diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile index c9938b9..9c2c768 100644 --- a/Makefile +++ b/Makefile @@ -18,9 +18,11 @@ GROFF = groff $(GROFF_OPTS) EQN_OPTS = -Tpdf EQN = eqn $(EQN_OPTS) -PRECONV_OPTS = +PRECONV_OPTS = -e utf-8 PRECONV = preconv $(PRECONV_OPTS) +SPECHAR = specialchar2ms.sh + # ghighlight brings `source-highlight` to troff GHIGHLIGHT_OPTS = GHIGHLIGHT = ghighlight $(GHIGHLIGHT_OPTS) @@ -52,6 +54,6 @@ SHOPTS = --outlang-def=./.source-highlight_groff-output-definition export SHOPTS $(SRC).pdf: - cat $(SRC).ms | $(SOELIM) | $(EQN) | $(GHIGHLIGHT) | $(GRAP) | $(PIC) | $(REFER) | $(PRECONV) | $(GROFF) > $@ + cat $(SRC).ms | $(SOELIM) | $(EQN) | $(GHIGHLIGHT) | $(GRAP) | $(PIC) | $(REFER) | $(PRECONV) | $(SPECHAR) | $(GROFF) > $@ include Makefile.custom diff --git a/Makefile.custom b/Makefile.custom index 4c7054c..ca4116c 100644 --- a/Makefile.custom +++ b/Makefile.custom @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ upload: scp $(RAM)/$(SRC).pdf tacos:/var/www/htdocs/t.karchnu.fr/doc/ run_universefromnothing: - cat $(SRC).ms | $(SOELIM) | $(EQN) | $(GHIGHLIGHT) | $(GRAP) | $(PIC) | $(REFER) | $(PRECONV) | $(GROFF) > $(RAM)/$(SRC).pdf + cat $(SRC).ms | $(SOELIM) | $(EQN) | $(GHIGHLIGHT) | $(GRAP) | $(PIC) | $(REFER) | $(PRECONV) | $(SPECHAR) | $(GROFF) > $(RAM)/$(SRC).pdf serve: find . -name "*.ms" | entr gmake -B run_$(DOC) diff --git a/macros.ms b/macros.ms index c2bc463..ecd3647 100644 --- a/macros.ms +++ b/macros.ms @@ -1,27 +1,13 @@ .\" .RP = report document -.\" .RP .nr PO 0.5i \" page offset default 1i .nr LL 7.5i \" line length default 6i .nr FM 0.5i \" page foot margin default 1i -.\" .nr FF 1 .R1 no-label-in-reference accumulate .R2 .nr DI 0 -.nr FN 0 -.de FOOTNOTE1 -\*{[\\n(FN]\*} -.FS \" start footnote -.ll +.6i \" line length -\*{[\\n(FN]\*} -.. -.de FOOTNOTE2 -.ll \" line length -.FE \" end of footnote -.\" increment our footnote counter -.nr FN +1 -.. +.nr FF 3 \" footnotes' type: numbered, with point, indented .de BELLOWEXPLANATION1 .sp 0.5 .ps 7 \" point size (~= font size) @@ -75,9 +61,6 @@ accumulate .de MODULEX .MODULE "\\$1," .. -.de RESETFOOTNOTES -.nr FN 0 -.. .de TBD .ft B To be defined or to finish. @@ -197,9 +180,7 @@ To be defined or to finish. \v'-.7m\s[\\n(.s*6u/10u]+.7m'\\$1\v'-.7m\s0+.7m'\ \(f/\s[\\n(.s*6u/10u]\\$2\s0 .. -. -.\" .sv 0.5i \" like sp but different behavior -.\" sv: grab a block of vertical space. -.\" takes same arguments as .sp but with a different behavior. -.\" You cannot request space at the top of a page using .sp, for example, and if a space request exceeds the size of the page, the space is truncated at the bottom of the page with .sp. -.\" With .sv, the space is not generated unless room is available on the page for the space. In this case, the space requested is remembered and can be released on a new page with .os. +.de TWO_COLUMNS +.2C +.nr pg@fn-colw \\n[pg@colw] \" footnotes' column width +.. diff --git a/universe-from-nothing.ms b/universe-from-nothing.ms index 154f47a..cff8ee2 100644 --- a/universe-from-nothing.ms +++ b/universe-from-nothing.ms @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ .so macros.ms .so universe-from-nothing/header.ms -.2C +.TWO_COLUMNS .so universe-from-nothing/preface.ms .so universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms .so universe-from-nothing/ch2_a-cosmic-mystery-story_weighing-the-universe.ms diff --git a/universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms b/universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms index 94e3bf4..ddcf218 100644 --- a/universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms +++ b/universe-from-nothing/annex-events.ms @@ -114,18 +114,15 @@ astronomer, analyzed in 1933 that galaxies in the Coma cluster were moving so fa physicist. Discovered the mass between galaxies through images from the Hubble Space Telescope. .ENDBULLET - - +. .SH Random explanations .PP - .METAINFO1 TODO: explain how we measure stuff with telescopes (resolution, focal, arcsecond unit, etc.). .METAINFO2 Diffraction: behavior of waves when reaching an aperture. - .PS reset rad_large_circle = 0.6 # Size of circles. @@ -192,24 +189,3 @@ line from LIGHT_SOURCE + (false_line_x,0) to LIGHT_SOURCE + (false_line_x,0) move to CIRCULAR_DIFFRACTION_FIGURE + (0, -1) "Circular diffraction" .PE - - -.\" Exponential: oldvalue + growth factor -> newvalue -.\" .G1 -.\" GROWTHFACTOR=0.07 -.\" -.\" frame ht 2.5 wid 2.8 -.\" define expo { $1+$1*GROWTHFACTOR } -.\" value = 1 -.\" draw LINEAR solid -.\" for i from 1 to 100 by 1 do { -.\" next LINEAR at i, i -.\" times at i, value -.\" value = expo(value); -.\" } -.\" line from 0,650 to 3,650 -.\" " linear curve" ljust at 1,650 -.\" " exponential curve" ljust at 1,600 -.\" times at 1,600 -.\" label top "Exponential curves: growth over time (7%)" up .2 -.\" .G2 diff --git a/universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms b/universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms index 14dcc8a..e835ee6 100644 --- a/universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms +++ b/universe-from-nothing/ch1_a-cosmic-mystery-story_beginnings.ms @@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ Sunlight contains a spectrum of colors. 1784: first observation of Cepheid variable star, which are stars whose brightness varies over some regular period. -(around) 1815: a scientist -.FOOTNOTE1 +(around) 1815: a scientist\*[*] +.FS His name is not given in the book. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE analyses the dispersed light: some colors aren't there. His conclusion: some materials in the outer atmosphere of the sun are absorbing the light of certain colors or wavelengths. Known materials are tested to see what are the colors they @@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ Different materials, different parts of the spectrum. Doppler Effect: a wave coming at you will be stretched if the source is moving away from you, or compressed if the source is coming toward you. .EXPLANATION2 -1868: a scientist -.FOOTNOTE1 +1868: a scientist\*[*] +.FS Again, not named in the book. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE observes two missing lines in the yellow part of the solar spectrum. This doesn't correspond to the effect of materials we know on Earth. His conclusion: these @@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ colors must be the result of an element that doesn't come from Earth. This element is then named .I helium . -A generation after we understood the sun has elements we don't have (as much) on Earth, -.FOOTNOTE1 +A generation after we understood the sun has elements we don't have (as much) on Earth\*[*], +.FS Yeah, not even a date, again. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE .I helium is isolated on Earth. @@ -121,11 +121,11 @@ Therefore, comparing its known luminosity to its observed brightness gives us th .\".CITATION2 .\".NAMECITATION "Lawrence Krauss" . -Starting in 1912, Slipher observes the spectra of light coming from nearby stars and distant spiral nebulae -.FOOTNOTE1 +Starting in 1912, Slipher observes the spectra of light coming from nearby stars and distant spiral nebulae\*[*] +.FS .I Nebulae that we will soon find out they are actually entire galaxies. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE are almost the same. The difference is a shift of the same wavelength in the .I absorbed @@ -135,13 +135,13 @@ lines. .I "general theory of relativity" . This work is about gravity, space and time, and explains not only how objects move in the universe, but also how the universe itself might evolve. Amongst many uses of this theory, the orbit of Mercury can be predicted more accurately than before with Newton's theory of gravity. -This fixes a small difference between observation and theoretical results. -.FOOTNOTE1 +This fixes a small difference between observation and theoretical results\*[*]. +.FS The planet doesn't come back to its initial position after an ellipse around the sun. There is a slight precession of the perihelion of Mercury: 43 arc seconds (only .PRETTY_PERCENTAGE 1 100 of a degree) per century. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE However, the theories of Newton and Einstein are both, at some point, inconsistent with the observations. Gravitation is thought to be an attractive force: objects should then always collapse into each other. @@ -155,15 +155,15 @@ to prove the Andromeda nebula is external to our galaxy (1923, Edwin Hubble), that the Universe is expanding (1929, Hubble and Milton Humason) and to measure both its expansion rate and the size of the known Universe, to find evidence for dark matter (1930s, Fritz Zwicky), -etc. -.FOOTNOTE1 +etc\*[*]. +.FS We now make ten times bigger telescopes and hundred times bigger in area. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE -1923-1924, with the period-luminosity relation and the measurement of Cepheid variable stars, Hubble determines that the distance with some Cepheids are too great to be inside our Milky Way. -.FOOTNOTE1 +1923-1924, with the period-luminosity relation and the measurement of Cepheid variable stars, Hubble determines that the distance with some Cepheids are too great to be inside our Milky Way\*[*]. +.FS Hubble identifies a first galaxy (NGC 6822) in 1925, then the Triangulum galaxy (M33) in 1926, and Andromeda (M31) in 1929. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE .EXPLANATION1 The universe contains other galaxies. @@ -187,10 +187,10 @@ The universe is expanding. .EXPLANATION2 1930: Georges Lemaître proposes that the universe began in a very small point, which he called -.I "Primeval Atom" . -.FOOTNOTE1 +.I "Primeval Atom" \*[*]. +.FS This isn't accepted by the scientific community right away: actual observations were provided by Edwin Hubble beforehand. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE .SH 2 Random facts: current state of knowledge diff --git a/universe-from-nothing/ch2_a-cosmic-mystery-story_weighing-the-universe.ms b/universe-from-nothing/ch2_a-cosmic-mystery-story_weighing-the-universe.ms index f6a4481..b58ca35 100644 --- a/universe-from-nothing/ch2_a-cosmic-mystery-story_weighing-the-universe.ms +++ b/universe-from-nothing/ch2_a-cosmic-mystery-story_weighing-the-universe.ms @@ -31,20 +31,20 @@ of galaxies. But the apparent gravity force cannot be explained only by visible objects, such as stars and planets. For example, the movement speed of stars (and hot gas) within our galaxy isn't explained only by the sum of gravitational forces of other stars, gas and planets. -Also, the mathematical formulas leading to the explanation of the abundance of light elements (hydrogen, helium and lithium) in the universe -.FOOTNOTE1 -TODO: explain these formulas. -.FOOTNOTE2 +Also, the mathematical formulas leading to the explanation of the abundance of light elements (hydrogen, helium and lithium) in the universe\*[*] give an approximation of the total number of protons and neutrons must exist in the universe. -Problem: there should be twice the amount of material we can see in stars and hot gas. -.FOOTNOTE1 -Some of the non observed matter is contained in planets, since it is hard to see something that doesn't produce light. -.FOOTNOTE2 +Problem: there should be twice the amount of material we can see in stars and hot gas\*[*]. Second problem: even then, this isn't even remotely near enough material to explain the mass of galaxies. Invisible matter should represent ten times the mass of visible matter. So, this .I "dark matter" cannot be only made of neutrons and protons. +.FS +TODO: explain these formulas. +.FE +.FS +Some of the non observed matter is contained in planets, since it is hard to see something that doesn't produce light. +.FE .EXPLANATION1 The Universe is mostly made of matter we don't understand. @@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ The job of physics is not to invent things we cannot see to explain things we ca Knowing the abundance (and the nature) of dark matter is important to know how the Universe will end. Two possibilities are given in the book to make this calculation. First, in case this "dark matter" was created during the Big Bang, then its abundance could be estimated by ideas from the forces that govern the interactions of elementary particles. -Second, by reusing some ideas from particle physics. -.FOOTNOTE1 +Second, by reusing some ideas from particle physics\*[*]. +.FS In both cases: the chapter doesn't include an explanation of what these .I ideas could be. That's kind of a bummer. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE . .SH More about general relativity @@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ More about general relativity .\" .NAMECITATION "Lawrence Krauss" . Einstein general relativity predicted that space is curved in the presence of matter or energy. -This leads to our universe having different possible geometries depending on the total density of mass in the universe. -.FOOTNOTE1 +This leads to our universe having different possible geometries depending on the total density of mass in the universe\*[*]. +.FS This isn't explained further in the chapter how the general relativity actually indicates that. Second bummer. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE The first possible geometry of our universe could be .I closed . @@ -105,12 +105,12 @@ The universe will continue to expand at a finite rate. Finally, the .I flat universe, which expands but slows down with time without ever stopping. -This requires the "dark matter" to be 100 times more massive than visible matter. -.FOOTNOTE1 +This requires the "dark matter" to be 100 times more massive than visible matter\*[*]. +.FS TODO: the difference between Big Crunch, flat and open isn't clear .B "at all" . This probably needs some polishing. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE . .SH Back to the main track: weighting the universe @@ -138,12 +138,12 @@ And some emissions are infrared, which isn't easily visible on Earth, so we wait In 1998, the physicist Tony Tyson shows that the mass of a cluster mostly comes from between the galaxies. He used magnified images of a distant galaxy from the Hubble Space Telescope to calculate its mass. -The mass was computed with a mathematical model of the cluster of the galaxy, using laws of general relativity, and calculating a lot of paths. -.FOOTNOTE1 +The mass was computed with a mathematical model of the cluster of the galaxy, using laws of general relativity, and calculating a lot of paths\*[*]. +.FS From what is actually written in the book, this seems almost like an exhaustive computation. An evolutionary algorithm maybe? Too bad there isn't much details: Krauss said the model was based on general relativity but the actual algorithm (to some extent) could have been interesting to learn. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE Finally, once the model produced an image matching the observation, the model was used to determine the mass of the cluster. The result was, as stated before, that the mass of the cluster mostly comes from between the galaxies, not from stars or hot gases. More precisely: there is 40 times more mass between the galaxies than within, which is 300 times more mass than within stars alone with the rest of visible matter in hot gas around them. diff --git a/universe-from-nothing/preface.ms b/universe-from-nothing/preface.ms index ff7211d..ec32677 100644 --- a/universe-from-nothing/preface.ms +++ b/universe-from-nothing/preface.ms @@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ Invoking a god to explain .I how stuff appears is intellectually lazy and is at best irrelevant. -Science is our best effort to understand our universe, and it follows three key principles -.FOOTNOTE1 +Science is our best effort to understand our universe, and it follows three key principles\*[*] +.FS The following definition really is simplistic and only covers the general idea behind science. Do not take it for an absolute definition. -.FOOTNOTE2 +.FE : .BULLET .UL "follow the evidence"