New macros.
This commit is contained in:
parent
d073e77e2d
commit
ac173009da
@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
|
||||
.so macros.ms
|
||||
.TL
|
||||
Against White Feminism
|
||||
.AU
|
||||
Rafia Zakaria
|
||||
.AU
|
||||
.TITLE Against White Feminism
|
||||
.AUTHOR Rafia Zakaria
|
||||
.AUTHOR
|
||||
.ft CW
|
||||
summarised by
|
||||
.ft
|
||||
Philippe Pittoli
|
||||
.
|
||||
.AB no
|
||||
The book talks about Rafia Zakaria and her hate of whiteness in feminism (which is completely different from white women, as she promises).
|
||||
.ABSTRACT1
|
||||
The book talks about Rafia Zakaria and "the problem" of whiteness in feminism (which is completely different from white women, as she promises).
|
||||
Some stories about the author are related, which is a lot about throwing venom to about every white person she encounters in her life, including people seemingly interested in her story.
|
||||
|
||||
.INFORMATIONS \\*[WEBSITE]/against-white-feminism.pdf \\*[EMAIL]
|
||||
.AE
|
||||
.ABSTRACT2
|
||||
.TWO_COLUMNS
|
||||
.NH
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION Summary
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
Rafia is a woman of color, single mother and she has a difficult story to tell.
|
||||
And as we'll see, the difficulty partly comes from her inability to overcome her hate and obsession over white people.
|
||||
|
||||
In the first 10 pages, we learn that she can be at a party with
|
||||
.I "other privileged white women"
|
||||
@ -29,6 +28,7 @@ Even
|
||||
.B before
|
||||
they had the chance to even say a freaking word she knew she hated them.
|
||||
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
The more the author talks about how
|
||||
.I whiteness
|
||||
is the worst, the more we discover she actually is incredibly ignorant, self-absorbed and
|
||||
@ -59,24 +59,76 @@ Also, bitching about white women (oops, I mean
|
||||
.B whiteness )
|
||||
is great, so buy my $15 rant.
|
||||
.CITATION2
|
||||
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
Also, Rafia uses a series of expressions that are clearly charged to talk about totally harmless stuff.
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
.UL "white supremacy"
|
||||
to talk about the fact that women in feminist organizations are mostly white, and that they don't give away their job to a more
|
||||
.I diverse
|
||||
cast.
|
||||
She also uses very strong words to express her opinions, to a point that the exaggeration is just plain absurd.
|
||||
For example, she says that
|
||||
.I "white supremacy within feminism actively suppress the voice of women of color"
|
||||
and that this is a
|
||||
.I "colonial domination and white silencing".
|
||||
She hates white people, she just can't stand them, and want everything to change (without thinking too much of the consequences, apparently).
|
||||
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
In the first chapter, Rafia relates the story a white woman, Eve Ensler, writing for Glamour in 2007.
|
||||
The essay she wrote was about rape victims in Congo.
|
||||
Difficult subject, and enduring even just talking with the victims, so Eve wrote how she felt during the inverviews, to give an insight of the situation.
|
||||
And guess what?
|
||||
For Rafia, this is a problem: Eve talking about herself, how she felt, or even just using "I" or "me" is clearly a way to center the attention on herself.
|
||||
The chapter is then about the
|
||||
.I "white savior complex"
|
||||
Rafia detected in the essay.
|
||||
.br
|
||||
So, someone trying to talk about a subject but talking (maybe a bit too much) about himself is a race problem according to Rafia, for some reason.
|
||||
Selfish, self-centered people exist, and some of them are using virtue signaling, yeah, so what?
|
||||
Why this has anything to do with race?
|
||||
|
||||
The rest of the chapter is a melting pot of stories, with little to nothing related to each other.
|
||||
Let's browse: white people wanting to bang brown people on tinder, virtue signaling billionaires, women's suffrage, old ladies in the late nineteenth century having some power in oriental countries, etc.
|
||||
For Rafia, this constitutes a good way to introduce the problem of
|
||||
.I whiteness
|
||||
in our society, as if billionaires and old rich women in the late nineteenth century (let alone being in foreign countries) are anything remotely related to today's common folks.
|
||||
Also, not wanting to wait before someone before starting a lecture is
|
||||
.I "white fragility" ,
|
||||
apparently, and the list of stupid remarks like this goes on.
|
||||
It seems that everything has to do with race for the author, always, and in case there is a difference between two cultures, as a white person you should accept and maybe even adopt the foreign culture, for reasons.
|
||||
.NH
|
||||
Conclusion, my point of view
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
This book is an excellent example of the worst; identity politics at its finest.
|
||||
The author advocates for a massive societal shift, mostly towards an
|
||||
.UL "absurdly dangerous"
|
||||
new system.
|
||||
For example, by throwing away the benefit of the doubt, a pilar of any free society.
|
||||
For example, by throwing away the benefit of the doubt, or said otherwise
|
||||
.UL "innocent until proven guilty" ,
|
||||
a pilar of any free society.
|
||||
And she proceeds by using lenses on race, as it had anything to do with it\*[*].
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
I have no idea if this is a diversion or the real thoughts of the author, so I won't comment on her honesty.
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
|
||||
Also, the lack of restraint in the use of very charged expressions diminishes their intensity.
|
||||
We should be careful about this.
|
||||
White supremacy was about putting some people into slavery or seeing them as dispendable objects.
|
||||
Now, a mere disagreement of a black person with a group of white people is talking in terms of
|
||||
.I "white silencing" .
|
||||
Words are devoid of meaning, and that's harmful for the entire society.
|
||||
|
||||
As a fun note, I don't call myself feminist (and I have my reasons\*[*]).
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
Mainly because I think everybody has their own definition, so this doesn't say much about the person.
|
||||
Let's just throw away labels when they aren't useful, and in this case I do think they are actually harmful.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
Though, often in the book the author talked about why
|
||||
.I "whiteness feminism"
|
||||
was a problem, and the more she described it, the more I found myself rooting for them.
|
||||
Some of the "problems" were actually just good practices, and I'm glad to know that, even today, feminism isn't just a bunch of stupid hysterical cunts.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, this book was entertaining to me.
|
||||
In the end, this book was entertaining to me: this is plain hate and jealousy.
|
||||
I won't comment about the whole book, I only read the first two chapters (and that's enough for me) but they clearly give away the hateful vibes of the author.
|
||||
I knew I wouldn't find anything convincing, but seeing adult people being this cringeworthy, selfish and childish is, at small dosage, an enjoyable experience.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ I won't talk about them all, so this summary will be short.
|
||||
.AE
|
||||
.TWO_COLUMNS
|
||||
.NH
|
||||
Compilation of provided advices
|
||||
Some pieces of advice in the book
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The following advices do not represent an exhaustive list of advices found in the book, but a rough summary.
|
||||
The following isn't the exhaustive list of tips from the book, but a rough summary.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
When anxious about a decision to make
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ rather accurate.
|
||||
|
||||
Whenever you are grieving, stressing, being anxious or sad about something, put a
|
||||
.I stop-loss .
|
||||
This is an advice coming from trading environments, the idea is simple: you accept to lose a little (money, time, energy, whatever) and you put a limit on it\*[*].
|
||||
This is a tip coming from trading environments, the idea is simple: you accept to lose a little (money, time, energy, whatever) and you put a limit on it\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
I'll even go further: accept to live a shitty moment.
|
||||
Take your time to experience it fully, don't even try to avoid the blow.
|
||||
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Forget about tomorrow, too, focus on today.
|
||||
Be someone new everyday, a blank page, ready to
|
||||
.UL "live the day" .
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
General advices
|
||||
General tips
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.BULLET Fill your mind with peace, courage, health.
|
||||
.BULLET Do not try to be even with your enemies, don't waste a minute on people you don't like.
|
||||
@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ And she was a good example since
|
||||
she... scamed people?
|
||||
|
||||
Worst, the book is filled with massively suspicious scientific informations about health issues you should probably just best forget.
|
||||
For example, the author claims to be able to cure depression just by following his advices, or that most problems can be cured with the mind because reasons.
|
||||
For example, the author claims to be able to cure depression just by following his advice, or that most problems can be cured with the mind because reasons.
|
||||
That's just plain dumb, probably even a bit dangerous, and it proves that the author doesn't know what he is talking about\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
And I'm kind of generous not assuming he was ill-intentioned here.
|
||||
@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ The good parts
|
||||
Though, you may find some interesting stories from people being joyful during war, or while being crippled or after losing everything of value (social, financial, or material possessions).
|
||||
Some of them were crippled by anxiety to a life-threatening point, spending their days lying in bed with their organs shutting down for example, and fully recovered simply because they adopted a new point of view on life.
|
||||
Sometimes, just a few words were enough to change their life completely overnight, according to the book.
|
||||
Finally, the book contains a few useful (but very obvious) advises which go without saying but are better said.
|
||||
These advices are about: how to get over sad fearful or anxious situations, how to be prepared for further bad moments, how to relax and a bit about time management.
|
||||
Finally, the book contains a few useful (but very obvious) tips which go without saying but are better said.
|
||||
These tips are about: how to get over sad fearful or anxious situations, how to be prepared for further bad moments, how to relax and a bit about time management.
|
||||
.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Conclusion
|
||||
@ -157,4 +157,4 @@ Some points of view cannot really be reproached to the author since the first pu
|
||||
This is a (mostly) forgetable book.
|
||||
Stories are somewhat entertaining but the many problems cannot be ignored and render the book less enjoyable to read.
|
||||
This book should be regarded as an entertainement at most.
|
||||
The few advices you may find useful are here, in the first section of the summary, enjoy!
|
||||
The few tips you may find useful are here, in the first section of the summary, enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
60
macros.ms
60
macros.ms
@ -35,9 +35,12 @@ accumulate
|
||||
.vs 11p
|
||||
..
|
||||
.
|
||||
.\" BULLET and ENUM => do not add space when no parameter are provided
|
||||
.de BULLET \" Bullet points
|
||||
.IP \(bu 2
|
||||
\\$*
|
||||
.ie '\\$1'' \
|
||||
.
|
||||
.el \\$*
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de ENDBULLET
|
||||
.in -2 \" indent
|
||||
@ -46,7 +49,9 @@ accumulate
|
||||
.de ENUM \" Numbered list
|
||||
.nr LIST_NUMBER +1
|
||||
.IP \\n[LIST_NUMBER] 2
|
||||
\\$*
|
||||
.ie '\\$1'' \
|
||||
.
|
||||
.el \\$*
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de ENDENUM
|
||||
.nr LIST_NUMBER 0
|
||||
@ -231,3 +236,54 @@ Lastly compiled the
|
||||
.SHINE \*[CURRENT_DATE]
|
||||
(day/month/year, you know, like in any sane civilization).
|
||||
..
|
||||
.
|
||||
.\" RENAMING REQUESTS
|
||||
.
|
||||
.de SECTION
|
||||
.NH
|
||||
\\$*
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de SUBSECTION
|
||||
.NH 2
|
||||
\\$*
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de SECTION_NO_NUMBER
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
\\$*
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de SUBSECTION_NO_NUMBER
|
||||
.SH 2
|
||||
\\$*
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de PARAGRAPH_UNINDENTED
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de NO_ABSTRACT
|
||||
.AB no
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de ABSTRACT1
|
||||
.AB
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de ABSTRACT2
|
||||
.AE
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de TITLE
|
||||
.TL
|
||||
\\$*
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de AUTHOR
|
||||
.AU
|
||||
.ie '\\$1'' \
|
||||
.
|
||||
.el \
|
||||
\\$*
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
..
|
||||
.de FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
..
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Annex: events
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Annex: events
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_UNINDENTED
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "1665" ,
|
||||
Isaac Newton
|
||||
@ -38,9 +37,8 @@ Lemaître proposes an universe beginning in a small point he called
|
||||
Zwicky concludes that the Coma cluster is about 100 times more massive than the sum of the masses of its stars.
|
||||
.ENDBULLET
|
||||
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Annex: vocabulary
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Annex: vocabulary
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_UNINDENTED
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "perihelion" :
|
||||
point of an orbit where the object (e.g.: a planet) is the closest from another object (e.g.: a star).
|
||||
@ -70,9 +68,8 @@ a wave coming at you will be stretched if the source is moving away from you, or
|
||||
.UL "Nuclei" :
|
||||
.ENDBULLET
|
||||
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Annex: people involved
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Annex: people involved
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_UNINDENTED
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "Johannes Kepler" :
|
||||
known for the first heliocentric model.
|
||||
@ -115,9 +112,8 @@ physicist.
|
||||
Discovered the mass between galaxies through images from the Hubble Space Telescope.
|
||||
.ENDBULLET
|
||||
.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Random explanations
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Random explanations
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
.METAINFO1
|
||||
TODO: explain how we measure stuff with telescopes (resolution, focal, arcsecond unit, etc.).
|
||||
.METAINFO2
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
|
||||
.NH 1
|
||||
a cosmic mystery story: beginnings
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION a cosmic mystery story: beginnings
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
.METAINFO1
|
||||
Contrary to the book, I describe things chronogically in the summary.
|
||||
Some pieces of information (such as dates, explanations, events), absent from the book, are added for the sake of completeness.
|
||||
@ -57,9 +56,9 @@ Sunlight contains a spectrum of colors.
|
||||
1784: first observation of Cepheid variable star, which are stars whose brightness varies over some regular period.
|
||||
|
||||
(around) 1815: a scientist\*[*]
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
His name is not given in the book.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
analyses the dispersed light: some colors aren't there.
|
||||
His conclusion: some materials in the outer atmosphere of the sun are absorbing the light of certain colors or wavelengths.
|
||||
Known materials are tested to see what are the colors they
|
||||
@ -80,9 +79,9 @@ Doppler Effect: a wave coming at you will be stretched if the source is moving a
|
||||
.EXPLANATION2
|
||||
|
||||
1868: a scientist\*[*]
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
Again, not named in the book.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
observes two missing lines in the yellow part of the solar spectrum.
|
||||
This doesn't correspond to the effect of materials we know on Earth.
|
||||
His conclusion: these
|
||||
@ -92,9 +91,9 @@ This element is then named
|
||||
.I helium .
|
||||
|
||||
A generation after we understood the sun has elements we don't have (as much) on Earth\*[*],
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
Yeah, not even a date, again.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
.I helium
|
||||
is isolated on Earth.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -122,10 +121,10 @@ Therefore, comparing its known luminosity to its observed brightness gives us th
|
||||
.\".NAMECITATION "Lawrence Krauss"
|
||||
.
|
||||
Starting in 1912, Slipher observes the spectra of light coming from nearby stars and distant spiral nebulae\*[*]
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
.I Nebulae
|
||||
that we will soon find out they are actually entire galaxies.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
are almost the same.
|
||||
The difference is a shift of the same wavelength in the
|
||||
.I absorbed
|
||||
@ -136,12 +135,12 @@ lines.
|
||||
This work is about gravity, space and time, and explains not only how objects move in the universe, but also how the universe itself might evolve.
|
||||
Amongst many uses of this theory, the orbit of Mercury can be predicted more accurately than before with Newton's theory of gravity.
|
||||
This fixes a small difference between observation and theoretical results\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
The planet doesn't come back to its initial position after an ellipse around the sun.
|
||||
There is a slight precession of the perihelion of Mercury: 43 arc seconds (only
|
||||
.PRETTY_PERCENTAGE 1 100
|
||||
of a degree) per century.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
|
||||
However, the theories of Newton and Einstein are both, at some point, inconsistent with the observations.
|
||||
Gravitation is thought to be an attractive force: objects should then always collapse into each other.
|
||||
@ -156,14 +155,14 @@ that the Universe is expanding (1929, Hubble and Milton Humason)
|
||||
and to measure both its expansion rate and the size of the known Universe,
|
||||
to find evidence for dark matter (1930s, Fritz Zwicky),
|
||||
etc\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
We now make ten times bigger telescopes and hundred times bigger in area.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
|
||||
1923-1924, with the period-luminosity relation and the measurement of Cepheid variable stars, Hubble determines that the distance with some Cepheids are too great to be inside our Milky Way\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
Hubble identifies a first galaxy (NGC 6822) in 1925, then the Triangulum galaxy (M33) in 1926, and Andromeda (M31) in 1929.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
|
||||
.EXPLANATION1
|
||||
The universe contains other galaxies.
|
||||
@ -188,13 +187,12 @@ The universe is expanding.
|
||||
|
||||
1930: Georges Lemaître proposes that the universe began in a very small point, which he called
|
||||
.I "Primeval Atom" \*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
This isn't accepted by the scientific community right away: actual observations were provided by Edwin Hubble beforehand.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
|
||||
.SH 2
|
||||
Random facts: current state of knowledge
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.SUBSECTION_NO_NUMBER Random facts: current state of knowledge
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_UNINDENTED
|
||||
The expansion of the universe started 13.72 billion years ago.
|
||||
|
||||
Our galaxy is one of the about 100 to 400 billion other galaxies in the observable universe.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
|
||||
.NH 1
|
||||
a cosmic mystery story: weighing the universe
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION a cosmic mystery story: weighing the universe
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
.METAINFO1
|
||||
This chapter presents the thoughts of the scientific community while unravelling some mysteries about our universe.
|
||||
This includes how galaxies and clusters of galaxies are working, dark matter, gravity, nature of matter in our universe, etc.
|
||||
@ -22,9 +21,8 @@ stop expanding.
|
||||
Last possibility, the Universe will continue to expand at a finite rate.
|
||||
To answer this question, we use the theory of general relativity and we need to know the total mass of the universe.
|
||||
.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
First, the nature of the universe
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER First, the nature of the universe
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
Gravity shapes solar systems as well as galaxies and
|
||||
.I clusters
|
||||
of galaxies.
|
||||
@ -39,20 +37,19 @@ Invisible matter should represent ten times the mass of visible matter.
|
||||
So, this
|
||||
.I "dark matter"
|
||||
cannot be only made of neutrons and protons.
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
TODO: explain these formulas.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
Some of the non observed matter is contained in planets, since it is hard to see something that doesn't produce light.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
|
||||
.EXPLANATION1
|
||||
The Universe is mostly made of matter we don't understand.
|
||||
.EXPLANATION2
|
||||
.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Identifying this dark matter
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Identifying this dark matter
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
Maybe this dark matter is made of a particle that can be identified through calculations or educated guess for example.
|
||||
This way, new experiments could be proposed to detect this dark matter, and learn more on what appears to be the main component of the universe.
|
||||
Later, to that end, we built machines on Earth to recreate an environment where these particles could be created (see the
|
||||
@ -68,16 +65,15 @@ Knowing the abundance (and the nature) of dark matter is important to know how t
|
||||
Two possibilities are given in the book to make this calculation.
|
||||
First, in case this "dark matter" was created during the Big Bang, then its abundance could be estimated by ideas from the forces that govern the interactions of elementary particles.
|
||||
Second, by reusing some ideas from particle physics\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
In both cases: the chapter doesn't include an explanation of what these
|
||||
.I ideas
|
||||
could be.
|
||||
That's kind of a bummer.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
More about general relativity
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER More about general relativity
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
.\" .CITATION1
|
||||
.\" If these particles were created in the Big Bang, like the light elements (hydrogen, helium and lithium), then we should be able to use ideas about the forces that govern the interactions of elementary particles (instead of the interactions of nuclei relevant to determine elemental abundance) to estimate the abundance of possible exotic new particles in the universe today.
|
||||
.\" .CITATION2
|
||||
@ -85,10 +81,10 @@ More about general relativity
|
||||
.
|
||||
Einstein general relativity predicted that space is curved in the presence of matter or energy.
|
||||
This leads to our universe having different possible geometries depending on the total density of mass in the universe\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
This isn't explained further in the chapter how the general relativity actually indicates that.
|
||||
Second bummer.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
|
||||
The first possible geometry of our universe could be
|
||||
.I closed .
|
||||
@ -106,15 +102,14 @@ Finally, the
|
||||
.I flat
|
||||
universe, which expands but slows down with time without ever stopping.
|
||||
This requires the "dark matter" to be 100 times more massive than visible matter\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
TODO: the difference between Big Crunch, flat and open isn't clear
|
||||
.B "at all" .
|
||||
This probably needs some polishing.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Back to the main track: weighting the universe
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Back to the main track: weighting the universe
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_UNINDENTED
|
||||
.QUESTION "How to get the density of mass in the universe?"
|
||||
The largest gravitationally bound objects are
|
||||
.I "superclusters of galaxies"
|
||||
@ -139,17 +134,16 @@ And some emissions are infrared, which isn't easily visible on Earth, so we wait
|
||||
In 1998, the physicist Tony Tyson shows that the mass of a cluster mostly comes from between the galaxies.
|
||||
He used magnified images of a distant galaxy from the Hubble Space Telescope to calculate its mass.
|
||||
The mass was computed with a mathematical model of the cluster of the galaxy, using laws of general relativity, and calculating a lot of paths\*[*].
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
From what is actually written in the book, this seems almost like an exhaustive computation.
|
||||
An evolutionary algorithm maybe?
|
||||
Too bad there isn't much details: Krauss said the model was based on general relativity but the actual algorithm (to some extent) could have been interesting to learn.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
Finally, once the model produced an image matching the observation, the model was used to determine the mass of the cluster.
|
||||
The result was, as stated before, that the mass of the cluster mostly comes from between the galaxies, not from stars or hot gases.
|
||||
More precisely: there is 40 times more mass between the galaxies than within, which is 300 times more mass than within stars alone with the rest of visible matter in hot gas around them.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
More on dark matter
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER More on dark matter
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_UNINDENTED
|
||||
.CITATION1
|
||||
[...] more recent observations from other areas of astronomy have confirmed that the total amount of dark matter in galaxies and clusters is far in excess of that allowed by the calculations of Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
|
||||
Dark matter must be made of something that isn't normally on Earth nor in stars.
|
||||
@ -172,9 +166,8 @@ The book is from 2009, since then the LXC actually produced results.
|
||||
However, at the time of this writting (october 2021), still no direct confirmation that dark matter actually exists.
|
||||
.METAINFO2
|
||||
.
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Conclusion
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Conclusion
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
Even if dark matter isn't observed, gravitational lensing still provided the clusters' mass.
|
||||
This is confirmed by independant estimates of the clusters' mass.
|
||||
For example, the X-rays emissions of a cluster are related to the temperature of its gas, which itself is related to the cluster's mass.
|
||||
@ -188,9 +181,8 @@ Yes, there is a cliffhanger at the end of the chapter.
|
||||
Stay tuned, kids!
|
||||
.METAINFO2
|
||||
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Random facts
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Random facts
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_UNINDENTED
|
||||
.ft H
|
||||
.PS
|
||||
.ps 7
|
||||
@ -239,9 +231,8 @@ using galaxies to magnify distant objects;
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
determine the mass of a galaxy or a cluster.
|
||||
.ENDBULLET
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Anecdotes
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Anecdotes
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
Einstein became famous mostly because he predicted sunlight curving around the Sun during an eclipse in 1919.
|
||||
It wasn't because of its famous mathematical equation in 1904:
|
||||
.EQ
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
|
||||
.NH 1
|
||||
Light from the beginning of time
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION Light from the beginning of time
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
.METAINFO1
|
||||
This chapter introduces a more reliable way to determine the geometry of the universe, thanks to the cosmic microwave background radiations.
|
||||
.METAINFO2
|
||||
@ -10,16 +9,14 @@ In case the weight of the universe comes from between clusters, then our method
|
||||
|
||||
Another involves observing cosmic microwave background radiations (CRBR) and actually measure see the curvature of the universe.
|
||||
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Measuring the geometry of the universe
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Measuring the geometry of the universe
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
Before trying to explain how to measure the curvature of the universe, let's try to answer a simpler question.
|
||||
|
||||
.QUESTION "How to measure the curvature of a world in two dimensions?"
|
||||
.TBD
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiations
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBER Cosmic Microwave Background Radiations
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
Somewhere around 300 000 years after the Big Bang, the universe became cold enough to emit radiations.
|
||||
.TBD
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
|
||||
.TL
|
||||
A Universe from Nothing
|
||||
.AU
|
||||
Lawrence Krauss
|
||||
.AU
|
||||
.TITLE A Universe from Nothing
|
||||
.AUTHOR Lawrence Krauss
|
||||
.AUTHOR
|
||||
.ft CW
|
||||
summarised by
|
||||
.ft
|
||||
Philippe Pittoli
|
||||
.\" .AI
|
||||
.\" University
|
||||
.AB no
|
||||
.ABSTRACT1
|
||||
.\" .LP
|
||||
.\" .DS B
|
||||
This book summaries what we know about the universe, how it began and how we managed to learn this.
|
||||
@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ This document is a summary of the book, ordered by chapters.
|
||||
Since not everything is explained in
|
||||
.I trivial
|
||||
terms in the book, I'll try my best to provide explanations for a few concepts along the way.
|
||||
.SHINE "You're welcome."
|
||||
.SECTION_NO_NUMBERINE "You're welcome."
|
||||
|
||||
.INFORMATIONS \\*[WEBSITE]/universe-from-nothing.pdf \\*[EMAIL]
|
||||
.br
|
||||
@ -26,4 +24,4 @@ terms in the book, I'll try my best to provide explanations for a few concepts a
|
||||
preface, chapters 1 & 2 are almost done (maybe require some extra info and polishing, but not much).
|
||||
Chapter 3: WIP.
|
||||
Annexes are WIP.
|
||||
.AE
|
||||
.ABSTRACT2
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
|
||||
.SH
|
||||
Preface
|
||||
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.SECTION Preface
|
||||
.PARAGRAPH_INDENTED
|
||||
The preface is about what simplistic ideas we have of the creation of the universe, mostly religious ones.
|
||||
Religion argues for an infinite regression that could only be solved by some magic being that conveniently appears to be
|
||||
.I infinite
|
||||
@ -19,10 +17,10 @@ Invoking a god to explain
|
||||
stuff appears is intellectually lazy and is at best irrelevant.
|
||||
|
||||
Science is our best effort to understand our universe, and it follows three key principles\*[*]
|
||||
.FS
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE1
|
||||
The following definition really is simplistic and only covers the general idea behind science.
|
||||
Do not take it for an absolute definition.
|
||||
.FE
|
||||
.FOOTNOTE2
|
||||
:
|
||||
.BULLET
|
||||
.UL "follow the evidence"
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user