1.455(last box .ne + $0.1, 0$)3.955 F F0 1.455(is a v)3.955 F +1.455(alid position.)-.25 F(This)6.455 E -.15(ex)72 656.32 S .166 +(ample illustrates a common use, to de\214ne a position slightly of).15 F .166 +(fset from a named one $say)-.25 F 2.666(,f)-.65 G .166(or captioning)450.784 +656.32 R(purposes$.)72 668.32 Q F1 2.5(10.3.2. Inter)72 692.32 R +(polation Between P)-.1 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 4.496(Ap)97 707.92 S 1.996 +(osition may be interpolated between an)113.716 707.92 R 4.495(yt)-.15 G 2.195 +-.1(wo p)292.74 707.92 T 4.495(ositions. The).1 F 1.995(syntax is `)4.495 F/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fr)A(action)-.15 E F1 1.995(of the way)4.495 F(between)72 +719.92 Q F2(position1)2.557 E F1(and)2.557 E F2(position2)2.557 E F0 3.957 -.7 +(.' F)D .057(or e).55 F .058(xample, you can say)-.15 F F1 .058 +(1/3 of the way between her)2.558 F 2.558(ea)-.18 G .058(nd last ellipse) +446.094 719.92 R(.ne)72 731.92 Q F0 6.067(.T)C 1.066(he fraction may be in num\ +erator/denominator form or may be an ordinary number $v)99.177 731.92 R 1.066 +(alues are)-.25 F F2(not)3.566 E EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-14-)279.67 48 Q 1.898(restricted to [0,1]$.)72 84 R +1.898(As an alternati)6.898 F 2.199 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 4.399(ot).15 G 1.899 +(his v)248.189 84 R 1.899(erbose syntax, you can say `)-.15 F/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(fr)A(action)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<)6.899 E F1 +(position1)A F2(,)4.399 E F1(posi-)4.399 E(tion2)72 96 Q F2(>)A F0 -.7(.')C 2.5 +(;t).7 G(hus, the e)111.45 96 Q(xample could also be written)-.15 E F2(1/3)2.5 +E F0()2.5 E F2(.)A .4 LW 306 114 270 150 DL 306 114 MT +-3.816 6.336 RL -2.52 -2.52 RL CL BL 306 114 MT -3.816 6.336 RL -2.52 -2.52 RL +CL ST 282.024 137.976 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 282.024 137.976 1.44 DC ST(P)287.609 +140.176 Q F0(Figure 10-3:)129.69 173 Q F2(P: 1/3 of the way between last arr) +2.5 E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(start and last arr).1 E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(end).1 E F0 +(This f)97 200.6 Q(acility can be used, for e)-.1 E +(xample, to double connections.)-.15 E 270 254.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL +CL ST(yin)236.61 238.8 Q 360 254.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(yang) +323.28 238.8 Q 306 232.136 270 232.136 DL 306 232.136 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL +CL BL 306 232.136 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 270 241.064 306 241.064 DL 270 +241.064 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL BL 270 241.064 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL ST +(Figure 10-4: Doubled arro)229.94 277.6 Q(ws)-.25 E -1.1(Yo)72 305.2 S 2.5(uc) +1.1 G(an get Figure 10-4 from the follo)95.06 305.2 Q(wing program:)-.25 E/F3 +10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 323.2 Q(A: box "yin"; move;)108 335.2 Q(B: box "yang";) +108 347.2 Q(arrow right at 1/4 ;)108 359.2 Q(arrow left)108 371.2 Q +(at 1/4 ;)180 371.2 Q(.PE)108 383.2 Q F0 +(Note the use of the short form for interpolating points.)72 404.8 Q F2 2.5 +(10.3.3. Pr)72 428.8 R(ojections of P)-.18 E(oints)-.2 E F0(Gi)97 444.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.913(nt).15 G .613 -.1(wo p)126.733 444.4 T(ositions).1 E F1(p) +2.913 E F0(and)2.913 E F1(q)2.913 E F0 2.913(,t)C .413(he position)219.258 +444.4 R F2($)2.913 E F1(p)A F2(,)A F1(q)2.912 E F2($)A F0 .412 +(has the X coordinate of)2.912 F F1(p)2.912 E F0 .412(and the Y coordinate of) +2.912 F F1(q)2.912 E F0(.)A 1.664(This can be helpful in placing an object at \ +one of the corners of the virtual box de\214ned by tw)72 456.4 R 4.164(oo)-.1 G +(ther)488.45 456.4 Q(objects.)72 468.4 Q 360 493.6 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 360 493.6 +1.44 DC ST F2($B,A$ is her)367.2 488.6 Q(e)-.18 E 360 565.6 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL +360 565.6 1.44 DC ST(B)367.2 575 Q 216 565.6 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 216 565.6 1.44 +DC ST($A,B$ is her)155.38 575 Q(e)-.18 E 216 493.6 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 216 +493.6 1.44 DC ST(A)208.8 488.6 Q F0(Figure 10-5: Using $)212.45 595.8 Q F1(x)A +F0(,)A F1(y)2.5 E F0 2.5($c)C(omposition)318.54 595.8 Q F2 2.5(10.4. Using)72 +631.8 R(Locations)2.5 E F0 .656(There are four w)97 647.4 R .656 +(ays to use locations;)-.1 F F2(at)3.156 E F0(,)A F2(fr)3.156 E(om)-.18 E F0(,) +A F2(to)3.156 E F0 3.156(,a)C(nd)310.72 647.4 Q F2(with)3.155 E F0 5.655(.A)C +.655(ll three are object modi\214ers; that is,)358.14 647.4 R +(you use them as suf)72 659.4 Q<8c78>-.25 E(es to a dra)-.15 E(wing command.) +-.15 E(The)97 675 Q F2(at)3.623 E F0 1.123(modi\214er says to dra)3.623 F +-6.122 3.623(wa c)-.15 H 1.124 +(losed object or arc with its center at the follo)233.852 675 R 1.124 +(wing location, or to)-.25 F(dra)72 687 Q 2.5(wal)-.15 G(ine/spline/arro)104.06 +687 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(tarting at the follo)175.19 687 Q(wing location.)-.25 E +(The)97 702.6 Q F2(to)3.648 E F0 1.147 +(modi\214er can be used alone to specify a mo)3.647 F 1.447 -.15(ve d)-.15 H +3.647(estination. The).15 F F2(fr)3.647 E(om)-.18 E F0 1.147 +(modi\214er can be used)3.647 F(alone in the same w)72 714.6 Q(ay as)-.1 E F2 +(at)2.5 E F0(.)A EP +%%Page: 15 15 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-15-)279.67 48 Q(The)97 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fr) +2.677 E(om)-.18 E F0(and)2.677 E F1(to)2.677 E F0 .177 +(modi\214ers can be used with a)2.677 F F1(line)2.677 E F0(or)2.677 E F1(ar) +2.677 E(c)-.18 E F0 .177(command to specify start and end points of)2.677 F +1.873(the object.)72 96 R 1.873(In conjunction with named locations, this of) +6.873 F 1.873(fers a v)-.25 F 1.873(ery \215e)-.15 F 1.872 +(xible mechanism for connecting)-.15 F 2.5(objects. F)72 108 R(or e)-.15 E +(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing program)-.25 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 126 Q +(box "from")108 138 Q(move 0.75;)108 150 Q(ellipse "to")108 162 Q +(arc cw from 1/3 of the way \\)108 174 Q +(between last box .n and last box .ne to last ellipse .n;)132 186 Q(.PE)108 198 +Q F0(yields:)72 219.6 Q 261 293.328 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST +(from)224.28 277.528 Q 54 36 342 275.328 DE ST(to)338.11 277.528 Q 292.464 +309.6 72.015 -46.5394 -133.4606 DA(Figure 10-6: A trick)153.135 316.328 Q 2.5 +(yc)-.15 G(onnection speci\214ed with English-lik)245.195 316.328 Q 2.5(es)-.1 +G(yntax)400.645 316.328 Q(The)97 343.928 Q F1(with)3.146 E F0 .646 +(modi\214er allo)3.146 F .646 +(ws you to identify a named attachment point of an object with another point.) +-.25 F(This is v)72 355.928 Q(ery useful for connecting objects in a natural w) +-.15 E(ay)-.1 E 5(.F)-.65 G(or an e)316.19 355.928 Q(xample, consider these tw) +-.15 E 2.5(op)-.1 G(rograms:)459.52 355.928 Q 162 418.928 MT 0 -36 RL -36 0 RL +0 36 RL CL ST 216 427.928 MT 0 -54 RL -54 0 RL 0 54 RL CL ST F1 +(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75)106.075 473.328 Q 396 427.928 MT 0 +-36 RL -36 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 450 427.928 MT 0 -54 RL -54 0 RL 0 54 RL CL ST +(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 with .sw at last box .se;)289.8 +473.328 Q F0(Figure 10-7: Using the)181.48 494.128 Q F1(with)2.5 E F0 +(modi\214er for attachments)2.5 E F1 2.5(10.5. The)72 530.128 R +(chop modi\214er)2.5 E F0 .99(When dra)97 545.728 R .99 +(wing lines between circles that don')-.15 F 3.49(ti)-.18 G .99 +(ntersect them at a compass point, it is useful to be)294.95 545.728 R +(able to shorten a line by the radius of the circle at either or both ends.)72 +557.728 Q(Consider the follo)5 E(wing program:)-.25 E(.PS)108 575.728 Q +(circle "x")108 587.728 Q(circle "y" at 1st circle - $0.4, 0.6$)108 599.728 Q +(circle "z" at 1st circle + $0.4, -0.6$)108 611.728 Q(arro)108 623.728 Q 2.5 +(wf)-.25 G(rom 1st circle to 2nd circle chop)136.9 623.728 Q(arro)108 635.728 Q +2.5(wf)-.25 G(rom 2nd circle to 3rd circle chop)136.9 635.728 Q(arro)108 +647.728 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(rom 3rd circle to 1st circle chop)136.9 647.728 Q(.PE) +108 659.728 Q(It yields the follo)72 681.328 Q(wing:)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-16-)279.67 48 Q 288 102 18 DC .4 LW ST(x)285.5 104.2 Q +259.2 145.2 18 DC ST(y)256.7 147.4 Q 316.8 145.2 18 DC ST(z)314.58 147.4 Q +269.136 130.224 277.992 116.976 DL 269.208 130.224 MT 2.52 -6.984 RL 3.024 +2.016 RL CL BL 269.208 130.224 MT 2.52 -6.984 RL 3.024 2.016 RL CL ST 298.8 +145.2 277.2 145.2 DL 298.8 145.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 298.8 145.2 MT +-7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 297.936 116.976 306.792 130.224 DL 298.008 116.976 +MT 5.472 4.968 RL -3.024 2.016 RL CL BL 298.008 116.976 MT 5.472 4.968 RL +-3.024 2.016 RL CL ST(Figure 10-8: The)224.39 186.2 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(chop)2.5 E F0(modi\214er)2.5 E .458(Notice that the)72 213.8 R F1(chop)2.958 E +F0(attrib)2.958 E .459(ute mo)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.959(sa).15 G(rro)227.57 +213.8 Q .459(wheads rather than stepping on them. By def)-.25 F .459(ault, the) +-.1 F F1(chop)2.959 E F0(modi-)2.959 E .438 +(\214er shortens both ends of the line by)72 225.8 R F1(cir)2.937 E(clerad)-.18 +E F0 5.437(.B)C 2.937(ys)276.57 225.8 S(uf)288.397 225.8 Q .437 +(\214xing it with a number you can change the amount)-.25 F(of chopping.)72 +237.8 Q .624(If you say)97 253.4 R F1 .624(line ... chop)3.124 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(r1)3.124 E F1(chop)3.124 E F2(r2)3.124 E F0(with)3.124 E F2 +(r1)3.124 E F0(and)3.124 E F2(r2)3.124 E F0 .624(both numbers, you can v)3.124 +F .625(ary the amount of chop-)-.25 F .082(ping at both ends.)72 265.4 R -1.1 +(Yo)5.081 G 2.581(uc)1.1 G .081(an use this in combination with trigonometric \ +functions to write code that will deal)171.577 265.4 R(with more comple)72 +277.4 Q 2.5(xi)-.15 G(ntersections.)154.9 277.4 Q F1 2.5(11. Object)72 301.4 R +(Gr)2.5 E(oups)-.18 E F0(There are tw)97 317 Q 2.5(od)-.1 G(if)159.93 317 Q +(ferent w)-.25 E(ays to group objects in)-.1 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(br)2.5 E +(ace gr)-.15 E(ouping)-.45 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(bloc)2.5 E 2.5(kc)-.2 G(omposites) +419.02 317 Q F0(.)A F1 2.5(11.1. Brace)72 341 R(Gr)2.5 E(ouping)-.18 E F0 .503 +(The simpler method is simply to group a set of objects within curly brack)97 +356.6 R .504(et or brace characters.)-.1 F(On)5.504 E -.15(ex)72 368.6 S 1.491 +(it from this grouping, the current position and direction are restored to the\ +ir v).15 F 1.49(alue when the opening)-.25 F(brace w)72 380.6 Q +(as encountered.)-.1 E F1 2.5(11.2. Block)72 404.6 R(Composites)2.5 E F0 2.553 +(Ab)97 420.2 S .053(lock composite object is created a series of commands encl\ +osed by square brack)111.773 420.2 R 2.554(ets. The)-.1 F(compos-)2.554 E .164 +(ite can be treated for most purposes lik)72 432.2 R 2.664(eas)-.1 G .163 +(ingle closed object, with the size and shape of its bounding box.)246.396 +432.2 R(Here is an e)72 444.2 Q 2.5(xample. The)-.15 F(program fragment)2.5 E +/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(A: [)108 462.2 Q(circle;)132 474.2 Q +(line up 1 at last circle .n;)132 486.2 Q(line down 1 at last circle .s;)132 +498.2 Q(line right 1 at last circle .e;)132 510.2 Q +(line left 1 at last circle .w;)132 522.2 Q +(box dashed with .nw at last circle .se + $0.2, -0.2$;)132 534.2 Q +(Caption: center of last box;)132 546.2 Q(])108 558.2 Q F0 .852 +(yields the block in \214gure 11-1, which we sho)72 579.8 R 3.352(wb)-.25 G +.853(oth with and without its attachment points.)274.398 579.8 R .853 +(The block')5.853 F(s)-.55 E(location becomes the v)72 591.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E +F1(A)2.5 E F0(.)A EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-17-)279.67 48 Q 178.56 175.44 18 DC .4 LW ST 178.56 +85.44 178.56 157.44 DL 178.56 265.44 178.56 193.44 DL 268.56 175.44 196.56 +175.44 DL 88.56 175.44 160.56 175.44 DL 209.304 238.584 205.704 238.584 DL +216.504 238.584 212.904 238.584 DL 223.704 238.584 220.104 238.584 DL 230.904 +238.584 227.304 238.584 DL 238.104 238.584 234.504 238.584 DL 245.304 238.584 +241.704 238.584 DL 252.504 238.584 248.904 238.584 DL 259.704 238.584 256.104 +238.584 DL 259.704 234.984 259.704 238.584 DL 259.704 228.504 259.704 232.104 +DL 259.704 222.024 259.704 225.624 DL 259.704 215.544 259.704 219.144 DL +259.704 209.064 259.704 212.664 DL 259.704 202.584 259.704 206.184 DL 256.104 +202.584 259.704 202.584 DL 248.904 202.584 252.504 202.584 DL 241.704 202.584 +245.304 202.584 DL 234.504 202.584 238.104 202.584 DL 227.304 202.584 230.904 +202.584 DL 220.104 202.584 223.704 202.584 DL 212.904 202.584 216.504 202.584 +DL 205.704 202.584 209.304 202.584 DL 205.704 206.184 205.704 202.584 DL +205.704 212.664 205.704 209.064 DL 205.704 219.144 205.704 215.544 DL 205.704 +225.624 205.704 222.024 DL 205.704 232.104 205.704 228.504 DL 205.704 238.584 +205.704 234.984 DL 396 175.44 18 DC ST 396 85.44 396 157.44 DL 396 265.44 396 +193.44 DL 486 175.44 414 175.44 DL 306 175.44 378 175.44 DL 426.744 238.584 +423.144 238.584 DL 433.944 238.584 430.344 238.584 DL 441.144 238.584 437.544 +238.584 DL 448.344 238.584 444.744 238.584 DL 455.544 238.584 451.944 238.584 +DL 462.744 238.584 459.144 238.584 DL 469.944 238.584 466.344 238.584 DL +477.144 238.584 473.544 238.584 DL 477.144 234.984 477.144 238.584 DL 477.144 +228.504 477.144 232.104 DL 477.144 222.024 477.144 225.624 DL 477.144 215.544 +477.144 219.144 DL 477.144 209.064 477.144 212.664 DL 477.144 202.584 477.144 +206.184 DL 473.544 202.584 477.144 202.584 DL 466.344 202.584 469.944 202.584 +DL 459.144 202.584 462.744 202.584 DL 451.944 202.584 455.544 202.584 DL +444.744 202.584 448.344 202.584 DL 437.544 202.584 441.144 202.584 DL 430.344 +202.584 433.944 202.584 DL 423.144 202.584 426.744 202.584 DL 423.144 206.184 +423.144 202.584 DL 423.144 212.664 423.144 209.064 DL 423.144 219.144 423.144 +215.544 DL 423.144 225.624 423.144 222.024 DL 423.144 232.104 423.144 228.504 +DL 423.144 238.584 423.144 234.984 DL 396 175.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 396 175.44 +1.44 DC ST/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.c)398.5 177.64 Q 396 85.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL +396 85.44 1.44 DC ST(.n)391.97 81.64 Q 486 85.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 486 85.44 +1.44 DC ST(.ne)481 81.64 Q 486 175.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 486 175.44 1.44 DC ST +(.e)488.5 177.64 Q 486 265.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 486 265.44 1.44 DC ST(.se) +481.835 273.64 Q 396 265.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 396 265.44 1.44 DC ST(.s)392.805 +273.64 Q 306 265.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 306 265.44 1.44 DC ST(.sw)297.945 273.64 +Q 306 175.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 306 175.44 1.44 DC ST(.w)293.78 177.64 Q 306 +85.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 306 85.44 1.44 DC ST(.nw)297.11 81.64 Q F0 +(Figure 11-1: A sample composite object)207.59 289.88 Q 3.042 -.8(To r)72 +317.48 T 1.442(efer to one of the composite').8 F 3.942(sa)-.55 G 1.442 +(ttachment points, you can say $for e)223.764 317.48 R(xample$)-.15 E F1 +3.941(A.)3.941 G(s)425.667 317.48 Q F0 6.441(.F)C 1.441(or purposes of)443.908 +317.48 R .063(object naming, composites are a class.)72 329.48 R -1.1(Yo)5.063 +G 2.563(uc)1.1 G .063(ould write)253.531 329.48 R F1 .064(last [] .s)2.564 F F0 +.064(as an equi)2.564 F -.25(va)-.25 G .064(lent refrence, usable an).25 F +(ywhere)-.15 E 2.5(al)72 341.48 S(ocation is needed.)81.72 341.48 Q +(This construction is v)5 E(ery important for putting together lar)-.15 E +(ge, multi-part diagrams.)-.18 E .285(Blocks are also a v)97 357.08 R .284 +(ariable-scoping mechanism, lik)-.25 F 2.784(ea)-.1 G/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(gr)A(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0 .284($1$ en)B 2.784(vironment. All)-.4 F -.25(va) +2.784 G .284(riable assignments).25 F .474 +(done inside a block are undone at the end of it.)72 369.08 R 2.074 -.8(To g) +5.474 H .474(et at v).8 F .474(alues within a block, write a name of the block) +-.25 F(follo)72 381.08 Q .024(wed by a dot, follo)-.25 F .024(wed by the v)-.25 +F .024(ariable or label you w)-.25 F 2.523(ant. F)-.1 F .023(or e)-.15 F .023 +(xample, we could refer the the center of)-.15 F(the box in the abo)72 393.08 Q +.3 -.15(ve c)-.15 H(omposite as).15 E F1(last [] .Caption)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 +(A.Caption)2.5 E F0(.)A .626 +(This kind of reference to a label can be used in an)97 408.68 R 3.126(yw)-.15 +G .626(ay an)318.092 408.68 R 3.126(yo)-.15 G .626(ther location can be.) +353.074 408.68 R -.15(Fo)5.626 G 3.126(re).15 G .626(xample, if)462.824 408.68 +R(we added)72 420.68 Q F1("Hi!" at A.Caption)2.5 E F0(the result w)2.5 E +(ould look lik)-.1 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(his:)304.83 420.68 Q 288 528.68 18 DC ST 288 +438.68 288 510.68 DL 288 618.68 288 546.68 DL 378 528.68 306 528.68 DL 198 +528.68 270 528.68 DL 318.744 591.824 315.144 591.824 DL 325.944 591.824 322.344 +591.824 DL 333.144 591.824 329.544 591.824 DL 340.344 591.824 336.744 591.824 +DL 347.544 591.824 343.944 591.824 DL 354.744 591.824 351.144 591.824 DL +361.944 591.824 358.344 591.824 DL 369.144 591.824 365.544 591.824 DL 369.144 +588.224 369.144 591.824 DL 369.144 581.744 369.144 585.344 DL 369.144 575.264 +369.144 578.864 DL 369.144 568.784 369.144 572.384 DL 369.144 562.304 369.144 +565.904 DL 369.144 555.824 369.144 559.424 DL 365.544 555.824 369.144 555.824 +DL 358.344 555.824 361.944 555.824 DL 351.144 555.824 354.744 555.824 DL +343.944 555.824 347.544 555.824 DL 336.744 555.824 340.344 555.824 DL 329.544 +555.824 333.144 555.824 DL 322.344 555.824 325.944 555.824 DL 315.144 555.824 +318.744 555.824 DL 315.144 559.424 315.144 555.824 DL 315.144 565.904 315.144 +562.304 DL 315.144 572.384 315.144 568.784 DL 315.144 578.864 315.144 575.264 +DL 315.144 585.344 315.144 581.744 DL 315.144 591.824 315.144 588.224 DL(Hi!) +335.479 576.024 Q(Figure 11-2: Adding a caption using interior labeling)182.035 +641.68 Q -1.1(Yo)97 669.28 S 2.993(uc)1.1 G .492 +(an also use interior labels in either part of a)120.553 669.28 R F1(with)2.992 +E F0(modi\214er)2.992 E 5.492(.T)-.55 G .492(his means that the e)370.32 669.28 +R .492(xample com-)-.15 F(posite could be placed relati)72 681.28 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(oi).15 G(ts caption box by a command containing)208.8 681.28 Q +F1(with A.Caption at)2.5 E F0(.)A 1.121(Blocks may be nested.)97 696.88 R 1.121 +(This means you can use block attachment points to b)6.121 F 1.122 +(uild up comple)-.2 F 3.622(xd)-.15 G(ia-)493.45 696.88 Q .156 +(grams hierarchically)72 708.88 R 2.656(,f)-.65 G .156(rom the inside out.) +161.912 708.88 R .155(Note that)5.155 F F1(last)2.655 E F0 .155 +(and the other sequential naming mechanisms don')2.655 F(t)-.18 E +(look inside blocks, so if you ha)72 720.88 Q .3 -.15(ve a p)-.2 H +(rogram that looks lik).15 E(e)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-18-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 84 Q +(P: [box "foo"; ellipse "bar"];)108 96 Q(Q: [)108 108 Q +([box "baz"; ellipse "quxx"])133 120 Q("random text";)133 132 Q(])126 144 Q +(arrow from 2nd last [];)108 156 Q(.PE)108 168 Q F0(the arro)72 189.6 Q 2.5(wi) +-.25 G 2.5(nt)115.07 189.6 S(he last line will be attached to object)125.35 +189.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(P)2.5 E F0 2.5(,n)C(ot object)290.33 189.6 Q F2 +(Q)2.5 E F0(.)A .113(In D)97 205.2 R(WB)-.3 E F2(pic)2.613 E F0 2.613(,o)C .113 +(nly references one le)156.479 205.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.613(ld).15 G .113 +(eep into enclosed blocks were permitted. GNU)259.271 205.2 R F2(gpic)2.614 E +F0(remo)2.614 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E(this restriction.)72 217.2 Q .913 +(The combination of block v)97 232.8 R .913 +(ariable scoping, assignability of labels and the macro f)-.25 F .912 +(acility that we')-.1 F(ll)-.1 E .406 +(describe later on can be used to simulate functions with local v)72 244.8 R +.407(ariables $just wrap the macro body in block)-.25 F(braces$.)72 256.8 Q +F2 2.5(12. Style)72 280.8 R -.92(Va)2.5 G(riables).92 E F0 .914 +(There are a number of global style v)97 296.4 R .913(ariables in)-.25 F F2 +(pic)3.413 E F0 .913(that can be used to change its o)3.413 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.913(rall beha).15 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E -.8(We)72 308.4 S -1.65 -.5('v e).8 H +.758(mentioned se)3.758 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .758(ral of them in pre).15 F .758 +(vious sections.)-.25 F(The)5.758 E(y')-.15 E .758(re all described here.)-.5 F +-.15(Fo)5.758 G 3.258(re).15 G .758(ach v)436.924 308.4 R .758(ariable, the) +-.25 F(def)72 320.4 Q(ault is gi)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(n.).15 E F2(Style V)72 +340.4 Q 12.5(ariable Default What)-.92 F(It Does)2.5 E .08 LW 371.35 346.9 72 +346.9 DL 186.07 328.9 186.07 348.9 DL 139.41 328.9 139.41 348.9 DL F0 59.21 +(boxht 0.5)72 358.4 R(Def)193.57 358.4 Q(ault height of a box)-.1 E 51.99 +(boxwid 0.75)72 370.4 R(Def)193.57 370.4 Q(ault height of a box)-.1 E 59.21 +(lineht 0.5)72 382.4 R(Def)193.57 382.4 Q(ault length of v)-.1 E(ertical line) +-.15 E(line)72 394.4 Q 52.24(wid 0.75)-.25 F(Def)193.57 394.4 Q +(ault length of horizontal line)-.1 E 57.01(arcrad 0.25)72 406.4 R(Def)193.57 +406.4 Q(ault radius of an arc)-.1 E 47.01(circlerad 0.25)72 418.4 R(Def)193.57 +418.4 Q(ault radius of a circle)-.1 E 48.1(ellipseht 0.5)72 430.4 R(Def)193.57 +430.4 Q(ault height of an ellipse)-.1 E(ellipse)72 442.4 Q 41.13(wid 0.75)-.25 +F(Def)193.57 442.4 Q(ault width of an ellipse)-.1 E(mo)72 454.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 +G 52.29(ht 0.5).15 F(Def)193.57 454.4 Q(ault length of v)-.1 E(ertical mo)-.15 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mo)72 466.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 45.32(wid 0.75)-.1 F(Def)193.57 +466.4 Q(ault length of horizontal mo)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(te)72 478.4 Q 59.36 +(xtht 0)-.15 F(Def)193.57 478.4 Q(ault height of box enclosing a te)-.1 E +(xt object)-.15 E(te)72 490.4 Q 52.14(xtwid 0)-.15 F(Def)193.57 490.4 Q +(ault width of box enclosing a te)-.1 E(xt object)-.15 E(arro)72 502.4 Q 51.14 +(wht 0.1)-.25 F(Length of arro)193.57 502.4 Q(whead along shaft)-.25 E(arro)72 +514.4 Q 43.92(wwid 0.05)-.25 F -.4(Wi)193.57 514.4 S(dth of rear of arro).4 E +(whead)-.25 E(arro)72 526.4 Q 40.04(whead 1)-.25 F(Enable/disable arro)193.57 +526.4 Q(whead \214lling)-.25 E 48.66(dashwid 0.05)72 538.4 R(Interv)193.57 +538.4 Q(al for dashed lines)-.25 E 35.88(maxpswid 11)72 550.4 R +(Maximum width of picture)193.57 550.4 Q 48.1(maxpsht 8.5)72 562.4 R +(Maximum height of picture)193.57 562.4 Q 62(scale 1)72 574.4 R(Unit scale f) +193.57 574.4 Q(actor)-.1 E(\214llv)72 586.4 Q 58.9(al 0.5)-.25 F(Def)193.57 +586.4 Q(ault \214ll v)-.1 E(alue)-.25 E 371.35 595.9 72 595.9 DL 186.07 348.9 +186.07 595.9 DL 139.41 348.9 139.41 595.9 DL(An)72 611.4 Q 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5 +(ft)96.57 611.4 S(hese v)105.18 611.4 Q +(ariables can be set with a simple assignment statement.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5 +(re).15 G(xample:)375.98 611.4 Q EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-19-)279.67 48 Q 244.8 156 MT 0 -72 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 72 +RL CL .4 LW ST 280.8 156 MT 0 -72 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 316.8 156 MT 0 +-72 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 352.8 156 MT 0 -72 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST +(Figure 12-1:)98.615 179 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(boxht=1; boxwid=0.3; mo)2.5 E +-.1(ve)-.1 G(wid=0.2; box; mo).1 E -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;b).1 G(ox; mo)364.475 179 +Q -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;b).1 G(ox; mo)414.265 179 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;b).1 G(ox;) +464.055 179 Q F0 1.338(In GNU)97 206.6 R F1(pic)3.838 E F0 3.838(,s)C 1.338 +(etting the)157.674 206.6 R F1(scale)3.838 E F0 -.25(va)3.837 G 1.337 +(riable re-scales all size-related state v).25 F 1.337 +(ariables so that their v)-.25 F(alues)-.25 E(remain equi)72 218.6 Q -.25(va) +-.25 G(lent in the ne).25 E 2.5(wu)-.25 G(nits.)194.84 218.6 Q .118 +(The command)97 234.2 R F1 -.18(re)2.618 G(set).18 E F0 .118 +(resets all style v)2.618 F .118(ariables to their def)-.25 F 2.618(aults. Y) +-.1 F .118(ou can gi)-1.1 F .418 -.15(ve i)-.25 H -5.117 2.618(ta c).15 H .119 +(omma-separated list)423.061 234.2 R(of v)72 246.2 Q(ariable names as ar)-.25 E +(guments, in which case it resets only those.)-.18 E(State v)97 261.8 Q +(ariables retain their v)-.25 E(alues across pictures until reset.)-.25 E F1 +2.5(13. Expr)72 285.8 R(essions, V)-.18 E(ariables, and Assignment)-.92 E F0 +2.85(An)97 301.4 S .35(umber is a v)112.07 301.4 R .35(alid e)-.25 F .35(xpres\ +sion, of course $all numbers are stored internally as \215oating-point$.)-.15 +F(Deci-)5.35 E .092(mal-point notation is acceptable; in GNU)72 313.4 R F1 +(gpic)2.592 E F0 2.592(,s)C .093(cienti\214c notation in C')267.074 313.4 R +2.593(s`)-.55 G .093(e' format $lik)366.895 313.4 R(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF +(5e-2)2.593 E F0 2.593($i)C 2.593(sa)460.037 313.4 S(ccepted.)470.96 313.4 Q +(An)97 329 Q .092(ywhere a number is e)-.15 F .091 +(xpected, the language will also accept a v)-.15 F 2.591(ariable. V)-.25 F .091 +(ariables may be the b)-1.11 F(uilt-)-.2 E(in style v)72 341 Q +(ariable described in the last section, or ne)-.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G +(ariables created by assignment.)288.16 341 Q -.3(DW)97 356.6 S(B).3 E F1(pic) +2.592 E F0 .093(supports only the ordinary assignment via =, de\214nes the v) +2.592 F .093(ariable in the current block if it is)-.25 F .301 +(not already de\214ned there, and then changes the v)72 368.6 R .301 +(alue in the current block.)-.25 F(GNU)5.301 E F1(gpic)2.801 E F0 .301 +(supports an alternate)2.801 F .8(form of assignment using :=. The)72 380.6 R +/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)3.3 E F0 .801 +($right side$ must already be de\214ned, and the v)3.3 F .801(alue of)-.25 F +F3(variable)3.301 E F0 +(will be changed only in the innermost block in which it is de\214ned.)72 392.6 +Q -1.1(Yo)97 408.2 S 2.863(uc)1.1 G .363 +(an use the height, width, radius, and x and y coordinates of an)120.423 408.2 +R 2.863(yo)-.15 G .362(bject or corner in e)384.952 408.2 R(xpressions)-.15 E +(If)72 420.2 Q F1(A)2.5 E F0(is an object label or name, all the follo)2.5 E +(wing are v)-.25 E(alid:)-.25 E F2 102(A.x #)108 438.2 R 6(xc)6 G +(oordinate of the center of A)264 438.2 Q 84(A.ne.y #)108 450.2 R 6(yc)6 G +(oordinate of the northeast corner of A)264 450.2 Q 90(A.wid #)108 462.2 R +(the width of A)6 E 96(A.ht #)108 474.2 R(and its height)6 E +(2nd last circle.rad)108 486.2 Q 6(#t)234 486.2 S +(he radius of the 2nd last circle)252 486.2 Q F0(Note the second e)72 504.2 Q +(xpression, sho)-.15 E(wing ho)-.25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5(oe)244.94 504.2 S +(xtract a corner coordinate.)256.73 504.2 Q .238 +(Basic arithmetic resembling those of C operators are a)97 519.8 R -.25(va)-.2 +G .238(ilable; +, *, -, /, and %.).25 F .239(So is ^ for e)5.239 F(xponen-)-.15 +E 3.308(tiation. Grouping)72 531.8 R .808(is permitted in the usual w)3.308 F +.807(ay using parentheses.)-.1 F(GNU)5.807 E F1(gpic)3.307 E F0(allo)3.307 E +.807(ws logical operators to)-.25 F(appear in e)72 543.8 Q +(xpressions; ! $logical ne)-.15 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion, not f).05 E +(actorial$, &&, ||, ==, !=, >=, <=, <, >.)-.1 E -1.11(Va)97 559.4 S .562 +(rious b)1.11 F .562(uilt-in functions are supported:)-.2 F F1(sin$)3.063 E F3 +(x)A F1($)A F3(,)A F1(cos$)3.063 E F3(x)A F1($)A F3(,)A F1(log$)3.063 E F3 +(x)A F1($)A F3(,)A F1(exp$)3.063 E F3(x)A F1($)A F3(,)A F1(sqrt$)3.063 E F3 +(x)A F1($)A F3(,)A F1(max$)3.063 E F3(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A F1($)A F3(,)A F1 +(atan2$)3.063 E F3(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A F1($)A F3(,)A F1(min$)72 571.4 Q F3(x)A +F1(,)A F3(y)A F1($)A F3(,)A F1(int$)3.818 E F3(x)A F1 1.318 +($, and rand, Both exp and log ar)B 3.817(eb)-.18 G 1.317 +(ase 10; int does integer truncation; and rand)298.401 571.4 R -.18(re)72 +583.4 S(tur).18 E(ns a random number in [0-1\).)-.15 E F0(GNU)97 599 Q F1(gpic) +2.603 E F0 .103(also documents a one-ar)2.603 F .104(gument form or rand,)-.18 +F F1(rand$)2.604 E F3(x)A F1 .104($, which r)B(etur)-.18 E .104 +(ns a random number)-.15 F(between 1 and)72 611 Q F3(x)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C +(ut this is depr)150.41 611 Q(ecated and may be r)-.18 E(emo)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 +G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(naf)332.62 611 S(utur)351.51 611 Q 2.5(ev)-.18 G(ersion.) +382.06 611 Q F0(The function)97 626.6 Q F1(sprintf)2.5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sl).15 G(ik)226.07 626.6 Q 2.5(eaC)-.1 G F3(sprintf)A F0 +($3$ that only tak)A(es %, %e, %f, and %g format strings.)-.1 E F1 2.5 +(14. Macr)72 650.6 R(os)-.18 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97 666.2 S 3(uc)1.1 G .5 +(an de\214ne macros in)120.56 666.2 R F1(pic)3 E F0 5.5(.T)C .499 +(his is useful for diagrams with repetiti)229.99 666.2 R .799 -.15(ve p)-.25 H +2.999(arts. In).15 F .499(conjunction with)2.999 F +(the scope rules for block composites, it ef)72 678.2 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ly gi).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G +(ou the ability to write functions.)303.69 678.2 Q(The syntax is)97 693.8 Q F1 +(de\214ne)108 711.8 Q F3(name)6 E F1({)6 E F3 -.37(re)6 G(placement te).37 E +(xt)-.2 E F1(})2.5 E EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-20-)279.67 48 Q .217(This de\214nes)72 84 R/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.717 E F0 .218 +(as a macro to be replaced by the replacement te)2.717 F .218 +(xt $not including the braces$.)-.15 F .218(The macro)5.218 F +(may be called as)72 96 Q F1(name)108 114 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($)A F1(ar)A +(g1, ar)-.37 E(g2, ... ar)-.37 E(gn)-.37 E F2($)A F0(The ar)72 135.6 Q +(guments $if an)-.18 E(y$ will be substituted for tok)-.15 E +(ens $1, $2 ... $n appearing in the replacement te)-.1 E(xt.)-.15 E(As an e)97 +151.2 Q(xample of macro use, consider the follo)-.15 E(wing:)-.25 E/F3 10 +/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 169.2 Q 6(#P)108 181.2 S +(lot a single jumper in a $1 by $2 box, $3 is the on-off state)126 181.2 Q +(define jumper { [)108 193.2 Q(shrinkfactor = 0.8;)132 205.2 Q +(Outer: box invis wid 0.5 ht 1;)132 217.2 Q 6(#C)132 241.2 S +(ount on end ] to reset these)150 241.2 Q +(boxwid = Outer.wid * shrinkfactor / 2;)132 253.2 Q 6(boxht =)132 265.2 R 6 +(Outer.ht *)6 F(shrinkfactor / 2;)6 E +(box fill $!$1$ with .s at center of Outer;)132 289.2 Q(box fill $$1$)132 +301.2 Q(with .n at center of Outer;)222 301.2 Q 6(]})108 313.2 S 6(#P)108 337.2 +S(lot a block of six jumpers)126 337.2 Q(define jumperblock {)108 349.2 Q +(jumper$$1$;)132 361.2 Q(jumper$$2$;)132 373.2 Q(jumper$$3$;)132 385.2 Q +(jumper$$4$;)132 397.2 Q(jumper$$5$;)132 409.2 Q(jumper$$6$;)132 421.2 Q +6(jwidth =)132 445.2 R(last [].Outer.wid;)6 E(jheight = last [].Outer.ht;)132 +457.2 Q(box with .nw at 6th last [].nw wid 6*jwidth ht jheight;)132 481.2 Q 6 +(#U)132 505.2 S(se {} to avoid changing position from last box draw.)150 505.2 +Q 6(#T)132 517.2 S +(his is necessary so move in any direction will work as expected)150 517.2 Q +({"Jumpers in state $1$2$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + $0, -0.2$;})132 529.2 Q +(})108 541.2 Q 6(#S)108 565.2 S(ample macro invocations)126 565.2 Q +(jumperblock$1,1,0,0,1,0$;)108 577.2 Q(move;)108 589.2 Q +(jumperblock$1,0,1,0,1,1$;)108 601.2 Q F0(It yields the follo)72 630.2 Q +(wing:)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-21-)279.67 48 Q 97.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 +28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 97.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL .4 LW ST +97.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 97.2 148.8 MT 0 +-28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 133.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 +RL CL 1.0000 FL 133.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 133.2 148.8 +MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 133.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 +0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 169.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL +169.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 169.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL +-14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 169.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 +RL CL ST 205.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 205.2 120 MT +0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 205.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 +28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 205.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 241.2 +120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 241.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL +-14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 241.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL +0.0000 FL 241.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 277.2 120 MT 0 +-28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 277.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 +28.8 RL CL ST 277.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 277.2 +148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 288 156 MT 0 -72 RL -216 0 RL 0 +72 RL CL ST(Jumpers in state 1110010)129.03 172.6 Q 349.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL +-14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 349.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL +CL ST 349.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 349.2 148.8 +MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 385.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 +28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 385.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 385.2 +148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 385.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL +-14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 421.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL +1.0000 FL 421.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 421.2 148.8 MT 0 +-28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 421.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL +0 28.8 RL CL ST 457.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 457.2 +120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 457.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 +RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 457.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST +493.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 493.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 +RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 493.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL +0.0000 FL 493.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 529.2 120 MT 0 +-28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 529.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 +28.8 RL CL ST 529.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 529.2 +148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 540 156 MT 0 -72 RL -216 0 RL 0 +72 RL CL ST(Jumpers in state 1001011)381.03 172.6 Q +(Figure 14-1: Sample use of a macro)216.345 193.4 Q .645(This macro e)72 221 R +.645(xample illustrates ho)-.15 F 3.145(wy)-.25 G .645 +(ou can combine [], brace grouping, and v)225.085 221 R .644 +(ariable assignment to write)-.25 F(true functions.)72 233 Q .251 +(One detail the e)97 248.6 R .251(xample abo)-.15 F .552 -.15(ve d)-.15 H .252 +(oes not illustrate is the f).15 F .252(act that macro ar)-.1 F .252 +(gument parsing is not tok)-.18 F(en-)-.1 E 2.662(oriented. If)72 260.6 R .162 +(you call)2.662 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .162(jumper$ 1 $)2.662 F F0 2.662(,t) +C .162(he v)213.104 260.6 R .161(alue of $1 will be)-.25 F F1 2.661("1")2.661 G +F0 2.661(.Y)324.673 260.6 S .161(ou could e)335.954 260.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.661(nc).15 G(all)399.077 260.6 Q F1 2.661(jumper$big string$)2.661 F F0(to) +2.661 E(gi)72 272.6 Q .3 -.15(ve $)-.25 H 2.5(1t).15 G(he v)106.6 272.6 Q(alue) +-.25 E F1 2.5("big string")2.5 F F0(.)A .272(If you w)97 288.2 R .272 +(ant to pass in a coordinate pair)-.1 F 2.773(,y)-.4 G .273(ou can a)265.03 +288.2 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .273(id getting tripped up by the comma by wrapping).2 F +(the pair in parentheses.)72 300.2 Q(Macros persist through pictures.)97 315.8 +Q 1.6 -.8(To u)5 H(nde\214ne a mcro, say).8 E F1(undef)2.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(;f)C(or e)386.16 315.8 Q(xample,)-.15 E/F3 +10/Courier@0 SF(undef jumper)108 333.8 Q(undef jumperblock)108 345.8 Q F0 -.1 +(wo)72 367.4 S(uld unde\214ne the tw).1 E 2.5(om)-.1 G +(acros in the jumper block e)176.24 367.4 Q(xample.)-.15 E F1 2.5 +(15. Import/Export)72 391.4 R(Commands)2.5 E F0(Commands that import or e)97 +407 Q(xport data between)-.15 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(and its en)2.5 E +(vironment are described here.)-.4 E F1 2.5(15.1. File)72 431 R(and T)2.5 E +(able Insertion)-.92 E F0(The statement)97 446.6 Q F3(copy)108 464.6 Q F2 +(\214lename)2.5 E F0 .465(inserts the contents of)72 482.6 R F2(\214lename) +2.965 E F0 .465(in the)2.965 F F1(pic)2.965 E F0 .465(input stream.)2.965 F(An) +5.465 E 2.965(y.)-.15 G .464(PS/.PE pair in the \214le will be ignored.)323.055 +482.6 R(This,)5.464 E(you can use this to include pre-generated images.)72 +494.6 Q 2.5(Av)97 510.2 S(ariant of this statement replicates the)111.47 510.2 +Q F1(copy thru)2.5 E F0(feature of)2.5 E F2(gr)2.5 E(ap)-.15 E F0 2.5 +($1$. If)B(you say)2.5 E F3(copy)108 528.2 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F3(thru)2.5 +E F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0 .708(calls the)72 549.8 R F2(macr)3.208 E(o)-.45 E +F0 .708($which may be either a name or replacement te)3.208 F .708 +(xt$ on the ar)-.15 F .709(guments obtained by breaking)-.18 F .432 +(each line of the \214le into blank-separated \214elds.)72 561.8 R .432 +(The macro may ha)5.432 F .732 -.15(ve u)-.2 H 2.932(pt).15 G 2.931(o9a)371.376 +561.8 S -.18(rg)391.678 561.8 S 2.931(uments. The).18 F(replacement)2.931 E(te) +72 573.8 Q .709(xt may be delimited by braces or by a pair of instances of an) +-.15 F 3.21(yc)-.15 G .71(haracter not appearing in the rest of the)342.13 +573.8 R(te)72 585.8 Q(xt.)-.15 E(If you write)97 601.4 Q F3(copy thru)108 619.4 +Q F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0 +(omitting the \214lename, lines to be parsed are tak)72 641 Q +(en from the input source up to the ne)-.1 E(xt .PE.)-.15 E .404 +(In either of the)97 656.6 R F1(copy)2.904 E F0 .404(commands, GNU)2.904 F F1 +(gpic)2.904 E F0 .403(permits a trailing `)2.904 F F1(until)A F2(wor)2.903 E(d) +-.37 E F0 2.903('c)C .403(lause to be added which)406.298 656.6 R .458 +(terminates the cop)72 668.6 R 2.958(yw)-.1 G .458(hen the \214rst w)161.314 +668.6 R .459(ord matches the ar)-.1 F .459(gument $the def)-.18 F .459 +(ault beha)-.1 F .459(vior is therefore equi)-.2 F -.25(va)-.25 G(lent).25 E +(to)72 680.6 Q F1(until .PE)2.5 E F0(,)A(Accordingly)97 696.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G +(he command)154.12 696.2 Q F3(.PS)122 711.8 Q +(copy thru % circle at \($1,$2$ % until "END")122 723.8 Q EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-22-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6(12)122 84 S 6(34) +122 96 S 6(56)122 108 S(END)122 120 Q(box)122 132 Q(.PE)122 144 Q F0(is equi)72 +159.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(.PS)122 175.2 Q(circle at $1,2$)122 +187.2 Q(circle at $3,4$)122 199.2 Q(circle at $5,6$)122 211.2 Q(box)122 +223.2 Q(.PE)122 235.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(15.2. Deb)72 259.2 R +(ug Messages)-.2 E F0 .978(The command)97 274.8 R F2(print)3.478 E F0 .977 +(accepts an)3.478 F 3.477(yn)-.15 G .977(umber of comma-separated ar)239.768 +274.8 R .977(guments, concatenates their output)-.18 F .805 +(forms, and writes the result to standard error)72 286.8 R 5.805(.E)-.55 G .805 +(ach ar)269.24 286.8 R .805(gument must be an e)-.18 F .805 +(xpression, a position, or a te)-.15 F(xt)-.15 E(string.)72 298.8 Q F2 2.5 +(15.3. Escape)72 322.8 R(to P)2.5 E(ost-Pr)-.2 E(ocessor)-.18 E F0 +(If you write)97 338.4 Q F2(command)108 356.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 +E(g)-.37 E F0 1.666(...)1.666 G F2(pic)72 378 Q F0 1.548(concatenates the ar) +4.048 F 1.547(guments and pass them through as a line to trof)-.18 F 4.047(fo) +-.25 G 4.047(rT)383.025 378 S(E)394.845 380.24 Q 4.047(X. Each)-1.25 -2.24 N F3 +(ar)4.047 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.547(must be an)4.047 F -.15(ex)72 390 S .084 +(pression, a position, or te).15 F 2.584(xt. This)-.15 F .084(has a similar ef) +2.584 F .084(fect to a line be)-.25 F .084(ginning with)-.15 F F2(.)2.584 E F0 +(or)5.085 E F2(\\)2.585 E F0 2.585(,b)C .085(ut allo)425.085 390 R .085 +(ws the v)-.25 F(alues)-.25 E(of v)72 402 Q(ariables to be passed through.)-.25 +E F2 2.5(15.4. Executing)72 426 R(Shell Commands)2.5 E F0(The command)97 441.6 +Q F1(sh {)108 459.6 Q F3(anything)6 E(...)-.15 E F1(})6 E F0(macroe)72 481.2 Q +1.563(xpands the te)-.15 F 1.563(xt in braces, then e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.563(cutes it as a shell command.).15 F 1.563(This could be used to generate) +6.563 F .755(images or data tables for later inclusion.)72 493.2 R .756 +(The delimiters sho)5.756 F .756(wn as {} here may also be tw)-.25 F 3.256(oc) +-.1 G .756(opies of an)453.758 493.2 R(y)-.15 E 1.397 +(one character not present in the shell command te)72 505.2 R 3.897(xt. In)-.15 +F 1.397(either case, the body may contain balanced {})3.897 F 2.5 +(pairs. Strings)72 517.2 R +(in the body may contain balanced or unbalanced braces in an)2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 +G(ase.)385.4 517.2 Q F2 2.5(16. Contr)72 541.2 R(ol-\215o)-.18 E 2.5(wc)-.1 G +(onstructs)150.6 541.2 Q F0(The)97 556.8 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0(language pro)2.5 E +(vides conditionals and looping.)-.15 E -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample,)332.64 +556.8 Q F1(pi = atan2$0, -1$;)108 574.8 Q(for i = 0 to 2 * pi by 0.1 do {)108 +586.8 Q("-" at $i/2, 0$;)132 598.8 Q("." at $i/2, sin\(i$/2\);)132 610.8 Q +(":" at $i/2, cos\(i$/2\);)132 622.8 Q(})108 634.8 Q F0(which yields this:)72 +656.4 Q EP +%%Page: 23 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-23-)279.67 48 Q(-)174.735 122.2 Q(.)175.15 122.2 Q(:) +175.01 86.2 Q(-)178.335 122.2 Q(.)178.75 118.6 Q(:)178.61 86.344 Q(-)181.935 +122.2 Q(.)182.35 115.072 Q(:)182.21 86.92 Q(-)185.535 122.2 Q(.)185.95 111.544 +Q(:)185.81 87.784 Q(-)189.135 122.2 Q(.)189.55 108.16 Q(:)189.41 89.008 Q(-) +192.735 122.2 Q(.)193.15 104.92 Q(:)193.01 90.592 Q(-)196.335 122.2 Q(.)196.75 +101.896 Q(:)196.61 92.464 Q(-)199.935 122.2 Q(.)200.35 99.016 Q(:)200.21 94.696 +Q(-)203.535 122.2 Q(.)203.95 96.352 Q(:)203.81 97.144 Q(-)207.135 122.2 Q(.) +207.55 93.976 Q(:)207.41 99.808 Q(-)210.735 122.2 Q(.)211.15 91.888 Q(:)211.01 +102.76 Q(-)214.335 122.2 Q(.)214.75 90.088 Q(:)214.61 105.856 Q(-)217.935 122.2 +Q(.)218.35 88.648 Q(:)218.21 109.168 Q(-)221.535 122.2 Q(.)221.95 87.496 Q(:) +221.81 112.552 Q(-)225.135 122.2 Q(.)225.55 86.704 Q(:)225.41 116.08 Q(-) +228.735 122.2 Q(.)229.15 86.272 Q(:)229.01 119.68 Q(-)232.335 122.2 Q(.)232.75 +86.2 Q(:)232.61 123.28 Q(-)235.935 122.2 Q(.)236.35 86.488 Q(:)236.21 126.808 Q +(-)239.535 122.2 Q(.)239.95 87.136 Q(:)239.81 130.408 Q(-)243.135 122.2 Q(.) +243.55 88.144 Q(:)243.41 133.864 Q(-)246.735 122.2 Q(.)247.15 89.44 Q(:)247.01 +137.176 Q(-)250.335 122.2 Q(.)250.75 91.096 Q(:)250.61 140.344 Q(-)253.935 +122.2 Q(.)254.35 93.112 Q(:)254.21 143.368 Q(-)257.535 122.2 Q(.)257.95 95.344 +Q(:)257.81 146.176 Q(-)261.135 122.2 Q(.)261.55 97.864 Q(:)261.41 148.768 Q(-) +264.735 122.2 Q(.)265.15 100.672 Q(:)265.01 151.072 Q(-)268.335 122.2 Q(.) +268.75 103.624 Q(:)268.61 153.016 Q(-)271.935 122.2 Q(.)272.35 106.792 Q(:) +272.21 154.744 Q(-)275.535 122.2 Q(.)275.95 110.176 Q(:)275.81 156.112 Q(-) +279.135 122.2 Q(.)279.55 113.56 Q(:)279.41 157.12 Q(-)282.735 122.2 Q(.)283.15 +117.088 Q(:)283.01 157.84 Q(-)286.335 122.2 Q(.)286.75 120.688 Q(:)286.61 158.2 +Q(-)289.935 122.2 Q(.)290.35 124.288 Q(:)290.21 158.128 Q(-)293.535 122.2 Q(.) +293.95 127.888 Q(:)293.81 157.768 Q(-)297.135 122.2 Q(.)297.55 131.416 Q(:) +297.41 156.976 Q(-)300.735 122.2 Q(.)301.15 134.8 Q(:)301.01 155.896 Q(-) +304.335 122.2 Q(.)304.75 138.112 Q(:)304.61 154.456 Q(-)307.935 122.2 Q(.) +308.35 141.28 Q(:)308.21 152.728 Q(-)311.535 122.2 Q(.)311.95 144.232 Q(:) +311.81 150.64 Q(-)315.135 122.2 Q(.)315.55 146.968 Q(:)315.41 148.336 Q(-) +318.735 122.2 Q(.)319.15 149.416 Q(:)319.01 145.744 Q(-)322.335 122.2 Q(.) +322.75 151.648 Q(:)322.61 142.864 Q(-)325.935 122.2 Q(.)326.35 153.592 Q(:) +326.21 139.84 Q(-)329.535 122.2 Q(.)329.95 155.176 Q(:)329.81 136.6 Q(-)333.135 +122.2 Q(.)333.55 156.472 Q(:)333.41 133.288 Q(-)336.735 122.2 Q(.)337.15 +157.408 Q(:)337.01 129.76 Q(-)340.335 122.2 Q(.)340.75 157.984 Q(:)340.61 +126.232 Q(-)343.935 122.2 Q(.)344.35 158.2 Q(:)344.21 122.632 Q(-)347.535 122.2 +Q(.)347.95 158.056 Q(:)347.81 119.032 Q(-)351.135 122.2 Q(.)351.55 157.552 Q(:) +351.41 115.504 Q(-)354.735 122.2 Q(.)355.15 156.688 Q(:)355.01 111.976 Q(-) +358.335 122.2 Q(.)358.75 155.536 Q(:)358.61 108.592 Q(-)361.935 122.2 Q(.) +362.35 154.024 Q(:)362.21 105.352 Q(-)365.535 122.2 Q(.)365.95 152.152 Q(:) +365.81 102.256 Q(-)369.135 122.2 Q(.)369.55 149.992 Q(:)369.41 99.376 Q(-) +372.735 122.2 Q(.)373.15 147.616 Q(:)373.01 96.712 Q(-)376.335 122.2 Q(.)376.75 +144.952 Q(:)376.61 94.264 Q(-)379.935 122.2 Q(.)380.35 142 Q(:)380.21 92.176 Q +(-)383.535 122.2 Q(.)383.95 138.904 Q(:)383.81 90.304 Q(-)387.135 122.2 Q(.) +387.55 135.664 Q(:)387.41 88.792 Q(-)390.735 122.2 Q(.)391.15 132.28 Q(:)391.01 +87.64 Q(-)394.335 122.2 Q(.)394.75 128.752 Q(:)394.61 86.776 Q(-)397.935 122.2 +Q(.)398.35 125.224 Q(:)398.21 86.344 Q(Figure 16-1: Plotting with a)214.79 179 +Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(loop)2.5 E(The syntax of the) +72 206.6 Q F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(statement is:)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 224.6 +S(r).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)2.5 E F1(=)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr1).2 E F1(to)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0([)2.5 E F1(by)A F0([)2.5 E F1 +(*)A F0(])A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr3).2 E F0(])A F1(do)2.5 E F2 2.5(Xb)2.5 G(ody X) +311.14 224.6 Q F0 .679(The semantics are as follo)72 242.6 R 3.179(ws: Set)-.25 +F F2(variable)3.179 E F0(to)3.179 E F2 -.2(ex)3.179 G(pr).2 E F0 -3.179 3.179 +(1. W)D .68(hile the v)305.25 242.6 R .68(alue of)-.25 F F2(variable)3.18 E F0 +.68(is less than or equal to)3.18 F F2 -.2(ex)72 254.6 S(pr2).2 E F0 3.407(,d)C +(o)105.477 254.6 Q F2(body)3.407 E F0 .907(and increment)3.407 F F2(variable) +3.407 E F0(by)3.407 E F2 -.2(ex)3.406 G(pr3).2 E F0 3.406(;i)C(f)279.654 254.6 +Q F1(by)3.406 E F0 .906(is not gi)3.406 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .906(n, increment).15 +F F2(variable)3.406 E F0 .906(by 1.)3.406 F(If)5.906 E F2 -.2(ex)3.406 G(pr3).2 +E F0(is)3.406 E(pre\214x)72 266.6 Q .976(ed by)-.15 F F1(*)3.476 E F0(then) +3.476 E F2(variable)3.476 E F0 .976(will instead be multiplied by)3.476 F F2 +-.2(ex)3.476 G(pr3).2 E F0(.)A F2(X)5.976 E F0 .976(can be an)3.476 F 3.476(yc) +-.15 G .977(haracter not occurring in)402.49 266.6 R F2(body)72 278.6 Q F0 2.5 +(;o)C 2.5(rt)101.72 278.6 S(he tw)110.33 278.6 Q 2.5(oX)-.1 G 2.5(sm)146.89 +278.6 S(ay be paired braces $as in the)161.06 278.6 Q F1(sh)2.5 E F0 +(command$.)2.5 E(The syntax of the)97 294.2 Q F1(if)2.5 E F0 +(statement is as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(if)108 312.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 +E F1(then)2.5 E F2 2.5(Xi)2.5 G(f-true X)169.46 312.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(else)A F2 +2.5(Yi)2.5 G(f-false Y)235.01 312.2 Q F0(])A .38(Its semantics are as follo)72 +330.2 R .38(ws: Ev)-.25 F(aluate)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)2.88 G(pr).2 E F0 2.88(;i)C +2.88(fi)252.54 330.2 S 2.88(ti)261.53 330.2 S 2.879(sn)269.97 330.2 S .379 +(on-zero then do)281.739 330.2 R F2(if-true)2.879 E F0 2.879(,o)C .379 +(therwise do)383.515 330.2 R F2(if-false)2.879 E F0(.)A F2(X)5.379 E F0 .379 +(can be)2.879 F(an)72 342.2 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not occurring in)93.23 +342.2 Q F2(if-true)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(Y)5 E F0(can be an)2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(haracter not occurring in)284.42 342.2 Q F2(if-false)2.5 E F0(.)A .289(Eithe \ +or both of the X or Y pairs may instead be balanced pairs of braces ${ and }\ +$ as in the)97 357.8 R F1(sh)2.79 E F0(com-)2.79 E 3.571(mand. In)72 369.8 R +1.071(either case, the)3.571 F F2(if-true)3.571 E F0 1.071 +(may contain balanced pairs of braces.)3.571 F 1.07 +(None of these delimiters will be)6.07 F(seen inside strings.)72 381.8 Q .463 +(All the usual relational operators my be used in conditional e)97 397.4 R .464 +(xpressions; ! $logical ne)-.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .464(tion, not f).05 F(ac-) +-.1 E(torial$, &&, ||, ==, !=, >=, <=, <, >.)72 409.4 Q .582 +(String comparison is also supported using == and !=.)97 425 R .582 +(String comparisons may need to be parenthe-)5.582 F(sized to a)72 437 Q -.2 +(vo)-.2 G(id syntactic ambiguities.).2 E F1 2.5(17. Interface)72 461 R 1.84 +-.92(To [)2.5 H(gt]r).92 E(off)-.18 E F0 .295(The output of)97 476.6 R F1(pic) +2.795 E F0(is)2.795 E F1([gt]r)2.795 E(off)-.18 E F0(dra)2.795 E .295 +(wing commands.)-.15 F .295(The GNU)5.295 F F2(gpic)2.795 E F0 .295 +($1$ command w)B .295(arns that it relies on)-.1 F(dra)72 488.6 Q(wing e)-.15 +E(xtensions present in)-.15 E F2(gr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0 +($1$ that are not present in)A F2(tr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0($1$.)A F1 +2.5(17.1. Scaling)72 512.6 R(Ar)2.5 E(guments)-.1 E F0 .793(The D)97 528.2 R +(WB)-.3 E F2(pic)3.293 E F0 .793($1$ program will accept one or tw)B 3.293 +(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg)306.187 528.2 S .793(uments to).18 F F1(.PS)3.293 E F0 3.293 +(,w)C .793(hich is interpreted as a width)384.776 528.2 R .284 +(and height in inches to which the results of)72 540.2 R F2(pic)2.785 E F0 .285 +($1$ should be scaled $width and height scale independently$.)B .128 +(If there is only one ar)72 552.2 R .127(gument, it is interpreted as a width \ +to scale the picture to, and height will be scaled by)-.18 F +(the same proportion.)72 564.2 Q(GNU)97 579.8 Q F1(gpic)3.283 E F0 .783(is les\ +s general; it will accept a single width to scale to, or a zero width and a ma\ +ximum)3.283 F(height to scale to.)72 591.8 Q -.4(Wi)5 G(th tw).4 E 2.5(on)-.1 G +(onzero ar)192.05 591.8 Q(guments, it will scale to the maximum height.)-.18 E +F1 2.5(17.2. Ho)72 615.8 R 2.5(wS)-.1 G(caling is Handled)124.96 615.8 Q F0 +(When)97 631.4 Q F1(pic)2.558 E F0 .057(processes a picture description on inp\ +ut, it passes .PS and .PE through to the postprocessor)2.558 F(.)-.55 E .917 +(The .PS gets decorated with tw)72 643.4 R 3.417(on)-.1 G .917(umeric ar) +214.332 643.4 R .917 +(guments which are the X and Y dimensions of the picture in)-.18 F 2.5 +(inches. The)72 655.4 R(post-processor can use these to reserv)2.5 E 2.5(es) +-.15 G(pace for the picture and center it.)284.57 655.4 Q(The)97 671 Q F1(mgs) +2.5 E F0(macros, for e)2.5 E(xample, include the follo)-.15 E +(wing de\214nitions:)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 24 24 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-24-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(.de PS)108 84 Q +(.br)108 96 Q(.sp \\n[DD]u)108 108 Q +(.ie \\n[.$]<2 .@error bad arguments to PS $not preprocessed with pic?$)108 +120 Q(.el .)108 132 Q(ds@need $u;\\$1$+1v)158 132 Q 19(.i)108 144 S 6(n+)139 +144 S($u;\\n[.l]-\\n[.i]-\\$2/2>?0$)157 144 Q(.)108 156 Q(..)108 168 Q +(.de PE)108 180 Q(.par@reset)108 192 Q(.sp \\n[DD]u+.5m)108 204 Q(..)108 216 Q +F0(Equi)72 237.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 1.608 +(lent de\214nition will be supplied by GNU).25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pic) +4.108 E F0 1.607($1$ if you use the -mpic option; this should mak)B 4.107(ei) +-.1 G(t)501.22 237.6 Q(usable with macro pages other than)72 249.6 Q F2(ms)2.5 +E F0($1$.)A 2.431(if .PF is used instead of .PE, the)97 265.2 R/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(tr)4.931 E(off)-.18 E F0 2.432 +(position is restored to what it w)4.932 F 2.432(as at the picture start)-.1 F +($K)72 277.2 Q(ernighan notes that the F stands for "\215yback"$.)-.25 E +(The in)97 292.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E F3(.PS <)108 310.8 Q F2(\214le)A F0 +(causes the contents of)72 332.4 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0(to replace the .PS line.) +2.5 E(This feature is deprecated; use)5 E F3(copy \214le)2.5 E F0(instead\).) +2.5 E .352(By def)97 348 R .352(ault, input lines that be)-.1 F .351 +(gin with a period are passed to the postprocessor)-.15 F 2.851(,e)-.4 G .351 +(mbedded at the cor)423.447 348 R(-)-.2 E .661(responding point in the output.) +72 360 R .662(Messing with horizontal or v)5.662 F .662 +(ertical spacing is an ob)-.15 F .662(vious recipe for b)-.15 F(ugs,)-.2 E -.2 +(bu)72 372 S 2.5(tp).2 G(oint size and font changes will usually be safe.)92.08 +372 Q .765(Point sizes and font changes are also safe within te)97 387.6 R .764 +(xt strings, as long as the)-.15 F 3.264(ya)-.15 G .764(re undone before the) +419.238 387.6 R(end of string.)72 399.6 Q(The state of)97 415.2 Q F3([gt]r)2.5 +E(off)-.18 E F0 1.1 -.55('s \214)D(ll mode is preserv).55 E +(ed across pictures.)-.15 E .542(The K)97 430.8 R .543(ernighan paper notes th\ +at there is a subtle problem with complicated equations inside)-.25 F F3(pic) +3.043 E F0(pic-)3.043 E .918(tures; the)72 442.8 R 3.418(yc)-.15 G .918 +(ome out wrong if)122.566 442.8 R F2(eqn)3.417 E F0 3.417($1$ has)B .917 +(to lea)3.417 F 1.217 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .917(tra v).15 F .917 +(ertical space for the equation.)-.15 F .917(If your equation)5.917 F(in)72 +454.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(lv).2 E .905 +(es more than subscripts and superscripts, you must add to the be)-.15 F .906 +(ginning of each equation the e)-.15 F(xtra)-.15 E(information)72 466.8 Q F1 +(space 0)2.5 E F0 5(.H)C 2.5(eg)178.44 466.8 S -2.15 -.25(iv e)190.38 466.8 T +2.5(st).25 G(he follo)211.37 466.8 Q(wing e)-.25 E(xample:)-.15 E F1(arrow)108 +484.8 Q(box "$space 0 {H$ omega $} over {1 - H$ omega $}$")108 496.8 Q +(arrow)108 508.8 Q .4 LW 261 550.8 225 550.8 DL 261 550.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 +RL CL BL 261 550.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 315 568.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 +RL 0 36 RL CL ST F2(H)277.365 546 Q F0($).95 E/F4 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(w)-.35 +E F0($)1.26 E(1)269.34 560 Q/F5 10/Symbol SF(-)2.2 E F2(H)2.78 E F0($).95 E +F4(w)-.35 E 306.66 550.4 269.34 550.4 DL F0($)303.33 560 Q 351 550.8 315 550.8 +DL 351 550.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 351 550.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL +CL ST(Figure 17-1: Equations within pictures)210.78 591.8 Q F3 2.5 +(18. Interface)72 627.8 R(to T)2.5 E(eX)-.92 E F0(T)97 647 Q(E)-1.667 2.24 M +3.171(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O .671(ode is enabled by the)124.474 647 R F33.171 E +F0 3.171(option. In)3.171 F(T)3.171 E(E)-1.667 2.24 M 3.171(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O +.671(ode, pic will de\214ne a vbox called)299.666 647 R F3(\\graph)3.17 E F0 +.67(for each)3.17 F 2.5(picture. Y)72 659 R +(ou must yourself print that vbox using, for e)-1.1 E(xample, the command)-.15 +E F3(\\centerline{\\box\\graph})97 674.6 Q F0(Actually)72 690.2 Q 2.568(,s)-.65 +G .068(ince the vbox has a height of zero this will produce slightly more v) +114.748 690.2 R .069(ertical space abo)-.15 F .369 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .069 +(he picture).15 F(than belo)72 702.2 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(t;)121.19 702.2 Q F3 +(\\centerline{\\raise 1em\\box\\graph})97 717.8 Q EP +%%Page: 25 25 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-25-)279.67 48 Q -.1(wo)72 84 S(uld a).1 E -.2(vo)-.2 G +(id this.).2 E -1.1(Yo)97 99.6 S 2.5(um)1.1 G(ust use a T)123.4 99.6 Q(E)-1.667 +2.24 M 2.5(Xd)-1.25 -2.24 O(ri)184.363 99.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G +(hat supports the)208.123 99.6 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(tpic)2.5 E F0 +(specials, v)2.5 E(ersion 2.)-.15 E .386(Lines be)97 115.2 R .386(ginning with) +-.15 F F1(\\)2.886 E F0 .385(are passed through transparently; a)2.886 F F1(%) +2.885 E F0 .385(is added to the end of the line to a)2.885 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 +E(unw)72 127.2 Q .764(anted spaces.)-.1 F -1.1(Yo)5.764 G 3.264(uc)1.1 G .764 +(an safely use this feature to change fonts or to change the v)172.232 127.2 R +.765(alue of)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\\baselineskip)3.265 E F0(.)A(An)72 +139.2 Q .718(ything else may well produce undesirable results; use at your o) +-.15 F .718(wn risk.)-.25 F .718(Lines be)5.718 F .718(ginning with a period) +-.15 F(are not gi)72 151.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(na).15 G .3 -.15(ny s)130.75 +151.2 T(pecial treatment.).15 E(The)97 166.8 Q/F3 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(t)2.5 E +F0 2.5(xm)C(ode of)134.24 166.8 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0($1$ will)A F2(not)2.5 E F0 +(translate)2.5 E F1(tr)2.5 E(off)-.18 E F0 +(font and size changes included in te)2.5 E(xt strings!)-.15 E F1 2.5 +(19. Obsolete)72 190.8 R(Commands)2.5 E F0(GNU)97 206.4 Q F2(gpic)2.5 E F0 2.5 +($1$ has)B 2.5(ac)2.5 G(ommand)182.25 206.4 Q F1(plot)108 224.4 Q F2 -.2(ex) +2.5 G(pr).2 E F0([)2.5 E F1(")A F2(te)A(xt)-.2 E F1(")A F0(])A .879 +(This is a te)72 242.4 R .879(xt object which is constructed by using)-.15 F F2 +(te)3.379 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .879(as a format string for sprintf with an ar)3.379 F +.879(gument of)-.18 F F2 -.2(ex)72 254.4 S(pr).2 E F0 5.109(.I)C(f)100.509 +254.4 Q F2(te)2.609 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .109 +(is omitted a format string of "%g" is used.)2.609 F(Attrib)5.109 E .108 +(utes can be speci\214ed in the same w)-.2 F .108(ay as for a)-.1 F .654 +(normal te)72 266.4 R .654(xt object.)-.15 F .654(Be v)5.654 F .655 +(ery careful that you specify an appropriate format string;)-.15 F F1(pic)3.155 +E F0 .655(does only v)3.155 F .655(ery lim-)-.15 F +(ited checking of the string.)72 278.4 Q(This is deprecated in f)5 E -.2(avo) +-.1 G(ur of).2 E F1(sprintf)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 2.5(20. Some)72 302.4 R(Lar)2.5 E +(ger Examples)-.1 E F0(Here are a fe)97 318 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ar)160.6 318 Q +(ger e)-.18 E(xamples, with complete source code.)-.15 E(One of our earlier e) +97 333.6 Q(xamples is generated in an instructi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve w)-.25 H +(ay using a for loop:).05 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 351.6 Q 6(#D)108 363.6 S +(raw a demonstration up left arrow with grid box overlay)126 363.6 Q +(define gridarrow)108 375.6 Q({)108 387.6 Q([)132 399.6 Q({arrow up left $1;}) +156 411.6 Q(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .nw at last arrow .end;)156 423.6 Q +(for i = 2 to $$1 / 0.5$ do)156 435.6 Q({)156 447.6 Q +(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5 dotted with .sw at last box .se;)180 459.6 Q(})156 471.6 Q +(move down from last arrow .center;)156 483.6 Q([)156 495.6 Q(if $ $1 == boxh\ +t $ then { "\\fBline up left\\fP" } else { sprintf$"\\fBarrow up left %g\\fP\ +", $1$ };)180 507.6 Q(])156 519.6 Q(])132 531.6 Q(move right from last [] .e;) +132 543.6 Q(})108 555.6 Q(gridarrow$0.5$;)108 567.6 Q(gridarrow$1$;)108 +579.6 Q(gridarrow$1.5$;)108 591.6 Q(gridarrow$2$;)108 603.6 Q +(undef gridarrow)108 615.6 Q(.PE)108 627.6 Q EP +%%Page: 26 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-26-)279.67 48 Q .4 LW 72 84 108 120 DL 72 84 MT 6.336 +3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL BL 72 84 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL ST 72 120 +72 120 DL 75.6 120 75.6 120 DL 79.2 120 79.2 120 DL 82.8 120 82.8 120 DL 86.4 +120 86.4 120 DL 90 120 90 120 DL 93.6 120 93.6 120 DL 97.2 120 97.2 120 DL +100.8 120 100.8 120 DL 104.4 120 104.4 120 DL 108 120 108 120 DL 108 120 108 +120 DL 108 116.4 108 116.4 DL 108 112.8 108 112.8 DL 108 109.2 108 109.2 DL 108 +105.6 108 105.6 DL 108 102 108 102 DL 108 98.4 108 98.4 DL 108 94.8 108 94.8 DL +108 91.2 108 91.2 DL 108 87.6 108 87.6 DL 108 84 108 84 DL 108 84 108 84 DL +104.4 84 104.4 84 DL 100.8 84 100.8 84 DL 97.2 84 97.2 84 DL 93.6 84 93.6 84 DL +90 84 90 84 DL 86.4 84 86.4 84 DL 82.8 84 82.8 84 DL 79.2 84 79.2 84 DL 75.6 84 +75.6 84 DL 72 84 72 84 DL 72 84 72 84 DL 72 87.6 72 87.6 DL 72 91.2 72 91.2 DL +72 94.8 72 94.8 DL 72 98.4 72 98.4 DL 72 102 72 102 DL 72 105.6 72 105.6 DL 72 +109.2 72 109.2 DL 72 112.8 72 112.8 DL 72 116.4 72 116.4 DL 72 120 72 120 DL/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(line up left)67.22 140.2 Q 144 84 216 120 DL 144 84 MT 7.272 +1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL BL 144 84 MT 7.272 1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL ST 144 +120 144 120 DL 147.6 120 147.6 120 DL 151.2 120 151.2 120 DL 154.8 120 154.8 +120 DL 158.4 120 158.4 120 DL 162 120 162 120 DL 165.6 120 165.6 120 DL 169.2 +120 169.2 120 DL 172.8 120 172.8 120 DL 176.4 120 176.4 120 DL 180 120 180 120 +DL 180 120 180 120 DL 180 116.4 180 116.4 DL 180 112.8 180 112.8 DL 180 109.2 +180 109.2 DL 180 105.6 180 105.6 DL 180 102 180 102 DL 180 98.4 180 98.4 DL 180 +94.8 180 94.8 DL 180 91.2 180 91.2 DL 180 87.6 180 87.6 DL 180 84 180 84 DL 180 +84 180 84 DL 176.4 84 176.4 84 DL 172.8 84 172.8 84 DL 169.2 84 169.2 84 DL +165.6 84 165.6 84 DL 162 84 162 84 DL 158.4 84 158.4 84 DL 154.8 84 154.8 84 DL +151.2 84 151.2 84 DL 147.6 84 147.6 84 DL 144 84 144 84 DL 144 84 144 84 DL 144 +87.6 144 87.6 DL 144 91.2 144 91.2 DL 144 94.8 144 94.8 DL 144 98.4 144 98.4 DL +144 102 144 102 DL 144 105.6 144 105.6 DL 144 109.2 144 109.2 DL 144 112.8 144 +112.8 DL 144 116.4 144 116.4 DL 144 120 144 120 DL 180 120 180 120 DL 183.6 120 +183.6 120 DL 187.2 120 187.2 120 DL 190.8 120 190.8 120 DL 194.4 120 194.4 120 +DL 198 120 198 120 DL 201.6 120 201.6 120 DL 205.2 120 205.2 120 DL 208.8 120 +208.8 120 DL 212.4 120 212.4 120 DL 216 120 216 120 DL 216 120 216 120 DL 216 +116.4 216 116.4 DL 216 112.8 216 112.8 DL 216 109.2 216 109.2 DL 216 105.6 216 +105.6 DL 216 102 216 102 DL 216 98.4 216 98.4 DL 216 94.8 216 94.8 DL 216 91.2 +216 91.2 DL 216 87.6 216 87.6 DL 216 84 216 84 DL 216 84 216 84 DL 212.4 84 +212.4 84 DL 208.8 84 208.8 84 DL 205.2 84 205.2 84 DL 201.6 84 201.6 84 DL 198 +84 198 84 DL 194.4 84 194.4 84 DL 190.8 84 190.8 84 DL 187.2 84 187.2 84 DL +183.6 84 183.6 84 DL 180 84 180 84 DL 180 84 180 84 DL 180 87.6 180 87.6 DL 180 +91.2 180 91.2 DL 180 94.8 180 94.8 DL 180 98.4 180 98.4 DL 180 102 180 102 DL +180 105.6 180 105.6 DL 180 109.2 180 109.2 DL 180 112.8 180 112.8 DL 180 116.4 +180 116.4 DL 180 120 180 120 DL(arr)148.34 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 +G(eft 1)193.06 140.2 Q 252 84 360 120 DL 252 84 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 3.384 +RL CL BL 252 84 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 3.384 RL CL ST 252 120 252 120 DL 255.6 +120 255.6 120 DL 259.2 120 259.2 120 DL 262.8 120 262.8 120 DL 266.4 120 266.4 +120 DL 270 120 270 120 DL 273.6 120 273.6 120 DL 277.2 120 277.2 120 DL 280.8 +120 280.8 120 DL 284.4 120 284.4 120 DL 288 120 288 120 DL 288 120 288 120 DL +288 116.4 288 116.4 DL 288 112.8 288 112.8 DL 288 109.2 288 109.2 DL 288 105.6 +288 105.6 DL 288 102 288 102 DL 288 98.4 288 98.4 DL 288 94.8 288 94.8 DL 288 +91.2 288 91.2 DL 288 87.6 288 87.6 DL 288 84 288 84 DL 288 84 288 84 DL 284.4 +84 284.4 84 DL 280.8 84 280.8 84 DL 277.2 84 277.2 84 DL 273.6 84 273.6 84 DL +270 84 270 84 DL 266.4 84 266.4 84 DL 262.8 84 262.8 84 DL 259.2 84 259.2 84 DL +255.6 84 255.6 84 DL 252 84 252 84 DL 252 84 252 84 DL 252 87.6 252 87.6 DL 252 +91.2 252 91.2 DL 252 94.8 252 94.8 DL 252 98.4 252 98.4 DL 252 102 252 102 DL +252 105.6 252 105.6 DL 252 109.2 252 109.2 DL 252 112.8 252 112.8 DL 252 116.4 +252 116.4 DL 252 120 252 120 DL 288 120 288 120 DL 291.6 120 291.6 120 DL 295.2 +120 295.2 120 DL 298.8 120 298.8 120 DL 302.4 120 302.4 120 DL 306 120 306 120 +DL 309.6 120 309.6 120 DL 313.2 120 313.2 120 DL 316.8 120 316.8 120 DL 320.4 +120 320.4 120 DL 324 120 324 120 DL 324 120 324 120 DL 324 116.4 324 116.4 DL +324 112.8 324 112.8 DL 324 109.2 324 109.2 DL 324 105.6 324 105.6 DL 324 102 +324 102 DL 324 98.4 324 98.4 DL 324 94.8 324 94.8 DL 324 91.2 324 91.2 DL 324 +87.6 324 87.6 DL 324 84 324 84 DL 324 84 324 84 DL 320.4 84 320.4 84 DL 316.8 +84 316.8 84 DL 313.2 84 313.2 84 DL 309.6 84 309.6 84 DL 306 84 306 84 DL 302.4 +84 302.4 84 DL 298.8 84 298.8 84 DL 295.2 84 295.2 84 DL 291.6 84 291.6 84 DL +288 84 288 84 DL 288 84 288 84 DL 288 87.6 288 87.6 DL 288 91.2 288 91.2 DL 288 +94.8 288 94.8 DL 288 98.4 288 98.4 DL 288 102 288 102 DL 288 105.6 288 105.6 DL +288 109.2 288 109.2 DL 288 112.8 288 112.8 DL 288 116.4 288 116.4 DL 288 120 +288 120 DL 324 120 324 120 DL 327.6 120 327.6 120 DL 331.2 120 331.2 120 DL +334.8 120 334.8 120 DL 338.4 120 338.4 120 DL 342 120 342 120 DL 345.6 120 +345.6 120 DL 349.2 120 349.2 120 DL 352.8 120 352.8 120 DL 356.4 120 356.4 120 +DL 360 120 360 120 DL 360 120 360 120 DL 360 116.4 360 116.4 DL 360 112.8 360 +112.8 DL 360 109.2 360 109.2 DL 360 105.6 360 105.6 DL 360 102 360 102 DL 360 +98.4 360 98.4 DL 360 94.8 360 94.8 DL 360 91.2 360 91.2 DL 360 87.6 360 87.6 DL +360 84 360 84 DL 360 84 360 84 DL 356.4 84 356.4 84 DL 352.8 84 352.8 84 DL +349.2 84 349.2 84 DL 345.6 84 345.6 84 DL 342 84 342 84 DL 338.4 84 338.4 84 DL +334.8 84 334.8 84 DL 331.2 84 331.2 84 DL 327.6 84 327.6 84 DL 324 84 324 84 DL +324 84 324 84 DL 324 87.6 324 87.6 DL 324 91.2 324 91.2 DL 324 94.8 324 94.8 DL +324 98.4 324 98.4 DL 324 102 324 102 DL 324 105.6 324 105.6 DL 324 109.2 324 +109.2 DL 324 112.8 324 112.8 DL 324 116.4 324 116.4 DL 324 120 324 120 DL(arr) +270.59 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1.5)315.31 140.2 Q 396 84 540 +120 DL 396 84 MT 7.416 0 RL -.864 3.528 RL CL BL 396 84 MT 7.416 0 RL -.864 +3.528 RL CL ST 396 120 396 120 DL 399.6 120 399.6 120 DL 403.2 120 403.2 120 DL +406.8 120 406.8 120 DL 410.4 120 410.4 120 DL 414 120 414 120 DL 417.6 120 +417.6 120 DL 421.2 120 421.2 120 DL 424.8 120 424.8 120 DL 428.4 120 428.4 120 +DL 432 120 432 120 DL 432 120 432 120 DL 432 116.4 432 116.4 DL 432 112.8 432 +112.8 DL 432 109.2 432 109.2 DL 432 105.6 432 105.6 DL 432 102 432 102 DL 432 +98.4 432 98.4 DL 432 94.8 432 94.8 DL 432 91.2 432 91.2 DL 432 87.6 432 87.6 DL +432 84 432 84 DL 432 84 432 84 DL 428.4 84 428.4 84 DL 424.8 84 424.8 84 DL +421.2 84 421.2 84 DL 417.6 84 417.6 84 DL 414 84 414 84 DL 410.4 84 410.4 84 DL +406.8 84 406.8 84 DL 403.2 84 403.2 84 DL 399.6 84 399.6 84 DL 396 84 396 84 DL +396 84 396 84 DL 396 87.6 396 87.6 DL 396 91.2 396 91.2 DL 396 94.8 396 94.8 DL +396 98.4 396 98.4 DL 396 102 396 102 DL 396 105.6 396 105.6 DL 396 109.2 396 +109.2 DL 396 112.8 396 112.8 DL 396 116.4 396 116.4 DL 396 120 396 120 DL 432 +120 432 120 DL 435.6 120 435.6 120 DL 439.2 120 439.2 120 DL 442.8 120 442.8 +120 DL 446.4 120 446.4 120 DL 450 120 450 120 DL 453.6 120 453.6 120 DL 457.2 +120 457.2 120 DL 460.8 120 460.8 120 DL 464.4 120 464.4 120 DL 468 120 468 120 +DL 468 120 468 120 DL 468 116.4 468 116.4 DL 468 112.8 468 112.8 DL 468 109.2 +468 109.2 DL 468 105.6 468 105.6 DL 468 102 468 102 DL 468 98.4 468 98.4 DL 468 +94.8 468 94.8 DL 468 91.2 468 91.2 DL 468 87.6 468 87.6 DL 468 84 468 84 DL 468 +84 468 84 DL 464.4 84 464.4 84 DL 460.8 84 460.8 84 DL 457.2 84 457.2 84 DL +453.6 84 453.6 84 DL 450 84 450 84 DL 446.4 84 446.4 84 DL 442.8 84 442.8 84 DL +439.2 84 439.2 84 DL 435.6 84 435.6 84 DL 432 84 432 84 DL 432 84 432 84 DL 432 +87.6 432 87.6 DL 432 91.2 432 91.2 DL 432 94.8 432 94.8 DL 432 98.4 432 98.4 DL +432 102 432 102 DL 432 105.6 432 105.6 DL 432 109.2 432 109.2 DL 432 112.8 432 +112.8 DL 432 116.4 432 116.4 DL 432 120 432 120 DL 468 120 468 120 DL 471.6 120 +471.6 120 DL 475.2 120 475.2 120 DL 478.8 120 478.8 120 DL 482.4 120 482.4 120 +DL 486 120 486 120 DL 489.6 120 489.6 120 DL 493.2 120 493.2 120 DL 496.8 120 +496.8 120 DL 500.4 120 500.4 120 DL 504 120 504 120 DL 504 120 504 120 DL 504 +116.4 504 116.4 DL 504 112.8 504 112.8 DL 504 109.2 504 109.2 DL 504 105.6 504 +105.6 DL 504 102 504 102 DL 504 98.4 504 98.4 DL 504 94.8 504 94.8 DL 504 91.2 +504 91.2 DL 504 87.6 504 87.6 DL 504 84 504 84 DL 504 84 504 84 DL 500.4 84 +500.4 84 DL 496.8 84 496.8 84 DL 493.2 84 493.2 84 DL 489.6 84 489.6 84 DL 486 +84 486 84 DL 482.4 84 482.4 84 DL 478.8 84 478.8 84 DL 475.2 84 475.2 84 DL +471.6 84 471.6 84 DL 468 84 468 84 DL 468 84 468 84 DL 468 87.6 468 87.6 DL 468 +91.2 468 91.2 DL 468 94.8 468 94.8 DL 468 98.4 468 98.4 DL 468 102 468 102 DL +468 105.6 468 105.6 DL 468 109.2 468 109.2 DL 468 112.8 468 112.8 DL 468 116.4 +468 116.4 DL 468 120 468 120 DL 504 120 504 120 DL 507.6 120 507.6 120 DL 511.2 +120 511.2 120 DL 514.8 120 514.8 120 DL 518.4 120 518.4 120 DL 522 120 522 120 +DL 525.6 120 525.6 120 DL 529.2 120 529.2 120 DL 532.8 120 532.8 120 DL 536.4 +120 536.4 120 DL 540 120 540 120 DL 540 120 540 120 DL 540 116.4 540 116.4 DL +540 112.8 540 112.8 DL 540 109.2 540 109.2 DL 540 105.6 540 105.6 DL 540 102 +540 102 DL 540 98.4 540 98.4 DL 540 94.8 540 94.8 DL 540 91.2 540 91.2 DL 540 +87.6 540 87.6 DL 540 84 540 84 DL 540 84 540 84 DL 536.4 84 536.4 84 DL 532.8 +84 532.8 84 DL 529.2 84 529.2 84 DL 525.6 84 525.6 84 DL 522 84 522 84 DL 518.4 +84 518.4 84 DL 514.8 84 514.8 84 DL 511.2 84 511.2 84 DL 507.6 84 507.6 84 DL +504 84 504 84 DL 504 84 504 84 DL 504 87.6 504 87.6 DL 504 91.2 504 91.2 DL 504 +94.8 504 94.8 DL 504 98.4 504 98.4 DL 504 102 504 102 DL 504 105.6 504 105.6 DL +504 109.2 504 109.2 DL 504 112.8 504 112.8 DL 504 116.4 504 116.4 DL 504 120 +504 120 DL(arr)436.34 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 2)481.06 140.2 +Q F0(Figure 20-1: Diagonal arro)136.26 161 Q(ws $dotted box)-.25 E(es sho)-.15 +E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he implied 0.5-inch grid$)339.75 161 Q(Here')97 188.6 Q 2.5 +(sa)-.55 G 2.5(ne)130.04 188.6 S +(xample concocted to demonstrate layout of a lar)141.83 188.6 Q +(ge, multiple-part pattern:)-.18 E EP +%%Page: 27 27 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-27-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 84 Q +(define filter {box ht 0.25 rad 0.125})108 96 Q(lineht = 0.25;)108 108 Q +(Top: [)108 120 Q(right;)132 132 Q(box "\\fBms\\fR" "sources";)132 144 Q(move;) +132 156 Q(box "\\fBHTML\\fR" "sources";)132 168 Q(move;)132 180 Q +(box "\\fBlinuxdoc-sgml\\fP" "sources" wid 1.5;)132 192 Q(move;)132 204 Q +(box "\\fBTexinfo\\fP" "sources";)132 216 Q(line down from 1st box .s lineht;) +132 240 Q(A: line down;)132 252 Q +(line down from 2nd box .s; filter "\\fBhtml2ms";)132 264 Q(B: line down;)132 +276 Q(line down from 3rd box .s; filter "\\fBformat\\fP";)132 288 Q +(C: line down;)132 300 Q +(line down from 4th box .s; filter "\\fBtexi2roff\\fP";)132 312 Q +(D: line down;)132 324 Q(])108 336 Q(move down 1 from last [] .s;)108 348 Q +(Anchor: box wid 1 ht 0.75 "\\fBms\\fR" "intermediate" "form";)108 360 Q +(arrow from Top.A.end to Anchor.nw;)108 372 Q +(arrow from Top.B.end to 1/3 of the way between Anchor.nw and Anchor.ne;)108 +384 Q(arrow from Top.C.end to 2/3 of the way between Anchor.nw and Anchor.ne;) +108 396 Q(arrow from Top.D.end to Anchor.ne)108 408 Q({)108 420 Q 6(#P)132 432 +S(ostScript column)150 432 Q(move to Anchor .sw;)132 444 Q +(line down left then down ->;)132 456 Q(filter "\\fBpic\\fP";)132 468 Q(arrow;) +132 480 Q(filter "\\fBeqn\\fP";)132 492 Q(arrow;)132 504 Q +(filter "\\fBtbl\\fP";)132 516 Q(arrow;)132 528 Q(filter "\\fBgroff\\fP";)132 +540 Q(arrow;)132 552 Q(box "PostScript";)132 564 Q 6(#H)132 588 S(TML column) +150 588 Q(move to Anchor .se;)132 600 Q(line down right then down ->;)132 612 Q +(A: filter dotted "\\fBpic2img\\fP";)132 624 Q(arrow;)132 636 Q +(B: filter dotted "\\fBeqn2html\\fP";)132 648 Q(arrow;)132 660 Q +(C: filter dotted "\\fBtbl2html\\fP";)132 672 Q(arrow;)132 684 Q +(filter "\\fBms2html\\fP";)132 696 Q(arrow;)132 708 Q(box "HTML";)132 720 Q EP +%%Page: 28 28 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-28-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6(#N)132 96 S +(onexistence caption)150 96 Q +(box dashed wid 1 at B + $2, 0$ "These tools" "don't yet exist";)132 108 Q +(line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .nw to A.e ->;)132 120 Q +(line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .w)132 132 Q(to B.e ->;)408 132 Q +(line chop 0 chop 0.1 dashed from last box .sw to C.e ->;)132 144 Q(})108 156 Q +(.PE)108 168 Q 126 228 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ms)92.89 206.2 Q F0(sources)84.005 218.2 Q 216 228 MT 0 -36 RL +-54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST F2(HTML)173.72 206.2 Q F0(sources)174.005 218.2 Q 360 +228 MT 0 -36 RL -108 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST F2(linuxdoc-sgml)275.995 206.2 Q F0 +(sources)291.005 218.2 Q 450 228 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST F2 -.92(Te) +407.195 206.2 S(xinf).92 E(o)-.25 E F0(sources)408.005 218.2 Q 99 264 99 228 DL +99 282 99 264 DL 189 246 189 228 DL 171 255 9 -180.0000 90.0000 DA 171 255 9 +-90.0000 180.0000 DA 207 255 9 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 207 255 9 90.0000 0.0000 DA +162 255 162 255 DL 207 246 171 246 DL 216 255 216 255 DL 171 264 207 264 DL F2 +(html2ms)170.39 257.2 Q 189 282 189 264 DL 306 246 306 228 DL 288 255 9 +-180.0000 90.0000 DA 288 255 9 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 324 255 9 -0.0000 -90.0000 +DA 324 255 9 90.0000 0.0000 DA 279 255 279 255 DL 324 246 288 246 DL 333 255 +333 255 DL 288 264 324 264 DL -.25(fo)291.41 257.2 S(rmat).25 E 306 282 306 264 +DL 423 246 423 228 DL 405 255 9 -180.0000 90.0000 DA 405 255 9 -90.0000 +180.0000 DA 441 255 9 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 441 255 9 90.0000 0.0000 DA 396 255 +396 255 DL 441 246 405 246 DL 450 255 450 255 DL 405 264 441 264 DL(texi2r) +404.765 257.2 Q(off)-.18 E 423 282 423 264 DL 297 408 MT 0 -54 RL -72 0 RL 0 54 +RL CL ST(ms)254.89 371.2 Q F0(intermediate)236.005 383.2 Q(form)251.28 395.2 Q +225 354 99 282 DL 225 354 MT -7.128 -2.016 RL 1.8 -3.096 RL CL BL 225 354 MT +-7.128 -2.016 RL 1.8 -3.096 RL CL ST 248.976 354 189 282 DL 248.976 354 MT +-5.976 -4.392 RL 2.736 -2.304 RL CL BL 248.976 354 MT -5.976 -4.392 RL 2.736 +-2.304 RL CL ST 273.024 354 306 282 DL 273.024 354 MT 1.368 -7.272 RL 3.24 +1.512 RL CL BL 273.024 354 MT 1.368 -7.272 RL 3.24 1.512 RL CL ST 297 354 423 +282 DL 297 354 MT 5.328 -5.112 RL 1.8 3.096 RL CL BL 297 354 MT 5.328 -5.112 RL +1.8 3.096 RL CL ST 189 426 225 408 DL 189 444 189 426 DL 189 444 MT -1.8 -7.2 +RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 189 444 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 171 453 9 -180.0000 +90.0000 DA 171 453 9 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 207 453 9 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 207 453 +9 90.0000 0.0000 DA 162 453 162 453 DL 207 444 171 444 DL 216 453 216 453 DL +171 462 207 462 DL F2(pic)182.61 455.2 Q 189 480 189 462 DL 189 480 MT -1.8 +-7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 189 480 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 171 489 9 +-180.0000 90.0000 DA 171 489 9 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 207 489 9 -0.0000 -90.0000 +DA 207 489 9 90.0000 0.0000 DA 162 489 162 489 DL 207 480 171 480 DL 216 489 +216 489 DL 171 498 207 498 DL(eqn)181.22 491.2 Q 189 516 189 498 DL 189 516 MT +-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 189 516 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 171 525 9 +-180.0000 90.0000 DA 171 525 9 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 207 525 9 -0.0000 -90.0000 +DA 207 525 9 90.0000 0.0000 DA 162 525 162 525 DL 207 516 171 516 DL 216 525 +216 525 DL 171 534 207 534 DL(tbl)183.165 527.2 Q 189 552 189 534 DL 189 552 MT +-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 189 552 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 171 561 9 +-180.0000 90.0000 DA 171 561 9 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 207 561 9 -0.0000 -90.0000 +DA 207 561 9 90.0000 0.0000 DA 162 561 162 561 DL 207 552 171 552 DL 216 561 +216 561 DL 171 570 207 570 DL(gr)178.54 563.2 Q(off)-.18 E 189 588 189 570 DL +189 588 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 189 588 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST +216 624 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST F0(PostScript)168.44 608.2 Q 333 426 +297 408 DL 333 444 333 426 DL 333 444 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 333 444 MT +-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 357.336 459.336 357.336 459.336 DL 359.28 456.456 +359.28 456.456 DL 360 453 360 453 DL(aNi'aNi')72 192 Q 360 453 360 453 DL +359.28 449.544 359.28 449.544 DL 357.336 446.664 357.336 446.664 DL 354.384 +444.648 354.384 444.648 DL 350.928 444 350.928 444 DL 347.328 444 347.328 444 +DL 343.728 444 343.728 444 DL 340.128 444 340.128 444 DL 336.6 444 336.6 444 DL +333 444 333 444 DL 329.4 444 329.4 444 DL 325.872 444 325.872 444 DL 322.272 +444 322.272 444 DL 318.672 444 318.672 444 DL 315.072 444 315.072 444 DL +311.616 444.648 311.616 444.648 DL 308.664 446.664 308.664 446.664 DL 306.72 +449.544 306.72 449.544 DL 306 453 306 453 DL(aNi'aNi')72 192 Q 306 453 306 453 +DL 306.72 456.456 306.72 456.456 DL 308.664 459.336 308.664 459.336 DL 311.616 +461.352 311.616 461.352 DL 315.072 462 315.072 462 DL 318.672 462 318.672 462 +DL 322.272 462 322.272 462 DL 325.872 462 325.872 462 DL 329.4 462 329.4 462 DL +333 462 333 462 DL 336.6 462 336.6 462 DL 340.128 462 340.128 462 DL 343.728 +462 343.728 462 DL 347.328 462 347.328 462 DL 350.928 462 350.928 462 DL +354.384 461.352 354.384 461.352 DL F2(pic2img)316.055 455.2 Q 333 480 333 462 +DL 333 480 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 333 480 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL +ST 357.336 495.336 357.336 495.336 DL 359.28 492.456 359.28 492.456 DL 360 489 +360 489 DL F0(aNi'aNi')72 192 Q 360 489 360 489 DL 359.28 485.544 359.28 +485.544 DL 357.336 482.664 357.336 482.664 DL 354.384 480.648 354.384 480.648 +DL 350.928 480 350.928 480 DL 347.328 480 347.328 480 DL 343.728 480 343.728 +480 DL 340.128 480 340.128 480 DL 336.6 480 336.6 480 DL 333 480 333 480 DL +329.4 480 329.4 480 DL 325.872 480 325.872 480 DL 322.272 480 322.272 480 DL +318.672 480 318.672 480 DL 315.072 480 315.072 480 DL 311.616 480.648 311.616 +480.648 DL 308.664 482.664 308.664 482.664 DL 306.72 485.544 306.72 485.544 DL +306 489 306 489 DL(aNi'aNi')72 192 Q 306 489 306 489 DL 306.72 492.456 306.72 +492.456 DL 308.664 495.336 308.664 495.336 DL 311.616 497.352 311.616 497.352 +DL 315.072 498 315.072 498 DL 318.672 498 318.672 498 DL 322.272 498 322.272 +498 DL 325.872 498 325.872 498 DL 329.4 498 329.4 498 DL 333 498 333 498 DL +336.6 498 336.6 498 DL 340.128 498 340.128 498 DL 343.728 498 343.728 498 DL +347.328 498 347.328 498 DL 350.928 498 350.928 498 DL 354.384 497.352 354.384 +497.352 DL F2(eqn2html)312.72 491.2 Q 333 516 333 498 DL 333 516 MT -1.8 -7.2 +RL 3.6 0 RL CL BL 333 516 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 357.336 531.336 +357.336 531.336 DL 359.28 528.456 359.28 528.456 DL 360 525 360 525 DL F0 +(aNi'aNi')72 192 Q 360 525 360 525 DL 359.28 521.544 359.28 521.544 DL 357.336 +518.664 357.336 518.664 DL 354.384 516.648 354.384 516.648 DL 350.928 516 +350.928 516 DL 347.328 516 347.328 516 DL 343.728 516 343.728 516 DL 340.128 +516 340.128 516 DL 336.6 516 336.6 516 DL 333 516 333 516 DL 329.4 516 329.4 +516 DL 325.872 516 325.872 516 DL 322.272 516 322.272 516 DL 318.672 516 +318.672 516 DL 315.072 516 315.072 516 DL 311.616 516.648 311.616 516.648 DL +308.664 518.664 308.664 518.664 DL 306.72 521.544 306.72 521.544 DL 306 525 306 +525 DL(aNi'aNi')72 192 Q 306 525 306 525 DL 306.72 528.456 306.72 528.456 DL +308.664 531.336 308.664 531.336 DL 311.616 533.352 311.616 533.352 DL 315.072 +534 315.072 534 DL 318.672 534 318.672 534 DL 322.272 534 322.272 534 DL +325.872 534 325.872 534 DL 329.4 534 329.4 534 DL 333 534 333 534 DL 336.6 534 +336.6 534 DL 340.128 534 340.128 534 DL 343.728 534 343.728 534 DL 347.328 534 +347.328 534 DL 350.928 534 350.928 534 DL 354.384 533.352 354.384 533.352 DL F2 +(tbl2html)314.665 527.2 Q 333 552 333 534 DL 333 552 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL +CL BL 333 552 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 315 561 9 -180.0000 90.0000 DA 315 +561 9 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 351 561 9 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 351 561 9 90.0000 +0.0000 DA 306 561 306 561 DL 351 552 315 552 DL 360 561 360 561 DL 315 570 351 +570 DL(ms2html)314.39 563.2 Q 333 588 333 570 DL 333 588 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 +RL CL BL 333 588 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL ST 360 624 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 +36 RL CL ST F0(HTML)318.835 608.2 Q 444.6 507 441 507 DL 452.232 507 448.632 +507 DL 459.792 507 456.192 507 DL 467.424 507 463.824 507 DL 474.984 507 +471.384 507 DL 482.616 507 479.016 507 DL 490.176 507 486.576 507 DL 497.808 +507 494.208 507 DL 505.368 507 501.768 507 DL 513 507 509.4 507 DL 513 503.4 +513 507 DL 513 496.92 513 500.52 DL 513 490.44 513 494.04 DL 513 483.96 513 +487.56 DL 513 477.48 513 481.08 DL 513 471 513 474.6 DL 509.4 471 513 471 DL +501.768 471 505.368 471 DL 494.208 471 497.808 471 DL 486.576 471 490.176 471 +DL 479.016 471 482.616 471 DL 471.384 471 474.984 471 DL 463.824 471 467.424 +471 DL 456.192 471 459.792 471 DL 448.632 471 452.232 471 DL 441 471 444.6 471 +DL 441 474.6 441 471 DL 441 481.08 441 477.48 DL 441 487.56 441 483.96 DL 441 +494.04 441 490.44 DL 441 500.52 441 496.92 DL 441 507 441 503.4 DL(These tools) +454.085 485.2 Q(don')448.555 497.2 Q 2.5(ty)-.18 G(et e)476.985 497.2 Q(xist) +-.15 E 437.472 470.208 441 471 DL 430.416 468.624 433.944 469.416 DL 423.36 +467.112 426.888 467.904 DL 416.304 465.528 419.832 466.32 DL 409.32 463.944 +412.848 464.736 DL 402.264 462.36 405.792 463.152 DL 395.208 460.848 398.736 +461.64 DL 388.152 459.264 391.68 460.056 DL 381.096 457.68 384.624 458.472 DL +374.04 456.096 377.568 456.888 DL 366.984 454.584 370.512 455.376 DL 367.056 +454.584 MT 7.416 -.216 RL -.792 3.528 RL CL BL 367.056 454.584 MT 7.416 -.216 +RL -.792 3.528 RL CL ST 437.4 489 441 489 DL 430.344 489 433.944 489 DL 423.36 +489 426.96 489 DL 416.304 489 419.904 489 DL 409.32 489 412.92 489 DL 402.336 +489 405.936 489 DL 395.28 489 398.88 489 DL 388.224 489 391.824 489 DL 381.24 +489 384.84 489 DL 374.184 489 377.784 489 DL 367.2 489 370.8 489 DL 367.2 489 +MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL BL 367.2 489 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL ST 437.472 +507.792 441 507 DL 430.416 509.376 433.944 508.584 DL 423.36 510.888 426.888 +510.096 DL 416.304 512.472 419.832 511.68 DL 409.32 514.056 412.848 513.264 DL +402.264 515.64 405.792 514.848 DL 395.208 517.152 398.736 516.36 DL 388.152 +518.736 391.68 517.944 DL 381.096 520.32 384.624 519.528 DL 374.04 521.904 +377.568 521.112 DL 366.984 523.416 370.512 522.624 DL 367.056 523.416 MT 6.624 +-3.312 RL .792 3.528 RL CL BL 367.056 523.416 MT 6.624 -3.312 RL .792 3.528 RL +CL ST(Figure 20-2: Hypothetical production \215o)151.05 647 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G +(or dual-mode publishing)326.62 647 Q F2 2.5(21. PIC)72 686.6 R(Refer)2.5 E +(ence)-.18 E F0(This is an annotated grammar of PIC.)97 702.2 Q EP +%%Page: 29 29 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-29-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5 +(21.1. Lexical)72 84 R(Items)2.5 E F0 .317(In general,)97 99.6 R F1(pic)2.817 E +F0 .317(is a free-format, tok)2.817 F .317 +(en-oriented language that ignores whitespace outside strings.)-.1 F(But)5.316 +E(certain lines and contructs are specially interpreted at the le)72 111.6 Q +(xical le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(l:).15 E 3.846(Ac)97 127.2 S 1.346(omment be) +112.506 127.2 R 1.347 +(gins with # and continues to \\n $comments may also follo)-.15 F 3.847(wt) +-.25 G -.15(ex)414.925 127.2 S 3.847(ti).15 G 3.847(nal)433.622 127.2 S 3.847 +(ine$. A)453.536 127.2 R(line)3.847 E(be)72 139.2 Q .359 +(ginning with a period or backslash may be interpreted as te)-.15 F .359 +(xt to be passed through to the post-processor)-.15 F(,)-.4 E .822 +(depending on command-line options.)72 151.2 R .822 +(An end-of-line backslash is interpreted as a request to continue the)5.822 F +(line; the backslash and follo)72 163.2 Q(wing ne)-.25 E(wline are ignored.) +-.25 E(Here are the grammar terminals:)72 178.8 Q()72 194.4 Q 3.406(Ad) +97 206.4 S .906(ecimal numeric constant.)112.626 206.4 R .906 +(May contain a decimal point or be e)5.906 F .906 +(xpressed in scienti\214c notation in)-.15 F(the style of)97 218.4 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(printf)2.5 E F0($3$')A 2.5(s%)-.55 G 2.5(ee)195.33 218.4 S +(scape. $All v)206.71 218.4 Q +(ariables are represented internally in \215oating-point.$)-.25 E()72 +234 Q(An)97 246 Q 3.611(yA)-.15 G 1.112 +(SCII characters surrounded by a pair of double quotes.)124.901 246 R 1.112 +(May contain a double quote if pre-)6.112 F(ceded by a backslash.)97 258 Q()-.25 E 3.427(Al)97 285.6 S -.25(ow)110.427 285.6 S(er).25 E +.927(-case alphabetic character)-.2 F 3.427(,f)-.4 G(ollo)243.958 285.6 Q .927 +(wed by an)-.25 F 3.427(yn)-.15 G .927(umber of alphanumerics.)315.499 285.6 R +($V)5.926 E .926(alues of v)-1.11 F(ariables)-.25 E(are preserv)97 297.6 Q +(ed across pictures.$)-.15 E()72 313.2 Q(An upper)97 325.2 Q +(-case alphabetic character)-.2 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(ollo)245.5 325.2 Q(wed by an) +-.25 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G(umber of alphanumerics.)314.26 325.2 Q F1 2.5 +(21.2. Semi-F)72 349.2 R(ormal Grammar)-.25 E F0 -.8(To)97 364.8 S -.1(ke).8 G +(ns not enclosed in <> are literals, e).1 E(xcept:)-.15 E 15(1. \\n)72 380.4 R +(is a ne)2.5 E(wline)-.25 E 15(2. three)72 396 R(dots is a suf)2.5 E +(\214x meaning `replace with 0 or more repetitions of the preceding element.) +-.25 E 15(3. enclosure)72 411.6 R(in square brack)2.5 E +(ets has its usual meaning of `this clause is optional'.)-.1 E 15 +(4. Square-brack)72 427.2 R .588(et-enclosed portions within tok)-.1 F .588 +(ens are optional.)-.1 F(Thus,)5.588 E F1(h[eigh]t)3.088 E F0 .588 +(matches either `height')3.088 F(or `ht'.)97 439.2 Q +(If one of these special tok)72 454.8 Q(ens has to be referred to literally)-.1 +E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(ti)311.47 454.8 S 2.5(ss)319.53 454.8 S +(urrounded with single quotes.)329.81 454.8 Q(The top-le)97 470.4 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(l).15 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(object is a picture.)2.5 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 18 +(

+1970 Federal Budget Transfers +
+(in billions of dollars) +

+State +	+Taxes +	+Money +	+Net +
+State +	+collected +	+spent +	+Net +

+New York +	+22.91 +	+21.35 +	+-1.56 +
+New Jersey +	+8.33 +	+6.96 +	+-1.37 +
+Connecticut +	+4.12 +	+3.10 +	+-1.02 +
+Maine +	+0.74 +	+0.67 +	+-0.07 +
+California +	+22.29 +	+22.42 +	++0.13 +
+New Mexico +	+0.70 +	+1.49 +	++0.79 +
+Georgia +	+3.30 +	+4.28 +	++0.98 +
+Mississippi +	+1.15 +	+2.32 +	++1.17 +
+Texas +	+9.33 +	+11.13 +	++1.80 +

Drawing Graphs with gpic - Douglas B. West

Basics

Invocation in TeX Documents

Further Macros and Comments

Examples

+ +Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables + + +

+Introduction. +

+Input commands. +

+Usage. +

+Examples. +

+Acknowledgments. +

+References. +

+ +List of Tbl Command Characters and Words + +

+ +Tbl -- A Program to Format Tables
+ + +

+ +List of Tbl Command Characters and Words
+ +